The role of scoliosis on the comorbidity and demographics of neurofibromatosis type 1 patients: A retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample database.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common neurocutaneous syndrome in the United States, affecting every 1 in 3000 individuals. NF1 occurs due to non-functional mutations in the NF1 gene, which expresses neurofibromin, a protein involved in tumour suppression. As a result, NF1 typically presents with non-cancerous neoplasm masses called neurofibromas across the body. Out of all NF1 abnormalities, the most common skeletal abnormality seen in around 10%-30% of NF1 patients is scoliosis, an improver curvature of the spine. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of scoliosis on demographics and morbidities of NF1 patients. We performed a national analysis to investigate the complex relationship between NF1 and scoliosis on patients' demographics and comorbidities. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the 2017 US National Inpatient Sample database using univariable Chi-square analysis and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to determine the interplay of NF1 and scoliosis on patients' demographics and comorbidities. Our query resulted in 4635 total NF1 patients, of which 475 (10.25%) had scoliosis and 4160 (89.75%) did not. Demographic analysis showed that NF1 patients with scoliosis were typically younger, female and white compared to NF1 patients without scoliosis. Comorbidity analysis showed that NF1 patients with scoliosis were more likely to develop malignant brain neoplasms, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, pigmentation disorders, hypothyroidism, diabetes with chronic complications and coagulopathy disorders. NF1 patients with scoliosis were less likely to develop congestive heart failure, pulmonary circulation disease, peripheral vascular disease, paralysis, chronic pulmonary disease, lymphoma and psychosis. NF1 patients with scoliosis were predominantly younger, female, white patients. The presence of scoliosis in NF1 patients increases the risks for certain brain neoplasms and disorders but serves a protective effect against some pulmonary and cardiac complications.

Smoking impacts outcomes in transcervical Zenker's diverticulectomy.

PURPOSE: There is sparse literature discussing the impact of smoking on postoperative outcomes following surgical treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. In this study, we seek to characterize differences in the management and outcomes of open Zenker's diverticulectomy based on patient smoking status. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This paper is a retrospective cohort review. The 2005-2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for patients undergoing open Zenker's diverticulectomy. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine statistical associations between postoperative outcomes and smoking status. RESULTS: Of the 715 identified patients, 70 (9.8 %) were smokers and 645 (91.2 %) were non-smokers. Smokers were younger than non-smokers (mean 63.9 vs. 71.7 years, p < 0.001) and more likely to have a prolonged operative time (20.0 % vs. 11.6 %, p = 0.044). On multivariable regression analysis controlling for demographics and comorbidities, smokers had greater odds than non-smokers for developing overall postoperative complications (OR: 2.776, p = 0.013), surgical infections (OR: 3.194, p = 0.039), medical complications (OR: 3.563, p = 0.011), and medical infections (OR: 1.247, p = 0.016). Smokers also had greater odds for requiring ventilation/intubation (OR: 8.508, p = 0.025) and having a prolonged postoperative stay (OR: 2.425, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of patients undergoing transcervical Zenker's diverticulectomy, smokers are at increased risk for overall complications, medical complications, medical infections, surgical infections, prolonged postoperative stay, and ventilation/intubation.

