ABSTRACT
Glycans, with their variable compositions and highly dynamic conformations, vastly expand the heterogeneity of whatever factor or cell they are attached to. These properties make them crucial contributors to biological function and organismal health and also very difficult to study. That may be changing as we look to the future of glycobiology.
Subject(s)
Glycomics , Polysaccharides , Animals , Humans , Polysaccharides/metabolism , Polysaccharides/chemistryABSTRACT
Alphaviruses are RNA viruses that represent emerging public health threats. To identify protective antibodies, we immunized macaques with a mixture of western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like particles (VLPs), a regimen that protects against aerosol challenge with all three viruses. Single- and triple-virus-specific antibodies were isolated, and we identified 21 unique binding groups. Cryo-EM structures revealed that broad VLP binding inversely correlated with sequence and conformational variability. One triple-specific antibody, SKT05, bound proximal to the fusion peptide and neutralized all three Env-pseudotyped encephalitic alphaviruses by using different symmetry elements for recognition across VLPs. Neutralization in other assays (e.g., chimeric Sindbis virus) yielded variable results. SKT05 bound backbone atoms of sequence-diverse residues, enabling broad recognition despite sequence variability; accordingly, SKT05 protected mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus challenges. Thus, a single vaccine-elicited antibody can protect in vivo against a broad range of alphaviruses.
Subject(s)
Alphavirus , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Mice , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/genetics , Antibodies, Viral , MacacaABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a 2-month period, we evaluated antibody and B cell responses to a third-dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells. Spike-specific B cell responses from recent infection (<180 days) were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared with uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes , COVID-19 , Viral Vaccines , Humans , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines , SARS-CoV-2 , Vaccination , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , mRNA VaccinesABSTRACT
Natural antibodies (Abs) can target host glycans on the surface of pathogens. We studied the evolution of glycan-reactive B cells of rhesus macaques and humans using glycosylated HIV-1 envelope (Env) as a model antigen. 2G12 is a broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) that targets a conserved glycan patch on Env of geographically diverse HIV-1 strains using a unique heavy-chain (VH) domain-swapped architecture that results in fragment antigen-binding (Fab) dimerization. Here, we describe HIV-1 Env Fab-dimerized glycan (FDG)-reactive bnAbs without VH-swapped domains from simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques. FDG Abs also recognized cell-surface glycans on diverse pathogens, including yeast and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike. FDG precursors were expanded by glycan-bearing immunogens in macaques and were abundant in HIV-1-naive humans. Moreover, FDG precursors were predominately mutated IgM+IgD+CD27+, thus suggesting that they originated from a pool of antigen-experienced IgM+ or marginal zone B cells.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology , Polysaccharides/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , Dimerization , Epitopes/immunology , Glycosylation , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry , Macaca mulatta , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , Vaccines/immunology , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/geneticsABSTRACT
Prevention of viral escape and increased coverage against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern require therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting multiple sites of vulnerability on the coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Here we identify several potent neutralizing antibodies directed against either the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Administered in combinations, these mAbs provided low-dose protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the K18-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 mouse model, using both neutralization and Fc effector antibody functions. The RBD mAb WRAIR-2125, which targets residue F486 through a unique heavy-chain and light-chain pairing, demonstrated potent neutralizing activity against all major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In combination with NTD and other RBD mAbs, WRAIR-2125 also prevented viral escape. These data demonstrate that NTD/RBD mAb combinations confer potent protection, likely leveraging complementary mechanisms of viral inactivation and clearance.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism , Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry , Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/metabolism , Binding Sites/genetics , COVID-19/metabolism , COVID-19/prevention & control , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Epitope Mapping , Epitopes/chemistry , Epitopes/immunology , Epitopes/metabolism , Humans , Mice, Transgenic , Neutralization Tests , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , SARS-CoV-2/metabolism , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
Continuously evolving influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and pose global pandemic threats. Although viral neuraminidase (NA) is an effective drug and vaccine target, our understanding of the NA antigenic landscape still remains incomplete. Here, we describe NA-specific human antibodies that target the underside of the NA globular head domain, inhibit viral propagation of a wide range of human H3N2, swine-origin variant H3N2, and H2N2 viruses, and confer both pre- and post-exposure protection against lethal H3N2 infection in mice. Cryo-EM structures of two such antibodies in complex with NA reveal non-overlapping epitopes covering the underside of the NA head. These sites are highly conserved among N2 NAs yet inaccessible unless the NA head tilts or dissociates. Our findings help guide the development of effective countermeasures against ever-changing influenza viruses by identifying hidden conserved sites of vulnerability on the NA underside.
