Long-Term Pharmacokinetic Follow-Up of Abiraterone Acetate in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

This ABIGENE pharmacokinetic (PK) study sought mainly to characterize the unchanged drug PK during long-term abiraterone acetate (AA) administration in advanced prostate cancer patients (81 patients). It was observed that individual AA concentrations remained constant over treatment time, with no noticeable changes during repeated long-term drug administration for up to 120 days. There was no correlation between AA concentrations and survival outcomes. However, a significant association between higher AA concentrations and better clinical benefit was observed (p = 0.041). The safety data did not correlate with the AA PK data. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) was observed between mean AA concentration and patient age: the older the patient, the higher the AA concentration. Patient age was found to impact steady-state AA concentration: the older the patient, the higher the mean AA concentration. Altogether, these data may help to guide future research and clinical trials in order to maximize the benefits of AA metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.

Regorafenib or Tamoxifen for platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer with rising CA125 and no evidence of clinical or RECIST progression: A GINECO randomized phase II trial (REGOVAR).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of regorafenib versus tamoxifen in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer biological recurrence, defined by CA-125 increase without radiological (RECIST criteria) or symptomatic evidence of progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 116 patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer presenting an isolated increase of CA-125 were planned to be randomized. Regorafenib was administered orally at 160 or 120 mg daily, 3 weeks on/1 week off or tamoxifen at 40 mg daily, until disease progression or development of unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was Progression-Free Survival, assessed by progression according to RECIST 1.1 or death (by any cause). Secondary endpoints included Overall Survival, Best Response and CA-125 response rate. RESULTS: 68 patients were randomized. Median age was 67 years (range: 30-87). Primary site of cancer was ovarian for most patients (92.6%). Tumors were predominantly serous / (89.7%), high grade (83.6%) and initial FIGO staging was III for 69.6% of the patients. Most (79.4%) patients were included after the first line of platinum-based treatment. After a median follow-up of 32 months, there was no difference of progression-free survival (PFS) between regorafenib and tamoxifen groups (p = 0.72), with median PFS of 5.6 months (CI 90%: 3.84-7.52) for the tamoxifen arm and 4.6 months (CI 90%: 3.65-7.33) for the regorafenib arm. There was also no difference in term of overall survival, best response or CA-125 response, delay to next therapy. Regorafenib presented a less favorable safety profile than tamoxifen, with grade 3/4 events occurring for 90.9% of the patients compared to 54.3% for tamoxifen. The most frequent were cutaneous, digestive, and biological events. Notably, hand-foot syndrome occurred in 36.4% of these patients. CONCLUSION: Regorafenib presented an unfavorable toxicity profile compared to tamoxifen, with no superior efficacy in this population of patients.