Association between levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in serum and seminal plasma with fresh and frozen-thawed semen characteristics in Beetal bucks.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in serum and seminal plasma and the characteristics of semen in Beetal bucks (Capra hircus). A total of 12 adult Beetal bucks were involved in the study, with each buck providing six ejaculates collected using a standard artificial vagina (n = 72 total). Only qualified semen samples (volume of 0.7 mL, a mass motility rating of 3+ or higher on a 0-+ scale, and individual progressive motility of 80% or more) divided into three fractions were processed for estimation of IGF-1 and other seminal parameters like motility, viability, acrosome integrity, sperm abnormality and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The first and second fraction were diluted and extended with Optixcell extender (1:15 ratio). The first ejaculate fraction was processed for studying fresh semen parameters and the second fraction was cryopreserved for evaluating frozen semen parameters. French mini straws (0.25 mL) were used for semen filling, and polyvinyl alcohol powder of different colours was used for sealing the extended semen. The third fraction of each ejaculate was centrifuged at room temperature (1100 × g for 7 min) to separate the seminal plasma. Additionally, blood samples were taken from each buck on the same day as semen collection, resulting in a total of 36 blood samples. The results revealed a significant positive correlation (r = .4243; p < .05) between the concentration of IGF-1 in both serum and seminal plasma of the Beetal bucks. Furthermore, the concentration of IGF-1 in serum showed significant positive correlations with sperm viability (r = .554; p < .05), acrosome integrity (r = .527; p < .05), post-thaw sperm motility (r = .407; p < .01), post-thaw sperm viability (r = .426; p < .01) and post-thaw acrosome integrity (r = .333; p < .05). However, it had a significant negative correlation with SOD activity in fresh semen (r = -0.458; p < .01). Moreover, the concentration of IGF-1 in seminal plasma demonstrated significant positive correlations with individual progressive motility (r = .341; p < .05), sperm viability (r = .527; p < .05), acrosome integrity (r = .539; p < .05), sperm plasma membrane integrity (r = .464; p < .05), post-thaw sperm motility (r = .644; p < .01), post-thaw sperm viability (r = .643; p < .01), post-thaw acrosome integrity (r = .487; p < .01) and post-thaw sperm plasma membrane integrity (r = .521; p < .01). Additionally, it showed a significant negative correlation with SOD activity in both fresh semen (r = -0.714; p < .01) and frozen semen (r = -0.558; p < .01) of Beetal bucks. Based on these findings, IGF-1 in seminal plasma can be considered as a potential biomarker for the selection of bucks for breeding purposes.

The Patient Population at Homeopathic Outpatient Clinics across India: A Clinical Data Collection Study.

BACKGROUND: Even though several initiatives have been undertaken in different locations worldwide to collect clinical data in homeopathy, it is important to further investigate these aspects in the context of health care in India. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to gather and analyze patients' clinical data and to derive insights into homeopathic treatment using an internet-based software program for data storage, retrieval and repertorization. METHODS: A multi-center observational study was conducted across 14 homeopathy outpatient clinics in India that are affiliated with the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH). Patient symptoms and demographic details were documented anonymously, and prescriptions were guided by repertorial suggestions from the Vithoulkas Compass software. During follow-up visits, treatment outcome was also recorded using an online assessment form. A retrospective analysis of data on patients' demographics, follow-up visits, morbidity (International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision), rubrics used, prescribed medicines and the level of improvement was achieved using Microsoft Excel-generated pivot tables. RESULTS: Throughout the study duration of one year a total of 2,811 patients attended the 14 outpatient clinics, of whom 2,468 were new patients with a total of 2,172 initial homeopathic prescription entries. Across the study, there were 3,491 prescriptions and 1,628 follow-up consultations for 868 follow-up patients, all of which data were thoroughly analyzed. The highest frequency of patients was in the 20-49 age group, and a higher proportion of the patients overall was female. Musculoskeletal, dermatological and respiratory complaints were the most frequently reported. The rubrics "Desire for sweets" and "Desire for spices" emerged as the most commonly used in the repertorizations. Further, Sulphur stood out as the most commonly prescribed medicine overall. With homeopathic treatment, some degree of clinical improvement was reported in 86% of the follow-up cases. CONCLUSION: Homeopathy is prescribed in CCRH outpatient clinics for a wide range of ailments in people across India, with at least some clinical improvement noted in a high proportion of those patients. The large-scale systematic data collection in these clinics has provided clear insights into the use and clinical value of homeopathy in India, with the potential to build a substantive nationwide data inventory over time.

Automation in signal management in pharmacovigilance-an insight.

