Multiple Coexisting Species and the First Known Case of a Cheater in Epicephala (Gracillariidae) Associated with a Species of Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae) in Tropical Asia.

Glochidion plants and Epicephala moths played different roles and kept the balance in the mutualism. We studied the four coexisting Epicephala species on Glochidion sphaerogynum in detail and reconstructed the phylogenic tree of 40 Gracillariidae species. The results showed that one of them (Epicephala impolliniferens) did not pollinate G. sphaerogynum, because of lacking the specialized structure of carrying pollen. These results suggested that E. impolliniferens acted as a 'cheater' in the system. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that E. impolliniferens derived from a pollinating species, and had secondarily gave up the ability to pollinate. This is a typical phenomenon of mutualism reversal. The phenomenon exhibits the co-evolutionary diversification under selection pressures.

A taxonomic study of the genus Bagdadia Amsel, 1949 from Hainan Island of China (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Five species of the genus Bagdadia Amsel are recognized from Hainan Island of China in this paper, of these, Bagdadia khaoensis (Park & Ponomarenko) comb. nov. is proposed, and it is reported for the first time from this country. One new species, Bagdadia tricornis sp. nov. is described and one possibly new species is discussed but not formally named for lack of material. Adults and genitalia of the new and the unnamed species are illustrated and a key to known species of the genus from China is provided.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Edosa Walker, 1886 from China (Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Perissomasticinae).

The genus Edosa Walker, 1886 is revised in China. Of the 31 recognized species, 23 are described as new: Edosa aurea sp. nov., E. baculiformis sp. nov., E. bicolor sp. nov., E. bifurcata sp. nov., E. carinata sp. nov., E. conchata sp. nov., E. cornuta sp. nov., E. curvidorsalis sp. nov., E. dentata sp. nov., E. digitata sp. nov., E. duoprojecta sp. nov., E. elongata sp. nov., E. eminens sp. nov., E. hamata sp. nov., E. longicornis sp. nov., E. minuta sp. nov., E. robinsoni sp. nov., E. robustispina sp. nov., E. semicircularis sp. nov., E. torta sp. nov., E. truncatula sp. nov., E. uncusella sp. nov., and E. varians sp. nov.; Edosa gaedikei nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Edosa spinosa Gaedike, 2012, a junior homonym of Edosa spinosa Gaedike, 1984; four species are newly recorded for China: E. hendrixella Robinson, 2008, E. crayella Robinson, 2008, E. orphnodes (Meyrick, 1911) and E. smithaella Robinson, 2008; the female of E. hendrixella is described for the first time. Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese species, except E. malthacopis (Meyrick, 1936), are postulated based on 42 morphological characters. The phylogenetic analysis of the morphology matrix yielded one most parsimonious tree (length 121 steps, CI = 0.56, RI = 0.81), based on which seven species-groups are proposed: the hemichrysella-group, the subochraceella-group, the pyrochra-group, the duoprojecta-group, the eminens-group, the crayella-group and the uncusella-group. The whole body structures of the genus are presented and photographs of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to all the known Chinese species and maps to show the distribution of Edosa in China. A world checklist of Edosa is given as an appendix, in which 41 new combinations are included.

Taxonomic review of the genus Paratalanta Meyrick, 1890 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Pyraustinae) from China, with descriptions of two new species.

This study deals with the taxonomy of seven species and subspecies of the genus Paratalanta Meyrick in China. Among them, P. furcata sp. nov. and P. annulata sp. nov. are described as new. The male of P. stachialis Toll & Wojtusiak, 1957 is described for the first time. Images of adults and illustrations of both male and female genitalia are provided, along with a key to all the known Chinese species and a map showing their distribution.

Review of the genus Andrioplecta Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from China.

The Chinese species of Andrioplecta Obraztsov, 1968 are reviewed. Six species are treated, including one new species (A. angusticuculla, sp. nov.) and three species newly recorded from China (A. phuluangensis, A. shoreae and A. suboxystaura). Images and descriptions of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to the species in China.

A Checklist of the Olethreutini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of Taiwan, with the Distribution in Mainland China.

Thirty-five genera and one hundred and two species of the tortricid tribe Olethreutini documented from Taiwan are listed, two genera and six species of which are newly recorded for China and two genera and eighteen species of which are newly recorded for Taiwan. Nine species are recorded in the mainland of China for the first time, which were endemic to Taiwan before this study. The local monographs of China and references are summarized with the examined specimens. The synonymies and geographic distribution in China are provided for each species, and a list of examined specimens is provided when applicable.

Predicting habitat suitability for the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura) using optimized MaxEnt models with multiple variables.

The soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura) is one of the most important soybean pests and often causes serious damage to Glycine max (L.) Merr., a leading source of dietary protein and oil in animal feed. However, the potential distribution patterns of this economically important pest and its driving factors require further investigation. Here, we used the optimized MaxEnt model to predict the potential distribution of this pest with multiple variables associated with climate, land use, and host plant, at its recorded range and a globe scale. Based on 4 variable combinations, the results show that the current suitable habitats of L. glycinivorella are primarily distributed in most of China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. Whereas no suitable area is present in other continents. In future projections, the suitable region shows a slight northward expansion compared with the result predicted with current climatic conditions, and the suitable areas of almost all future projections were stable in size. Among the 9 bioclimatic factors, BIO03 (isothermality) consistently highly contributes to the predictions, indicating that temperature may be a key factor influencing the habitat distribution of L. glycinivorella. Comparative analyses of projections further show that non-climatic factors are informative in the modeling as routinely used bioclimate variables. The spatio-temporal distribution patterns of suitable habitats and the regulatory factors predicted in this study could provide important guidance for L. glycinivorella management.

