ABSTRACT
To estimate the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from humans that were sequence type (ST) 398, we surveyed 24 laboratories in 17 countries in Europe in 2007. Livestock-associated MRSA ST398 accounted for only a small proportion of MRSA isolates from humans; most were from the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Austria.
Subject(s)
Cattle/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs/microbiology , Livestock/microbiology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Swine/microbiology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Austria/epidemiology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Belgium/epidemiology , Denmark/epidemiology , Europe/epidemiology , Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Netherlands/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiologyABSTRACT
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal type ST398 is usually associated with animals. We examined 1,098 confirmed MRSA samples from human patients and found that 21 were MRSA ST398. Most (16) patients were farmers. Increasing prevalence from 1.3% (2006) to 2.5% (2008) shows emergence of MRSA ST398 in humans in Austria.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases, Emerging , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcal Infections , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animal Husbandry , Animals , Austria/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/microbiology , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Middle Aged , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/transmission , Swine , Zoonoses/microbiology , Zoonoses/transmissionABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of infection in hospitals and the community. One third of the general population is colonized by the bacterium, constituting a risk factor for acquisition of infection with this pathogen. Worldwide, the increasing antibiotic resistance of S. aureus complicates treatment of infection and control measures. Soon after the introduction of methicillin, the first isolates resistant to this antibiotic were reported and named methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). During the past decade a major change in MRSA epidemiology has been observed: whereas in the past MRSA was almost exclusively regarded a hospital pathogen, the advent of community-acquired MRSA has led to infections in people without hospital-related risk factors. Recent evidence has also identified a link between colonization of livestock and MRSA carriage and infections in people who work with animals. Screening of pigs and pig farmers in the Netherlands revealed high prevalence of MRSA sequence type (ST) 398 and it has become clear that the emergence of ST398 is not just a Dutch problem, as reports on livestock colonization and human infections are appearing worldwide. In Austria, the ST398 lineage has been detected in dust samples from pig breeding facilities and in food samples. Since the first Austrian detection of this emerging lineage in 2006, 21 human isolates, partially associated with infections, have been observed. MRSA has to be regarded as a new emerging zoonotic agent and livestock may constitute a growing reservoir of the ST398 lineage. More information is needed so that control measures to reduce the impact of the emerging MRSA ST398 lineage on public health can be developed and implemented.
Subject(s)
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcal Infections/transmission , Zoonoses/microbiology , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/epidemiology , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/microbiology , Animal Husbandry , Animals , Animals, Domestic/microbiology , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Community-Acquired Infections/transmission , Cross Infection/transmission , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Outbreaks , Disease Reservoirs , Global Health , Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification , Netherlands , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Swine/microbiology , Virulence , Zoonoses/transmissionABSTRACT
In this retrospective study, the occurrence and genetic relatedness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in Austrian MRSA patients was investigated. From 2002 to 2008, 14 MRSA ST398 were detected. First occurrence of MRSA ST398 was already found in 2004. Spa ribotyping assigned 12 isolates to spa type t011 and 1 each to spa type t034 and spa type t1451. Isolated MRSA ST398 was nontypeable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (NT-MRSA) using restriction enzyme SmaI; therefore, genotyping was performed using automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) on the DiversiLab system. Rep-PCR results assigned 10 (71%) of the 14 MRSA ST398 into 1 cluster with a similarity >95%; there was 1 cluster consisting of 2 isolates with a similarity >99% and 2 unique MRSA ST398 isolates. In conclusion, MRSA ST398 was continuously detected in Southeast Austria; first in 2004 with up to 5 MRSA ST398 isolates in 2008. Automated rep-PCR proved as a reliable technique in determining genetic relatedness of NT-MRSA ST398 and demonstrates clonal spread of MRSA ST398 in the investigated region.