Drugs are the imperial part of modern society, but along with their therapeutic effects, drugs can also cause adverse effects, which can be mild to morbid. Pharmacovigilance is the process of collection, detection, assessment, monitoring and prevention of adverse drug events in both clinical trials as well as in the post-marketing phase. The recent trends in increasing unknown adverse events, known as signals, have raised the need to develop an ideal system for monitoring and detecting the potential signals timely. The process of signal management comprises of techniques to identify individual case safety reports systematically. Automated signal detection is highly based upon the data mining of the spontaneous reporting system such as reports from health care professional, observational studies, medical literature or from social media. If a signal is not managed properly, it can become an identical risk associated with the drug which can be hazardous for the patient safety and may have fatal outcomes which may impact health care system adversely. Once a signal is detected quantitatively, it can be further processed by the signal management team for the qualitative analysis and further evaluations. The main components of automated signal detection are data extraction, data acquisition, data selection, and data analysis and data evaluation. This system must be developed in the correct format and context, which eventually emphasizes the quality of data collected and leads to the optimal decision-making based upon the scientific evaluation.

Synthesis of a trinuclear zinc(II) cluster composed of [4.4.3.01,5]tridecane cages: a rapid detection and degradation probe for the chemical warfare agent simulant diethyl cyanophosphonate in protein-rich food products.

Diethyl cyanophosphonate (DCNP), a simulant of Tabun, is a common pollutant in pharmaceutical waste and poses a high risk to living organisms. Herein, we demonstrate a compartmental ligand-derived trinuclear zinc(II) cluster [Zn3(LH)2(CH3COO)2] as a probe for the selective detection and degradation of DCNP. It consists of two pentacoordinated Zn(II) [4.4.3.01,5]tridecane cages bridged through a hexacoordinated Zn(II) acetate unit. The structure of the cluster has been elucidated by spectrometric, spectroscopic, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The cluster shows a two-fold increased emission as compared to the compartmental ligand (at λexc = 370 nm and λem = 463 nm) due to the chelation-enhanced fluorescence effect and acts as a turn-off signal in the presence of DCNP. It can detect DCNP at nano levels up to 186 nM (LOD). The direct bond formation between DCNP and Zn(II) via the -CN group degrades it to inorganic phosphates. The mechanism of the interaction and degradation is supported by spectrofluorimetric experiments, NMR titration (1H and 31P), time of flight mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The applicability of the probe has been further tested by the bio-imaging of zebrafish larvae, analysis of high-protein food products (meat and fish) and vapour phase detection by paper strips.

Localisation of eloquent cortex using magnetoencephalography and its clinical implications.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to localise the eloquent cortex and measure evoked field (EF) parameters using magnetoencephalography in patients with epilepsy and tumours near the eloquent cortex. METHODS: A total of 41 patients (26 with drug-refractory epilepsy and 15 with tumours), with a mean age of 33 years, were recruited. Visual evoked field (VEF), auditory evoked field (AEF), sensory evoked field (SSEF), and motor-evoked field (MEF) latencies, amplitudes, and localisation were compared with those of a control population. Subgroup analyses were performed based on lobar involvement. Evoked Field parameters on the affected side were compared with those on the opposite side. The effect of distance from the lesion on nearby and distant evoked fields was evaluated. RESULTS: AEF and VEF amplitudes and latencies were reduced bilaterally (p < 0.05). Amplitude in the ipsilateral SSEF was reduced by 29.27% and 2.16% in the AEF group compared to the contralateral side (p = 0.02). In patients with temporal lobe lesions, the SSEF amplitude was reduced bilaterally (p < 0.02), and latency was prolonged compared with controls. The MEF amplitude was reduced and latency was prolonged in patients with frontal lobe lesions (p = 0.01). EF displacement was 32%, 57%, 21%, and 16% for AEF, MEF, VEF, and SSEF respectively. Patients in the epilepsy group had distant EF abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: EF amplitude was reduced and latency was prolonged in the involved hemisphere. Distant EF amplitudes were more affected than latencies in epilepsy. Amplitude and distance from the lesion had negative correlation for all EF. EF changes indicated eloquent cortical displacement which may not be apparent on MRI.

Long-term sequelae of herpes simplex virus encephalitis-related white matter injury: correlation of neuropsychological outcome and diffusion tensor imaging.