Carboplatin-based doublet plus bevacizumab beyond progression versus carboplatin-based doublet alone in patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer: a randomised, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab is approved in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer, either in first-line therapy or for patients with recurrent disease not previously treated with the same drug. We aimed to test the value of continuing bevacizumab beyond progression after first-line treatment with the same drug. METHODS: In our open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial done at 82 sites in four countries, we enrolled women (aged ≥18 years) who had previously received first-line platinum-based therapy including bevacizumab, and had recurrent (≥6 months since last platinum dose), International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage IIIB-IV ovarian cancer with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-2. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a carboplatin-based doublet intravenously (carboplatin area under the concentration curve [AUC] 5 on day 1 plus paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 on day 1, every 21 days; carboplatin AUC 4 on day 1 plus gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every 21 days; or carboplatin AUC 5 on day 1 plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 on day 1, every 28 days), or a carboplatin-based doublet plus bevacizumab (10 mg/kg intravenous every 14 days combined with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-carboplatin, or 15 mg/kg every 21 days combined with gemcitabine-carboplatin or paclitaxel-carboplatin). Evaluable disease according to RECIST 1.1 guidelines was required before randomisation. Randomisation was done through the trial website with a minimisation procedure, stratified by centre, time of recurrence, performance status, and type of second-line chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01802749 and EudraCT 2012-004362-17. FINDINGS: Between Dec 6, 2013, and Nov 11, 2016, 406 patients were recruited (203 [50%] assigned to the bevacizumab group and 203 [50%] to the standard chemotherapy group). 130 patients (64%) in the bevacizumab group and 131 (65%) in the standard chemotherapy group had progressed after receiving a last dose of platinum more than 12 months before, and 146 patients (72%) in the bevacizumab group and 147 (72%) in the standard chemotherapy group had progressed after completion of first-line bevacizumab maintenance. 161 participants (79%) progressed in the standard chemotherapy group, as did 143 (70%) in the bevacizumab group. Median progression-free survival was 8·8 months (95% CI 8·4-9·3) in the standard chemotherapy group and 11·8 months (10·8-12·9) in the bevacizumab group (hazard ratio 0·51, 95% CI 0·41-0·65; log-rank p<0·0001). Most common grade 3-4 adverse events were hypertension (20 [10%] in the standard chemotherapy group vs 58 (29%) in the bevacizumab group), neutrophil count decrease (81 [41%] vs 80 [40%]), and platelet count decrease (43 [22%] vs 61 [30%]). 68 patients (33%) died in the standard chemotherapy group and 79 (39%) died in the bevacizumab group; two deaths (1%) in the standard chemotherapy group and one death (<1%) in the bevacizumab group were deemed to be treatment-related. INTERPRETATION: Continuing bevacizumab beyond progression combined with chemotherapy in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer improves progression-free survival compared with standard chemotherapy alone and might be considered in clinical practice. FUNDING: Hoffmann-La Roche and Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro.

DPD status and fluoropyrimidines-based treatment: high activity matters too.

BACKGROUND: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) status is an indicator of a marked risk for toxicity following fluoropyrimidine (FP)-based chemotherapy. This notion is well-established for low DPD status but little is known about the clinical impact of high DPD activity. This study examined the possible link between high intrinsic lymphocytic DPD activity and overall survival, progression free survival and response to FP-based treatment in patients treated in our institution. METHODS: Lymphocytic DPD activity was assessed in a group of 136 patients receiving FP-based chemotherapy from 2004 to 2016. There were 105 digestive (77.2%), 24 breast (17.6%) and 7 head and neck cancers (5.2%). Cox or logistic regression models were applied with adjustment on all confounding factors that could modify OS, PFS or response. All models were stratified on the three cancer locations. A cut-off for DPD activity was assessed graphically and analytically. RESULTS: An optimal cut-off for DPD activity at 0.30 nmol/min/mg protein was identified as the best value for discriminating survivals and response. In multivariate analysis, individual lymphocytic DPD activity was significantly related to overall survival (p = 0.013; HR: 3.35 CI95%[1.27-8.86]), progression-free survival (p < 0.001; HR: 3.15 CI95%[1.75-5.66]) and response rate (p = 0.033; HR: 0.33 CI95%[0.12-0.92]) with a marked detrimental effect associated with high DPD activity. CONCLUSIONS: DPD status screening should result in a two-pronged approach with FP dose reduction in case of low intrinsic DPD and, inversely, an increased FP dose for high intrinsic DPD. In a context of personalized FP-based treatment, this innovative strategy needs to be prospectively validated.