Subject(s)
Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Humans , Animals , Mice , Swine , Viral Proteins/genetics , Neuraminidase , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Antibodies, ViralABSTRACT
In the version of this article initially published, the labels (50 Å) above the scale bars in Fig. 1b were incorrect. The correct size is 50 nm. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
ABSTRACT
The present vaccine against influenza virus has the inevitable risk of antigenic discordance between the vaccine and the circulating strains, which diminishes vaccine efficacy. This necessitates new approaches that provide broader protection against influenza. Here we designed a vaccine using the hypervariable receptor-binding domain (RBD) of viral hemagglutinin displayed on a nanoparticle (np) able to elicit antibody responses that neutralize H1N1 influenza viruses spanning over 90 years. Co-display of RBDs from multiple strains across time, so that the adjacent RBDs are heterotypic, provides an avidity advantage to cross-reactive B cells. Immunization with the mosaic RBD-np elicited broader antibody responses than those induced by an admixture of nanoparticles encompassing the same set of RBDs as separate homotypic arrays. Furthermore, we identified a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody in a mouse immunized with mosaic RBD-np. The mosaic antigen array signifies a unique approach that subverts monotypic immunodominance and allows otherwise subdominant cross-reactive B cell responses to emerge.
Subject(s)
Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/drug effects , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/virology , Cross Reactions/drug effects , Cross Reactions/immunology , Female , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry , Humans , Immunization , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza Vaccines/chemistry , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/virology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virologyABSTRACT
Current influenza vaccines predominantly induce immunity to the hypervariable hemagglutinin (HA) head, requiring frequent vaccine reformulation. Conversely, the immunosubdominant yet conserved HA stem harbors a supersite that is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), representing a prime target for universal vaccines. Here, we showed that the co-immunization of two HA stem immunogens derived from group 1 and 2 influenza A viruses elicits cross-group protective immunity and neutralizing antibody responses in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Immunized mice were protected from multiple group 1 and 2 viruses, and all animal models showed broad serum-neutralizing activity. A bnAb isolated from an immunized NHP broadly neutralized and protected against diverse viruses, including H5N1 and H7N9. Genetic and structural analyses revealed strong homology between macaque and human bnAbs, illustrating common biophysical constraints for acquiring cross-group specificity. Vaccine elicitation of stem-directed cross-group-protective immunity represents a step toward the development of broadly protective influenza vaccines.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Animals , Mice , Humans , Hemagglutinins , Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus , Antibodies, Viral , Ferrets , Antibodies, Neutralizing , ImmunizationABSTRACT
The HIV-1-envelope (Env) trimer is covered by a glycan shield of â¼90 N-linked oligosaccharides, which comprises roughly half its mass and is a key component of HIV evasion from humoral immunity. To understand how antibodies can overcome the barriers imposed by the glycan shield, we crystallized fully glycosylated Env trimers from clades A, B, and G, visualizing the shield at 3.4-3.7 Å resolution. These structures reveal the HIV-1-glycan shield to comprise a network of interlocking oligosaccharides, substantially ordered by glycan crowding, that encase the protein component of Env and enable HIV-1 to avoid most antibody-mediated neutralization. The revealed features delineate a taxonomy of N-linked glycan-glycan interactions. Crowded and dispersed glycans are differently ordered, conserved, processed, and recognized by antibody. The structures, along with glycan-array binding and molecular dynamics, reveal a diversity in oligosaccharide affinity and a requirement for accommodating glycans among known broadly neutralizing antibodies that target the glycan-shielded trimer.