The pathophysiology of the memory impairment following Herpes Simplex virus encephalitis is not yet established and understood. This study attempts to elucidate the role of white matter injury and its impact on neuropsychological outcome in patients with history of Herpes Simplex virus encephalitis. This is a single-institution prospective study assessing 9 patients and 15 matched controls utilizing a combination of MRI with diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological testing. Tract-based spatial statistics analysis was performed and correlated with neuropsychological outcomes. Significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values were noted in corpus callosum, corona radiata, left posterior thalamic radiation, cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, fornix, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and uncinated fasciculus. Impaired facial recognition significantly correlated with reduction in FA of right uncinate fasciculus, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and splenium genu of corpus callosum. FA value of left cingulum significantly correlated with logical memory, auditory verbal learning. FA value of fornix correlated with visual recognition; FA value of left uncinate fasciculus with auditory verbal learning and delayed recall. In conclusion, this study demonstrates microstructural abnormalities involving several white matter tracts corresponding to neuropsychological deficits.

The Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (c-VEDA): an accelerated longitudinal cohort of children and adolescents in India.

The global burden of disease attributable to externalizing disorders such as alcohol misuse calls urgently for effective prevention and intervention. As our current knowledge is mainly derived from high-income countries such in Europe and North-America, it is difficult to address the wider socio-cultural, psychosocial context, and genetic factors in which risk and resilience are embedded in low- and medium-income countries. c-VEDA was established as the first and largest India-based multi-site cohort investigating the vulnerabilities for the development of externalizing disorders, addictions, and other mental health problems. Using a harmonised data collection plan coordinated with multiple cohorts in China, USA, and Europe, baseline data were collected from seven study sites between November 2016 and May 2019. Nine thousand and ten participants between the ages of 6 and 23 were assessed during this time, amongst which 1278 participants underwent more intensive assessments including MRI scans. Both waves of follow-ups have started according to the accelerated cohort structure with planned missingness design. Here, we present descriptive statistics on several key domains of assessments, and the full baseline dataset will be made accessible for researchers outside the consortium in September 2019. More details can be found on our website [cveda.org].

Tucker3 modelling of EEMF spectroscopic data sets using restrained initialization of spectral variables: fluorimetric analysis of mixtures consisting of bioactive molecules.

The excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopic technique provides a viable means of analyzing samples from different fields. EEMF spectral data sets are much larger in volume, so that they can only be interpreted using novel data analysis techniques. Here, a novel spectral initialization approach was introduced to fit the Tucker3 model to EEMF spectral data. The suggested method involved variable initialization in a restrained way, yielding initial estimates of EEMF spectra that were comparable with experimentally acquired EEMF profiles. Tucker3 modelling of EEMF spectra with these initial estimates made these analyses fast and computationally economical. The Tucker3 model with the proposed initialization approach was found to yield much purer spectral and concentration profiles. The proposed approach was validated by successfully processing the EEMF spectral data sets of biomolecule mixtures.

Effect of quercetin on the amiloride-bovine serum albumin interaction using spectroscopic methods, molecular docking and chemometric approaches.

The effect of quercetin flavonoid (QUE), on the binding interaction of antihypertensive drug, amiloride (AMI) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated in this study. Spectroscopic methods such as steady-state, synchronous, three-dimensional fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy were employed to study the interaction. Fluorescence data were analyzed using the Stern-Volmer equation and a static quenching process was found to be involved in the formation of AMI-BSA and QUE-BSA complexes and were in good agreement with the thermodynamic study. The thermodynamic parameters illustrated that the process is spontaneous and enthalpy driven. Hydrophobicity is acting as the primary force in the binding interaction. Fluorescence spectral data were resolved using a multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares method (MCR-ALS). Site marker and molecular docking studies confirmed the binding site of AMI on BSA, i.e. site II. The binding distance between amino acid of BSA and AMI was calculated and found to be 2.18 nm which indicated that energy transfer has occurred from an amino acid of BSA to AMI. The binding affinity of AMI to BSA was found to be reduced in the presence of QUE, which may lead to the poor distribution of AMI at the desired site.