Weekly paclitaxel, capecitabine, and bevacizumab with maintenance capecitabine and bevacizumab as first-line therapy for triple-negative, metastatic, or locally advanced breast cancer: Results from the GINECO A-TaXel phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of first-line combination therapy with bevacizumab, paclitaxel, and capecitabine for triple-negative, locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer (LA/MBC). METHODS: Patients with measurable triple-negative LA/MBC who had received no prior chemotherapy for their disease received 4-weekly cycles of paclitaxel (80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 for up to 6 cycles) combined with capecitabine (800 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1-5, 8-12, and 15-19) and bevacizumab (10 mg/kg on days 1 and 14) repeated every 4 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate; secondary endpoints were progression-free survival, duration of response, overall survival, and safety. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and March 2012, 62 eligible patients were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 57 years, 74% had received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 65% had visceral metastases. Patients received a median of 6 cycles (range, 1-45 cycles). The objective response rate was 77% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 66%-88%), including complete response in 19% of patients. The median duration of response was 5.6 months (range, 1.3-27.6 months). The median progression-free survival was 7.6 months (95% CI, 6.3-9.0 months) and the median overall survival was 19.2 months (95% CI, 17.4-20.9 months). The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were hypertension (35% of patients) and neutropenia (23% of patients); 5% of patients experienced febrile neutropenia. Grade ≥2 hand-foot syndrome, alopecia, and nail toxicity each occurred in 40% of patients (adverse events were recorded before every cycle and graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]). Treatment was interrupted because of toxicity in 22% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: A triplet regimen of paclitaxel, capecitabine, and bevacizumab followed by maintenance therapy with capecitabine and bevacizumab demonstrated high activity and manageable safety in this difficult-to-treat population. Cancer 2016;122:3119-26. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Prospective Clinical Utility Study of the Use of the 21-Gene Assay in Adjuvant Clinical Decision Making in Women With Estrogen Receptor-Positive Early Invasive Breast Cancer: Results From the SWITCH Study.

BACKGROUND: The 21-gene Oncotype DX Recurrence Score assay is a validated assay to help decide the appropriate treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), early-stage breast cancer (EBC) in the adjuvant setting. The choice of adjuvant treatments might vary considerably in different countries according to various treatment guidelines. This prospective multicenter study is the first to assess the impact of the Oncotype DX assay in the French clinical setting. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with ER+, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative EBC, and node-negative (pN0) disease or micrometastases in up to 3 lymph nodes (pN1mi) were enrolled. Treatment recommendations, physicians' confidence before and after knowing the Recurrence Score value, and physicians' perception of the assay were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients, 95 were evaluable (83 pN0, 12 pN1mi). Treatment recommendations changed in 37% of patients, predominantly from chemoendocrine to endocrine treatment alone. The proportion of patients recommended chemotherapy decreased from 52% pretest to 25% post-test. Of patients originally recommended chemotherapy, 61% were recommended endocrine treatment alone after receiving the Recurrence Score result. For both pN0 and pN1mi patients, post-test recommendations appeared to follow the Recurrence Score result for low and high values. Physicians' confidence improved significantly. CONCLUSION: These are the first prospective data on the impact of the Oncotype DX assay on adjuvant treatment decisions in France. Using the assay was associated with a significant change in treatment decisions and an overall reduction in chemotherapy use. These data are consistent with those presented from European and non-European studies.

A potentially neuroprotective role for erythropoietin with paclitaxel treatment in ovarian cancer patients: a prospective phase II GINECO trial.

PURPOSE: A prospective phase II multicenter study was performed in two steps in paclitaxel-treated ovarian cancer patients in France. A French version of the four-item Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx) questionnaire was validated. This was then used to evaluate neurotoxicity in relation to erythropoietin treatment. METHODS: Patients received standard second-line paclitaxel-based chemotherapy and erythropoietin for anemia. Neurotoxicity and hemoglobin levels were evaluated every cycle with the FACT/GOG-Ntx and NCI-CTCAE. The translated questionnaire was tested in 20 patients to confirm the translation accuracy. The final questionnaire was validated in 98 patients with internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient) and item correlation (Pearson's r coefficient) tests. Neurotoxicity severity was analyzed according to erythropoietin intake (first three cycles versus no or late intake) and correlated with anemia. RESULTS: Patients received a median of six paclitaxel cycles (range 1-9). Neurotoxicity was validated in 484 questionnaires. Internal consistency was excellent with Cronbach's coefficients of ≥0.89 at inclusion, after 3 cycles and at study end. Inter-question correlation was high with Pearson's coefficients of 0.65-0.85. FACT/GOG-Ntx and NCI-CTCAE severity scoring was similar. Globally, the incidence of severe neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx and NCI-CTCAE) was found significantly higher in patients with severe anemia. Of 98 evaluable patients, 31 received erythropoietin during the first three cycles. Mean hemoglobin level was significantly lower in this group from baseline to cycle 4; however, these anemic patients with early EPO intake did not develop an increase rate of severe neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The French FACT/GOG-Ntx questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for assessing chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. This study raises the possibility that erythropoietin might play a neuroprotective role when administered with paclitaxel.