Subject(s)
HIV-1/chemistry , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry , Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism , Antibodies, Viral/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Glycosylation , HIV-1/classification , HIV-1/immunology , Immune Evasion , Models, Molecular , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Polysaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides/metabolismABSTRACT
Antibodies capable of neutralizing divergent influenza A viruses could form the basis of a universal vaccine. Here, from subjects enrolled in an H5N1 DNA/MIV-prime-boost influenza vaccine trial, we sorted hemagglutinin cross-reactive memory B cells and identified three antibody classes, each capable of neutralizing diverse subtypes of group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses. Co-crystal structures with hemagglutinin revealed that each class utilized characteristic germline genes and convergent sequence motifs to recognize overlapping epitopes in the hemagglutinin stem. All six analyzed subjects had sequences from at least one multidonor class, and-in half the subjects-multidonor-class sequences were recovered from >40% of cross-reactive B cells. By contrast, these multidonor-class sequences were rare in published antibody datasets. Vaccination with a divergent hemagglutinin can thus increase the frequency of B cells encoding broad influenza A-neutralizing antibodies. We propose the sequence signature-quantified prevalence of these B cells as a metric to guide universal influenza A immunization strategies.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Adult , Amino Acid Sequence , Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry , Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics , Antibodies, Viral/chemistry , Antibodies, Viral/genetics , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte , Female , Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain , Humans , Immunologic Memory , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Molecular , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Structure-Activity Relationship , Young AdultABSTRACT
The design of immunogens that elicit broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) has been a major obstacle to HIV-1 vaccine development. One approach to assess potential immunogens is to use mice expressing precursors of human bnAbs as vaccination models. The bnAbs of the VRC01-class derive from the IGHV1-2 immunoglobulin heavy chain and neutralize a wide spectrum of HIV-1 strains via targeting the CD4 binding site of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. We now describe a mouse vaccination model that allows a germline human IGHV1-2(∗)02 segment to undergo normal V(D)J recombination and, thereby, leads to the generation of peripheral B cells that express a highly diverse repertoire of VRC01-related receptors. When sequentially immunized with modified gp120 glycoproteins designed to engage VRC01 germline and intermediate antibodies, IGHV1-2(∗)02-rearranging mice, which also express a VRC01-antibody precursor light chain, can support the affinity maturation of VRC01 precursor antibodies into HIV-neutralizing antibody lineages.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , Immunization , Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology , Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies , Cell Line , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , HIV Antibodies , Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry , Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mice , Sequence Deletion , T-Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
Antibodies with ontogenies from VH1-2 or VH1-46-germline genes dominate the broadly neutralizing response against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1. Here, we define with longitudinal sampling from time-of-infection the development of a VH1-46-derived antibody lineage that matured to neutralize 90% of HIV-1 isolates. Structures of lineage antibodies CH235 (week 41 from time-of-infection, 18% breadth), CH235.9 (week 152, 77%), and CH235.12 (week 323, 90%) demonstrated the maturing epitope to focus on the conformationally invariant portion of the CD4bs. Similarities between CH235 lineage and five unrelated CD4bs lineages in epitope focusing, length-of-time to develop breadth, and extraordinary level of somatic hypermutation suggested commonalities in maturation among all CD4bs antibodies. Fortunately, the required CH235-lineage hypermutation appeared substantially guided by the intrinsic mutability of the VH1-46 gene, which closely resembled VH1-2. We integrated our CH235-lineage findings with a second broadly neutralizing lineage and HIV-1 co-evolution to suggest a vaccination strategy for inducing both lineages.
Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , HIV Antibodies/chemistry , HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/immunology , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence AlignmentABSTRACT
Vaccine elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a key HIV-research goal. The VRC01 class of bnAbs targets the CD4-binding site on the HIV-envelope trimer and requires extensive somatic hypermutation (SHM) to neutralize effectively. Despite substantial progress, vaccine-induced VRC01-class antibodies starting from unmutated precursors have exhibited limited neutralization breadth, particularly against viruses bearing glycan on loop D residue N276 (glycan276), present on most circulating strains. Here, using sequential immunization of immunoglobulin (Ig)-humanized mice expressing diverse unmutated VRC01-class antibody precursors, we elicited serum responses capable of neutralizing viruses bearing glycan276 and isolated multiple lineages of VRC01-class bnAbs, including two with >50% breadth on a 208-strain panel. Crystal structures of representative bnAbs revealed the same mode of recognition as known VRC01-class bnAbs. Structure-function studies further pinpointed key mutations and correlated their induction with specific immunizations. VRC01-class bnAbs can thus be matured by sequential immunization from unmutated ancestors to >50% breadth, and we delineate immunogens and regimens inducing key SHM.
Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/metabolism , HIV Antibodies/metabolism , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/physiology , Mutation/genetics , Animals , Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , HEK293 Cells , HIV Antibodies/genetics , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin , VaccinationABSTRACT
Repeat antigens, such as the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), use both sequence degeneracy and structural diversity to evade the immune response. A few PfCSP-directed antibodies have been identified that are effective at preventing malaria infection, including CIS43, but how these repeat-targeting antibodies might be improved has been unclear. Here, we engineered a humanized mouse model in which B cells expressed inferred human germline CIS43 (iGL-CIS43) B cell receptors and used both vaccination and bioinformatic analysis to obtain variant CIS43 antibodies with improved protective capacity. One such antibody, iGL-CIS43.D3, was significantly more potent than the current best-in-class PfCSP-directed antibody. We found that vaccination with a junctional epitope peptide was more effective than full-length PfCSP at recruiting iGL-CIS43 B cells to germinal centers. Structure-function analysis revealed multiple somatic hypermutations that combinatorically improved protection. This mouse model can thus be used to understand vaccine immunogens and to develop highly potent anti-malarial antibodies.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , Epitopes/immunology , Malaria Vaccines/immunology , Malaria/immunology , Plasmodium falciparum/physiology , Protozoan Proteins/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Adoptive Transfer , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Epitopes/genetics , Genetic Engineering , Humans , Immune Evasion , Immunogenicity, Vaccine , Mice , Mice, SCID , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Structure-Activity Relationship , VaccinationABSTRACT
An effective vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an unrealized public health goal. A single dose of the prefusion-stabilized fusion (F) glycoprotein subunit vaccine (DS-Cav1) substantially increases serum-neutralizing activity in healthy adults. We sought to determine whether DS-Cav1 vaccination induces a repertoire mirroring the pre-existing diversity from natural infection or whether antibody lineages targeting specific epitopes predominate. We evaluated RSV F-specific B cell responses before and after vaccination in six participants using complementary B cell sequencing methodologies and identified 555 clonal lineages. DS-Cav1-induced lineages recognized the prefusion conformation of F (pre-F) and were genetically diverse. Expressed antibodies recognized all six antigenic sites on the pre-F trimer. We identified 34 public clonotypes, and structural analysis of two antibodies from a predominant clonotype revealed a common mode of recognition. Thus, vaccination with DS-Cav1 generates a diverse polyclonal response targeting the antigenic sites on pre-F, supporting the development and advanced testing of pre-F-based vaccines against RSV.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antibody Formation/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Epitopes/immunology , Female , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Vaccination/methods , Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology , Young AdultABSTRACT
HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies develop in most HIV-1-infected individuals, although highly effective antibodies are generally observed only after years of chronic infection. Here, we characterize the rate of maturation and extent of diversity for the lineage that produced the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 through longitudinal sampling of peripheral B cell transcripts over 15 years and co-crystal structures of lineage members. Next-generation sequencing identified VRC01-lineage transcripts, which encompassed diverse antibodies organized into distinct phylogenetic clades. Prevalent clades maintained characteristic features of antigen recognition, though each evolved binding loops and disulfides that formed distinct recognition surfaces. Over the course of the study period, VRC01-lineage clades showed continuous evolution, with rates of â¼2 substitutions per 100 nucleotides per year, comparable to that of HIV-1 evolution. This high rate of antibody evolution provides a mechanism by which antibody lineages can achieve extraordinary diversity and, over years of chronic infection, develop effective HIV-1 neutralization.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Evolution, Molecular , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibody Diversity , Chronic Disease , Humans , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence AlignmentABSTRACT
Development of strategies for induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by vaccines is a priority. Determining the steps of bnAb induction in HIV-1-infected individuals who make bnAbs is a key strategy for immunogen design. Here, we study the B cell response in a bnAb-producing individual and report cooperation between two B cell lineages to drive bnAb development. We isolated a virus-neutralizing antibody lineage that targeted an envelope region (loop D) and selected virus escape mutants that resulted in both enhanced bnAb lineage envelope binding and escape mutant neutralization-traits associated with increased B cell antigen drive. Thus, in this individual, two B cell lineages cooperated to induce the development of bnAbs. Design of vaccine immunogens that simultaneously drive both helper and broadly neutralizing B cell lineages may be important for vaccine-induced recapitulation of events that transpire during the maturation of neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/chemistry , AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV-1/physiology , Amino Acid Sequence , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Immune Evasion , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation , Sequence Alignment , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Rapidly evolving RNA viruses, such as the GII.4 strain of human norovirus (HuNoV), and their vaccines elicit complex serological responses associated with previous exposure. Specific correlates of protection, moreover, remain poorly understood. Here, we report the GII.4-serological antibody repertoire-pre- and post-vaccination-and select several antibody clonotypes for epitope and structural analysis. The humoral response was dominated by GII.4-specific antibodies that blocked ancestral strains or by antibodies that bound to divergent genotypes and did not block viral-entry-ligand interactions. However, one antibody, A1431, showed broad blockade toward tested GII.4 strains and neutralized the pandemic GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney strain. Structural mapping revealed conserved epitopes, which were occluded on the virion or partially exposed, allowing for broad blockade with neutralizing activity. Overall, our results provide high-resolution molecular information on humoral immune responses after HuNoV vaccination and demonstrate that infection-derived and vaccine-elicited antibodies can exhibit broad blockade and neutralization against this prevalent human pathogen.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Caliciviridae Infections/immunology , Caliciviridae Infections/prevention & control , Norovirus/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/chemistry , Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Caliciviridae Infections/virology , Cell Line , Conserved Sequence , Epitopes/chemistry , Epitopes/immunology , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Models, Molecular , Norovirus/classification , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , VaccinationABSTRACT
HIV- and SIV-envelope (Env) trimers are both extensively glycosylated, and antibodies identified to date have been unable to fully neutralize SIVmac239. Here, we report the isolation, structure, and glycan interactions of antibody ITS90.03, a monoclonal antibody that completely neutralized the highly neutralization-resistant isolate, SIVmac239. The co-crystal structure of a fully glycosylated SIVmac239-gp120 core in complex with rhesus CD4 and the antigen-binding fragment of ITS90.03 at 2.5-Å resolution revealed that ITS90 recognized an epitope comprised of 45% glycan. SIV-gp120 core, rhesus CD4, and their complex could each be aligned structurally to their human counterparts. The structure revealed that glycans masked most of the SIV Env protein surface, with ITS90 targeting a glycan hole, which is occupied in â¼83% of SIV strains by glycan N238. Overall, the SIV glycan shield appears to functionally resemble its HIV counterpart in coverage of spike, shielding from antibody, and modulation of receptor accessibility.