Mononuclear Pseudostannatranes Possessing Unsymmetrical [4.4.3.01,5]Tridecane Cage: Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of Reverse Kocheshkov Reaction in Phenyl Pseudostannatrane.

The synthetic protocols, structural aspects, and spectroscopic aspects of mononuclear pseudostannatranes possessing a [4.4.3.01,5]tridecane cage have been reported. A tripodal ligand N(CH2CH2OH){CH2(2-t-Bu-4-Me-C6H2OH)}2 (H3L) having unsymmetrical arms was reacted with n-butyltrichlorostannane, phenyltrichlorostannane, and tin tetrachloride under different solvent systems to obtain pseudostannatranes (1-3). The reaction of n-butyltrichlorostannane and the ligand in CH3OH/Na/THF yielded an aqua complex of pseudostannatrane [LSnBu(H2O)] (1a), which was crystallized as its acetone solvate (i.e 1a·Me2CO). However, the same reactants yielded methanol complex [LSnBu(CH3OH)] (1b) when the reaction was carried out in the NaOCH3/C2H5OH system. Similarly, the reaction of phenyltrichlorostannane and the ligand under these solvent systems yielded pseudostannatranes, i.e., an aqua complex [LSnPh(H2O)] (2a) and a methanol complex [LSnPh(CH3OH)] (2b) (where 2a was crystallized as 2a·Me2CO). The reaction of tin tetrachloride and the ligand in the Et3N/THF system resulted in the formation of pseudostannatrane [LHSnCl2] (3). A similar product was isolated as its triethylamine solvate (3·NEt3) due to the disproportion reaction when PhSnCl3 was reacted with the ligand in the Et3N/C6H5CH3 system, which demonstrates the first report on the reverse Kocheshkov reaction in pseudostannatranes. The experimental findings on the formation of 3·NEt3 due to the reverse Kocheshkov reaction have been corroborated with 119Sn NMR spectroscopy and density functional calculations that provide insightful information about the underlying details of the reaction route.

Analysis of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Complex Background of the Petroleum Fluorescence Using Multivariate Curve Resolution Alternating Least Square and Total Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopic Technique.

Multivariate curve resolution alternating least square (MCR-ALS) analysis allows the simultaneous retrieval of pure concentration and spectral profiles for each of the analysed chemical components from the composite spectrum even in the presence of unknown interferences. Total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (TSFS), a multidimensional fluorescence technique that describes the variation of synchronous fluorescence profile acquired as a function of increasing offset, has become a useful analytical technique. Suitably arranged TSFS data set can be easily processed using MCR-ALS and thereby a simple and sensitive analytical tool could be developed. The present work successfully used the combination of the MCR-ALS and TSFS to analyse the three carcinogenic and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) namely Benzo[a]Pyrene, Chrysene and Pyrene in the presence of complex fluorescence background originated from petroleum product. MCR-ALS assisted TSFS can be used for the routine analyses of these carcinogenic PAHs to ensure the quality of water and other samples belonging to different part of the ecosystem.

Analysis of Tryptophan and Tyrosine in the Presence of Other Bioactive Molecules Using Generalized Rank Annihilation Method on Excitation-emission Fluorescence Spectroscopic Data Sets.

Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopy can describe the fluorescence activity of a molecular mixture in a single three dimensional plot describing the variation of excitation and emission spectra as function of increasing emission and excitation wavelength, respectively. Generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) is a chemometric technique that is known to have second order advantage i.e.. it can be easily used to analyze the analyte of interest even in the presence of the unknown interferences. The present work proposes a simple and sensitive analytical procedure by exploring the advantages associated with EEMF and GRAM technique to analyze the two amino acids, tyrosine and tryptophan, in the presence of complex fluorescence background originating from other bioactive molecules. The obtained results of GRAM analysis on EEMF was found to make precise quantification of tryptophan and tyrosine in different unknown samples.

Introducing Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) Assisted EEMF Spectroscopic Based Novel Analytical Approach for the Discrimination of Commercial Gasoline Fuels.