CHEOPS trial: a GINECO group randomized phase II assessing addition of a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor to oral vinorelbine in pre-treated metastatic breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the CHEOPS trial was to assess the benefit of adding aromatase inhibitor (AI) to metronomic chemotherapy, oral vinorelbine, 50 mg, three times a week for pre-treated, HR + /HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients. METHODS: In this multicentric phase II study, patients had to have progressed on AI and one or two lines of chemotherapy. They were randomized between oral vinorelbine (Arm A) and oral vinorelbine with non-steroidal AI (Arm B). RESULTS: 121 patients were included, 61 patients in Arm A and 60 patients in Arm B. The median age was 68 years. 109 patients had visceral metastases. They all had previously received an AI. The study had been prematurely stopped following the third death due to febrile neutropenia. Median PFS trend was found to be different with 2.3 months and 3.7 months in Arm A and Arm B, respectively (HR 0.73, 95%CI 0.50-1.06, p value = 0.0929). No statistical difference was shown in OS and better tumor response. 56 serious adverse events corresponding to 25 patients (21%) were reported (respectively, 12 (20%) versus 13 (22%) for arms A and B) (NS). CONCLUSION: The addition of AI to oral vinorelbine over oral vinorelbine alone in aromatase inhibitor-resistant metastatic breast cancer was associated with a non-significant improvement of PFS. Several unexpected serious adverse events were reported. Metronomic oral vinorelbine schedule, at 50 mg three times a week, requires close biological monitoring. The question of hormonal treatment and chemotherapy combination remains open.

Atezolizumab Combined With Bevacizumab and Platinum-Based Therapy for Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer: Placebo-Controlled Randomized Phase III ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 Trial.

PURPOSE: Platinum-based doublets with concurrent and maintenance bevacizumab are standard therapy for ovarian cancer (OC) relapsing after a platinum-free interval (PFI) >6 months. Immunotherapy may be synergistic with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02891824), a placebo-controlled double-blinded randomized phase III trial, enrolled patients with recurrent epithelial OC, one to two previous chemotherapy lines, and PFI >6 months. Eligible patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to atezolizumab (1,200 mg once every 3 weeks or equivalent) or placebo for up to 24 months, combined with bevacizumab and six cycles of chemotherapy doublet, stratified by PFI, PD-L1 status, and chemotherapy regimen. Coprimary end points were investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) and PD-L1-positive populations (alpha .025 for each population). RESULTS: Between September 2016 and October 2019, 614 patients were randomly assigned: 410 to atezolizumab and 204 to placebo. Only 38% had PD-L1-positive tumors. After 3 years' median follow-up, the PFS difference between atezolizumab and placebo did not reach statistical significance in the ITT (hazard ratio [HR], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99; P = .041; median 13.5 v 11.3 months, respectively) or PD-L1-positive (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.16; P = .30; median 15.2 v 13.1 months, respectively) populations. The immature overall survival (OS) HR was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.01; median 35.5 v 30.6 months with atezolizumab v placebo, respectively). Global health-related quality of life did not differ between treatment arms. Grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 88% of atezolizumab-treated and 87% of placebo-treated patients; grade ≥3 AEs typical of immunotherapy were more common with atezolizumab (13% v 8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 did not meet its coprimary PFS objectives in the ITT or PD-L1-positive populations. OS follow-up continues. Further research on biopsy samples is warranted to decipher the immunologic landscape of late-relapsing OC.

