ABSTRACT
Nuclear deubiquitinase BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein 1) is a core component of multiprotein complexes that promote transcription by reversing the ubiquitination of histone 2A (H2A). BAP1 is a tumor suppressor whose germline loss-of-function variants predispose to cancer. To our knowledge, there are very rare examples of different germline variants in the same gene causing either a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) or a tumor predisposition syndrome. Here, we report a series of 11 de novo germline heterozygous missense BAP1 variants associated with a rare syndromic NDD. Functional analysis showed that most of the variants cannot rescue the consequences of BAP1 inactivation, suggesting a loss-of-function mechanism. In T cells isolated from two affected children, H2A deubiquitination was impaired. In matching peripheral blood mononuclear cells, histone H3 K27 acetylation ChIP-seq indicated that these BAP1 variants induced genome-wide chromatin state alterations, with enrichment for regulatory regions surrounding genes of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Altogether, these results define a clinical syndrome caused by rare germline missense BAP1 variants that alter chromatin remodeling through abnormal histone ubiquitination and lead to transcriptional dysregulation of developmental genes.
Subject(s)
BRCA1 Protein/genetics , Germ-Line Mutation , Loss of Function Mutation , Mutation, Missense , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics , Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics , Adolescent , BRCA1 Protein/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Chromatin/chemistry , Chromatin/immunology , Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/genetics , Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/immunology , Family , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Heterozygote , Histones/genetics , Histones/immunology , Host Cell Factor C1/genetics , Host Cell Factor C1/immunology , Humans , Infant , Male , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/immunology , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/pathology , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/pathology , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/immunology , Ubiquitin/genetics , Ubiquitin/immunology , Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/deficiency , Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/immunology , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/immunology , UbiquitinationABSTRACT
SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS) is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by alterations in the SATB2 gene. Here we present a review of published pathogenic variants in the SATB2 gene to date and report 38 novel alterations found in 57 additional previously unreported individuals. Overall, we present a compilation of 120 unique variants identified in 155 unrelated families ranging from single nucleotide coding variants to genomic rearrangements distributed throughout the entire coding region of SATB2. Single nucleotide variants predicted to result in the occurrence of a premature stop codon were the most commonly seen (51/120 = 42.5%) followed by missense variants (31/120 = 25.8%). We review the rather limited functional characterization of pathogenic variants and discuss current understanding of the consequences of the different molecular alterations. We present an expansive phenotypic review along with novel genotype-phenotype correlations. Lastly, we discuss current knowledge of animal models and present future prospects. This review should help provide better guidance for the care of individuals diagnosed with SAS.