In the present work, a novel analytical procedure by integrating principal coordinate analysis (PcoA) with excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopy was introduced for discriminating the commercial gasoline fuels. The PcoA technique involved analysis of the distance matrices containing the dissimilarity information and it can serve as an efficient tool for capturing the major as well as subtle compositional differences among the analyzed commercial gasoline samples. The utility of the proposed PcoA assisted EEMF analytical procedure was successfully tested by discriminating gasoline fuel samples belonging to five different industrial brands. The obtained results clearly showed that combination of PcoA and EEMF could provide a simple, sensitive and economical analytical procedure to carry out the rapid analyses of the gasoline samples belonging to different brands.

Non-motor symptoms in patients with autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia.

OBJECTIVE: The non-motor manifestations of motor predominant disorders have been an area of active interest in recent times. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of non-motor symptoms in patients with genetically confirmed spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients of SCA and 48 age-, gender-, and education-matched controls were included. The severity of ataxia was evaluated using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) and cognitive impairment using a neuropsychological battery. Non-motor features were assessed using standardized scales (HAM-A, HAM-D, Modified Fatigue Severity Scale, RLS questionnaire, ESS, PSQI, WHOQOL, RBDSQ, and BPI). The data were compared with controls and correlated with the severity of ataxia. RESULTS: There were 17 SCA1, 14 SCA2, and 10 SCA3 patients. The mean age of presentation was 35.7 ± 7.9 years for SCA1, 31.1 ± 7.9 years for SCA2, and 30.5 ± 9.5 years for SCA3 patients. The neuropsychological evaluation showed severe impairment of attention, executive functions, visuospatial function, motor speed, response speed, and memory. The severity of ataxia was more for SCA2 patients (ICARS of 39.5 ± 24.4). Ataxia severity was correlated with MMSE, fatigue scale, depression scale, and REM sleep behavior disorder in SCA1 individuals and global cognition, fatigue, anxiety, and depression scales, and RLS in SCA3 patients. All patients reported quality of life as dissatisfied. These patients also had sleep disturbances in the form of RBD, RLS, and EDS. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the motor symptoms, patients with SCA have several non-motor symptoms that impair the quality of life.

Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA): A developmental cohort study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Low and middle-income countries like India with a large youth population experience a different environment from that of high-income countries. The Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA), based in India, aims to examine environmental influences on genomic variations, neurodevelopmental trajectories and vulnerability to psychopathology, with a focus on externalizing disorders. METHODS: cVEDA is a longitudinal cohort study, with planned missingness design for yearly follow-up. Participants have been recruited from multi-site tertiary care mental health settings, local communities, schools and colleges. 10,000 individuals between 6 and 23 years of age, of all genders, representing five geographically, ethnically, and socio-culturally distinct regions in India, and exposures to variations in early life adversity (psychosocial, nutritional, toxic exposures, slum-habitats, socio-political conflicts, urban/rural living, mental illness in the family) have been assessed using age-appropriate instruments to capture socio-demographic information, temperament, environmental exposures, parenting, psychiatric morbidity, and neuropsychological functioning. Blood/saliva and urine samples have been collected for genetic, epigenetic and toxicological (heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) studies. Structural (T1, T2, DTI) and functional (resting state fMRI) MRI brain scans have been performed on approximately 15% of the individuals. All data and biological samples are maintained in a databank and biobank, respectively. DISCUSSION: The cVEDA has established the largest neurodevelopmental database in India, comparable to global datasets, with detailed environmental characterization. This should permit identification of environmental and genetic vulnerabilities to psychopathology within a developmental framework. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from this study are already yielding insights on brain growth and maturation patterns.

Abnormal hippocampal subfields are associated with cognitive impairment in Essential Tremor.