A GINECO randomized phase II trial of two capecitabine and weekly paclitaxel schedules in metastatic breast cancer.

To determine whether capecitabine schedule adaptation improves the tolerability of capecitabine-paclitaxel combination therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), patients with anthracycline-pretreated HER2-negative MBC were randomized to either arm A (21-day cycles: capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily, days 1-14; paclitaxel 60 mg/m(2), days 1, 8, and 15) or arm B (28-day cycles: capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily, days 1-5, 8-12, and 15-19; paclitaxel 80 mg/m(2), days 1, 8, and 15). The primary endpoint was the incidence of dose reductions or delays >1 week for grade 3/4 toxicity. Secondary endpoints were efficacy and safety. All 130 randomized patients were evaluable for safety. Dose reduction or delay for grade 3/4 toxicity occurred in 39% of patients in arm A and 34% in arm B during cycles 1-6. In arm A, there were significantly more toxicity-related dose reductions (cycles 1-6: 82 vs. 67%, respectively; P = 0.05) and discontinuations (29 vs. 8%, respectively). Grade 3 diarrhea occurred in 12 and 0%, respectively, and grade 3 hand-foot syndrome in 12 versus 9%, respectively (grade 4 not applicable). There were no detectable differences in efficacy. Weekday capecitabine dosing with weekly paclitaxel may improve tolerability without a detrimental effect on efficacy, and merits further evaluation in patients suited to combination chemotherapy.

Real-World Experience of Bevacizumab as First-Line Treatment for Ovarian Cancer: The GINECO ENCOURAGE Cohort of 468 French Patients.

Introduction: Bevacizumab-containing therapy is considered a standard-of-care front-line option for stage IIIB-IV ovarian cancer based on results of randomized phase 3 trials. The multicenter non-interventional ENCOURAGE prospective cohort study assessed treatment administration and outcomes in the French real-world setting. Patients and Methods: Eligible patients were aged ≥ 18 years with planned bevacizumab-containing therapy for newly diagnosed ovarian cancer. The primary objective was to assess the safety profile of front-line bevacizumab in routine clinical practice; secondary objectives were to describe patient characteristics, indications/contraindications for bevacizumab, treatment regimens and co-medications, follow-up and monitoring, progression-free survival, and treatment at recurrence. In this non-interventional study, treatment was administered as chosen by the investigator and participation in the trial had no influence on the management of the disease. Results: Of 1,290 patients screened between April 2013 and February 2015, 468 were eligible. Most patients (86%) received bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks or equivalent, typically with carboplatin (99%) and paclitaxel (98%). The median duration of bevacizumab was 12.2 (range 0-28, interquartile range 6.9-14.9) months; 8% of patients discontinued bevacizumab because of toxicity. The most common adverse events were hypertension (38% of patients), fatigue (35%), and bleeding (32%). There were no treatment-related deaths. Most physicians (90%) reported blood pressure measurement immediately before each bevacizumab infusion and almost all (97%) reported monitoring for proteinuria before each bevacizumab infusion. Median progression-free survival was 17.4 (95% CI, 16.4-19.1) months. The 3-year overall survival rate was 62% (95% CI, 58-67%). The most commonly administered chemotherapies at recurrence were carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Discussion: Clinical outcomes and tolerability with bevacizumab in this real-life setting are consistent with randomized trial results, notwithstanding differences in the treated patient population and treatment schedule. Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT01832415.