Multi-domain cognitive impairment (CI) has been frequently described in patients with essential tremor (ET). However, the exact neuroanatomical basis for this impairment is uncertain. This study aims to ascertain the role of the hippocampal formation in cognitive impairment in ET. Forty patients with ET and 40 age, gender and education matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Cognition was assessed using a structured neuropsychological battery and patients were categorized as ET with CI (ETCI) and ET without CI (ETNCI). Automatic segmentation of hippocampal subfields was performed using FreeSurfer 6.0. The obtained volumes were correlated with scores of neuropsychological tests. Significant atrophy of the left subiculum, CA4, granule-cell layer of dentate gyrus, right molecular layer, and hypertrophy of bilateral parasubiculum, right hippocampus-amygdala-transition-area, bilateral hippocampal tail (HT) and widening of right hippocampal fissure was observed in ET. Trends toward atrophy of right subiculum, and widening of left HF was also observed. Comparison of HC and ETCI revealed atrophy of right subiculum, hypertrophy of bilateral parasubiculum, HT, and widening of left HF. ETCI showed a trend toward widening of right HF. ETNCI had isolated left parasubicular hypertrophy and in comparison, to ETNCI the ETCI subgroup had atrophy of bilateral fimbria. Significant correlations were observed between the volumes of HT, HF, fimbria and scores of tests for executive function, working and verbal memory. Patients with ET have significant volumetric abnormalities of several hippocampal subfields and these abnormalities may be important contributors for some forms of cognitive impairment observed in ET.

Abnormalities of white and grey matter in early multiple system atrophy: comparison of parkinsonian and cerebellar variants.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive motor and autonomic dysfunction. There is a paucity of information on the early neurostructural changes in MSA, especially its subtypes, MSA-P (patients with predominant parkinsonism) and MSA-C (patients with predominant cerebellar signs). This study investigates the abnormalities of grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in early MSA and its subtypes using multi-modal voxel-based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with MSA with duration of symptoms ≤ 2.5 years (mean duration: 1.6 ±0.9 years) were assessed clinically and with 3T MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed to identify the structural changes in MSA and its subtypes. The GM changes and diffusion parameters of WM tracts were correlated with the clinical scores. The results were compared with MRI of 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: The early structural changes in MSA included GM loss of the cerebellum and subcallosal gyrus with widespread involvement of supratentorial and infratentorial WM fibres. In MSA-C, GM loss was limited to the cerebellum with WM changes predominantly affecting the infratentorial WM and association tracts. In contrast, MSA-P did not demonstrate any GM loss and the WM involvement was mainly supratentorial. There was no significant correlation between structural changes and clinical severity score. CONCLUSION: In early MSA, WM microstructure was more affected than GM. These changes were greater in MSA-C than in MSA-P, suggesting variable deterioration in the subtypes of MSA. KEY POINTS: • Structural changes in early multiple system atrophy were evaluated using multi-modal neuroimaging. • White matter was more affected than grey matter in early MSA. • Clinical variables did not correlate with early structural changes.

Non-negative Factor (NNF) Assisted Partial Least Square (PLS) Analysis of Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopic Data Sets: Automating the Identification and Quantification of Multifluorophoric Mixtures.

Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy is simple and sensitive techniques that generate the composite fluorescence fingerprints. EEMF can be used for the identification and quantification of the fluorophores without involving any pre-separation step provided a suitable data analysis approach is applied. In the present work, non-negative factor (NNF) assisted partial least square (PLS) analysis is used for the analysis of EEMF data sets acquired for the dilute aqueous mixtures of fluorophores. The proposed approach allows automatic selection of the optimum number of factors for NNF analysis by incorporating the Akaike information criterion. The proposed approach also incorporates the spectral correlation analysis for the automatic identification of the NNF retrieved EEMF spectral profiles. The NNF retrieved contribution values along with their real concentration values are subjected to PLS analysis to develop a calibration model. The proposed approach was successfully tested using EEMF data acquired for the dilute aqueous mixtures of Catechol, Hydroquinone, Indole, Tryptophan and Tyrosine. The results were evaluated using the various statistical parameters and each of them found to well within the expected limits. In summary, NNF assisted PLS analysis of EEMF technique allows automatized analysis of the multifluorophoric mixtures with minimum user inputs.