Women's perceptions and experience of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy account for their adherence: breast cancer patients' point of view.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study on primary breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant tamoxifen treatment was to determine how their perceptions of the treatment and their experience of side-effects contributed to their adherence to the treatment. METHODS: A consecutive series of primary breast cancer patients eligible for tamoxifen therapy were studied qualitatively by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews at two French cancer centres. RESULTS: The women aged 35-65 (N=34) were struggling with several issues involving their understanding and experience of the treatment, which have not been documented so far. These issues included confusion about the 'hormonal' nature and activity of tamoxifen and the etiology of the changes in their menopausal status, as well as the symbolic associations formed by patients about the paradox of taking a treatment that has aging effects but saves lives. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the great physical burden often associated with tamoxifen treatment and brings to light women's own complex representations of the treatment and their interpretation of the side-effects. Better communication between health-care providers and patients should ultimately help to prevent refusal or discontinuation of tamoxifen treatment.

A universal formula based on cystatin C to perform individual dosing of carboplatin in normal weight, underweight, and obese patients.

PURPOSE: It has recently been shown that it is possible to improve the prediction of carboplatin clearance by adding plasma cystatin C level (cysC), an endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate, to the other patient characteristics routinely used for carboplatin individual dosing, namely serum creatinine (Scr), actual body weight (ABW), age, and sex. This multicenter pharmacokinetic study was done to evaluate prospectively the benefit of using cysC for carboplatin individual dosing. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The 357 patients included in the study were receiving carboplatin as part of established protocols. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was done using NONMEM program. Seven covariates studied were as follows: Scr, cysC, age, sex, ABW, ideal body weight, and lean body mass. RESULTS: The best covariate equation was as follows: carboplatin clearance (mL/min) = 117.8. (Scr/75)(-0.450). (cysC/1,00)(-0.385). (ABW/65)(+0.504). (age/56)(-0.366). 0.847(sex), with Scr in micromol/L, cysC in mg/L, ABW in kilograms, age in years, and sex = 0 for male. Using an alternative weight descriptor (ideal body weight or lean body mass) did not improve the prediction. This final covariate model was validated by bootstrap analysis. The bias (mean percentage error) and imprecision (mean absolute percentage error) were +1% and 15%, respectively, on the total population, and were of a similar magnitude in each of the three subgroups of patients defined according to their body mass index. CONCLUSION: For the first time, a unique formula is proposed for carboplatin individual dosing to patients, which is shown to be equally valid for underweight, normal weight, and obese patients.

Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for overall survival in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer treated with chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC) is associated with a variable prognosis and unpredictable survival times. We have developed and validated a prognostic nomogram with the objective of improving the prediction of overall survival (OS) in patients treated with chemotherapy. METHODS: The nomogram was developed using data from a training cohort of patients from two trials, including the chemotherapy-only arm in AURELIA and all randomised patients in CARTAXHY. Multivariable proportional hazards models were generated based on pretreatment characteristics to develop a nomogram that classifies patients based on OS. We subsequently assessed the performance of the nomogram in terms of discrimination and calibration in independent validation patient cohorts: PENELOPE and the bevacizumab-chemotherapy arm of AURELIA. RESULTS: The nomogram included six significant OS predictors, in order of importance: performance status, ascites, size of the largest tumour, CA-125, platinum-free interval and primary platinum resistance (C-statistic 0.69). In the training cohort, the median OS in the good, intermediate and poor prognosis groups was 25.3, 15.2 and 7.4 months, respectively. In the PENELOPE validation cohort (C-statistic 0.59), the median OS in the good, intermediate and poor prognosis groups was 18.5, 10.3 and 5.8 months, respectively. In the AURELIA bevacizumab-chemotherapy validation cohort (C-statistic 0.67), the median OS in good, intermediate and poor prognosis groups was 26.7, 13.8 and 10.0 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This nomogram with six pretreatment characteristics allows prediction of OS in PROC and could be used for stratification of patients in clinical trials as well as for counselling patients about prognosis.

Predicting early death in older adults with cancer.

BACKGROUND: Predicting early death after a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is very difficult in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to develop a scoring system to estimate risk of death at 100 days in elderly cancer patients to assist the therapeutic decision. METHODS: This was a multicentric, prospective cohort study approved by an ethics committee. Elderly cancer patients aged older than 70 years were enrolled before the final therapeutic decision. A standardised CGA was made before the treatment decision at baseline. Within 100 days, event (death), oncologic and geriatric data were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was used to select the risk factors for the overall population. Score points were assigned to each risk factor using the ß coefficient. Internal validation was performed by a bootstrap method. Calibration was assessed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test and accuracy with the mean c-statistic. FINDINGS: One thousand fifty patients (mean age: 82 years) joined the study from April 2012 to December 2014. The independent predictors were metastatic cancers (odds ratio [OR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], [1.7-3.5] p<0 .001); gait speed<0.8 m/s (OR 2.1; 95% CI [1.3-3.3] p=0.001); Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) < 17 (OR 8; 95% CI; [3.7-17.3] p<0.001), MNA ≤23.5 and ≥ 17 (OR 4.4; 95% CI, [2.1-9.1) p<0.001); performance status (PS) > 2 (OR 1.7; 95% CI, [1.1-2.6)] p=0.015) and cancers other than breast cancer (OR 4; 95% CI, [2.1-7.9] p<0.001). We attributed 4 points for MNA<17, 3 points for MNA between ≤23.5 and ≥ 17, 2 points for metastatic cancers, 1 point for gait speed <0.8 m/s, 1 point for PS > 2 and 3 points for cancers other than breast cancer. The risk of death at 100 days was 4% for 0 to 6 points, 24% for 7 to 8 points, 39% for 9 to 10 points and 67% for 11 points. INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, this is the first score which estimates early death in elderly cancer patients. The system could assist in the treatment decision for elderly cancer patients.

[Expectation about maintenance therapy among the GINECO French ovarian cancer cohort from the European NOGGO/ENGOT-ov22 Expression IV survey]. / Attentes des patientes suivies pour un cancer de l'ovaire concernant les traitements d'entretien : résultats de la cohorte française GINECO de l'enquête européenne NOGGO/ENGOT-ov22 (Expression IV).

BACKGROUND: Expression IV survey evaluated the patients' expectations to a maintenance therapy. METHODS: From January 2015 to March 2016, 401 French patients, in first line or recurrent disease, answered a 24-items anonymous questionnaire. The results were specifically analyzed according to the demographic characteristics and treatment lines. RESULTS: Among the patients, 62% had already been informed about maintenance therapy. Thirty-seven percent of patients received a maintenance treatment: 111 patients during first line and 39 patients in relapse. Expectations of patients were: 1) the chance of cure (73%), 2) the tumor shrinkage (36%), 3) quality of life improvement (35%) and 4) tumor growth reduction (27%). Among the responders, 42% were willing to take the treatment for 6-24 months, 20% for 24-60 months and 38% until tumor progression. 64% of patients expected more than a 6 months progression-free survival. Patients older than 70 years were less informed than their younger counterparts (48% vs 66%) and had lesser hope for cure with maintenance treatment (60% vs 77%). Patients in relapse had more expectation than patients in remission (tumor shrinkage: 47% vs 22%, slowing of tumor growth: 37% vs 15%, improving the progression-free survival of more than 6 months: 71% vs 53%, respectively). Among patients, 48% in relapse consented to take a treatment until progression vs 24% of patients in remission. CONCLUSION: This sub-analysis in French patients demonstrate a gap between the efficacy of maintenance therapy and the patients' expectations in ovarian cancer, particularly in relapsing disease justifying better information and explanations.

Outcome and prognostic factors in breast sarcoma: a multicenter study from the rare cancer network.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Breast sarcoma (BS) is a rare tumour. While surgical resection is the primary treatment, the role of radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy remains unclear. This study aimed at defining prognostic factors and treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 103 patients treated between 1976 and 2002 were collected. The median age was 55 years (range: 13-86); the median histological tumour size was 4.45 cm (range: 0.8-22). There were 42 angiosarcomas. Surgery consisted of wide excision in 34 cases, and total mastectomy in 69 cases. A total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions was delivered in 50 patients. At the completion of treatment, 89 patients had no residual tumour. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 64 months, 56 patients developed recurrent disease: 38 presented a local relapse and 37 developed distant metastases. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39-49%) and 55% (95% CI, 50-60%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, favourable prognostic factors for better local control were: no residual tumour after treatment, no cellular pleomorphism, and histology other than angiosarcoma. For DFS, the five favourable prognostic factors were non-menopausal status, no residual tumour after treatment, non-angiosarcoma histology, absence of tumour necrosis, and grade 1-2 histology. CONCLUSION: While angiosarcoma has the worst prognosis, the outcome of the other types of sarcomas may be worsened by residual tumour after loco-regional treatment and high grade histology, a classical prognostic factor of the other soft tissue sarcomas. During surgical procedure axillary dissection is not mandatory.

Decision-making and breast cancer clinical trials: how experience challenges attitudes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to measure women's preferences about decision-making and their impact to participate or not to a hypothetical randomised controlled trial (RCT). METHODS: We surveyed prospectively breast cancer patients invited to participate in a clinical RCT (group 1a=201 acceptances, group 1b=66 refusals) or not invited (group 2=188). All women had the same treatment. RESULTS: Decision-making preferences of patients who had refused clinical RCT entry were more patient's centred (72.3%) compared to those of patients who accepted (35.0%, P<0.001). Altruism was not a significant determinant of patients' participation. Randomisation was considered acceptable in 52.0% (group 1a) compared to 16.9% and 21.1% for group 1b or group 2, respectively (P<0.001). It was the main predictor of willingness to participate in a hypothetical RCT (adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) 4.6; 95% confidence interval [2.7-7.7]; P<0.001) with the patient group allocation (OR(adj) group 1a=5.0 [2.9-8.7]; group 1b=0.2 [0.0-0.8]; group 2=1 [referent]; P<0.001). After multivariate adjustment, willingness to participate was also significantly related with medical decision-making preferences (OR(adj) 2.2 [1.0-4.9]; P=0.045), with the feeling of being unable to refuse a doctor's proposal (OR(adj) 1.8 [1.1-3.2]; P=0.031), and with satisfaction with doctors' communication (OR(adj) 3.1 [1.5-7.8]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients' acceptance to participate in a RCT is preferred to be doctor's decision, whereas refusal is a personal one. When proposing a RCT, doctors must deal with patients' a priori negative feelings about randomisation. They should thoroughly discuss the reasons for and importance of randomisation as well as the other aspects of participating in the trial in order to give patients all of the information they need to make an informed decision.

Pharmacogenetics of capecitabine in advanced breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Germinal gene polymorphisms can explain a part of the interpatient pharmacodynamic variability of anticancer drugs, particularly fluoropyrimidines. Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The aim of this prospective pilot study was to analyze the effect of TS, MTHFR, and DPD gene polymorphisms on toxicity and efficacy in advanced breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine as monotherapy. Germinal polymorphisms of TS (6 bp deletion in the 3' region and 28 bp repeats, including G>C mutation in the 5' region), MTHFR (677C>T and 1298A>C), and DPD (IVS14+1G>A) were determined in 105 consecutive patients. RESULTS: A trend toward a higher global toxicity grade 3 and 4 was observed in patients homozygous for the TS 3RG allele compared with patients heterozygous for the 3RG allele or patients not carrying the 3RG allele (50% versus 19% versus 13% respectively, P=0.064). The sole patient bearing the DPD IVS14+1G>A mutation (heterozygous) deceased from hematologic toxicity. The median response duration was 5.8 months (95% confidence interval, 4.3-7.2). Duration of response was significantly shortened in patients homozygous for the 3RG allele compared with others (P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that 3RG3RG breast cancer patients are not good candidates for capecitabine therapy. In addition, attention should be paid to DPD deficiency in breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine. These preliminary data require further confirmation on a larger number of patients.