Three new species of Aethes Billberg, 1820 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini), with a list of the species from China.

The Chinese species of Aethes Billberg, 1820 are reviewed. Three species, A. acerba, sp. nov., A. semicircularis, sp. nov., and A. subcitreoflava, sp. nov., are described, and A. fennicana (Hering, 1924) is newly recorded from China. Images of adults and genitalia of the new species and the newly recorded species are provided, along with a list, a key, and a distribution map to all the known Chinese species.

Review of the Chinese species of Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini).

Ten species of Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916 occur in China. Gynnidomorpha curviphalla, sp. nov., is described, and G datetis (Diakonoff, 1984) is recorded from China for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to all known Chinese species based on the male genitalia. A map showing the geographic distribution of the species is also provided.

Taxonomic review of Chinese Phalonidia Le Marchand, 1933 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini).

The Chinese species of Phalonidia Le Marchand, 1933 are reviewed. Sixteen species and one subspecies are treated, including three new species (P. brevifasciaria, sp. nov., P. rotundiventralis, sp. nov., and P. tenuispinifornis, sp. nov.) and three newly recorded species or subspecies (P. affinitana tauriana (Kennel, 1899), P. aliena Kuznetzov, 1966, and P. coreana Byun & Li, 2006). The female of P. lydiae (Filipjev, 1940) is described for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key and a distribution map for the genus in China.

Notes on Dichomeris Hübner, 1818 from Southern Africa and Kenya, with description of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Dichomeridinae).

This paper deals with 12 species of the genus Dichomeris Hübner, 1818 from Southern Africa and Kenya. Seven species are described as new: D. arquata sp. nov., D. brevicornuta sp. nov., D. dentata sp. nov., D. ligulacea sp. nov., D. paulidigitata sp. nov., D. tenextrema sp. nov. and D. ventriprojecta sp. nov.; and other five known species are listed. Images of adults and illustrations of genitalia are provided.

Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick, 1908 from Southeast Asia (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae).

The genus Proinalactis Meyrick, 1908 is reviewed in Southeast Asia. Twenty-seven new species are described based on the specimens collected in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, Burma, Philippines. The new species include P. alveiformis sp. nov., P. angusta sp. nov., P. bruneiensis sp. nov., P. conicispinalis sp. nov., P. ellipsoidea sp. nov., P. exiliprocessa sp. nov., P. extumida sp. nov., P. fascisetacea sp. nov., P. flagellaris sp. nov., P. foraininulata sp. nov., P. fortijuxtalis sp. nov., P. lancea sp. nov., P. latuncata sp. nov., P. longisaccata sp. nov., P. lophacantha sp. nov., P. medispinata sp. nov., P. palmifolia sp. nov., P. pectinifera sp. nov., P.sectoralis sp. nov., P. semiovata sp. nov., P. sinualis sp. nov., P. spinosicostalis sp. nov., P. strena sp. nov., P. superimposita sp. nov., P. truncatapicalis sp. nov., P. undulata sp. nov. and P. vulvida sp. nov. Promalactis parasuzukiella Wang, 2006 and P. simniliflora Wang, 2006 are recorded from Southeast Asia for the first time. Three species described by Lvovsky are fully redescribed. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a check list of 71 species from Southeast Asia.

Review of the genus Ypsolopha Latreille, 1796 from China (Lepidoptera: Ypsolophidae).

We present a review of the Chinese species of the genus Ypsolopha Latreille. Of the 60 species treated herein, 21 species are described as new: Y. flaviterminata sp. nov., Y. flavida sp. nov., Y. albula sp. nov., Y. longisaccata sp. nov., Y. fascimaculata sp. nov., Y. mucronulata sp. nov., Y. bicostata sp. nov., Y. latiuscula sp. nov., Y. purpurata sp. nov., Y. minuta sp. nov., Y. allochroa sp. nov., Y. brevivalva sp. nov., Y. longifloccosa sp. nov., Y. paristrigosa sp. nov., Y. umbrina sp. nov., Y. varidentella sp. nov., Y. capitalba sp. nov., Y. triangula sp. nov., Y. aurea sp. nov., Y. chlorina sp. nov., and Y. bisticta sp. nov.; eight species are newly recorded for the Chinese fauna: Ypsolopha acerella Ponomarenko, Sohn et Zinchenko, Y. sarmaticella (Rebel), Y. albiramella (Mann), Y. altissimella (Chrétien), Y. albistriata (Issiki), Y. longa Moriuti, Y. saitoi Moriuti and Y. falcella (Denis & Schiffermüller). A new species-group, the albiramella-group, is defined. Ypsolopha hebeiensis Yang, Y. nigrofasciata Yang, Y. ulingensis Yang and Y. diana (Caradja) are redescribed. One synonym is established: Y. sordidella Sohn et Wu, 2010 syn. n. (= Y. sordida Sohn et Wu, 2010). The male genitalia of Y. japonica Moriuti, Y. altissimella (Chrétien), Y. diana (Caradja), and the female genitalia of Y. hebeiensis Yang, Y. sarmaticella (Rebel), Y. altissimella (Chrétien), Y. ulingensis Yang, Y. helva Sohn et Wu and Y. diana (Caradja) are described for the first time. Photographs of the adults, wing venations and genitalia are provided. Keys for the identification of species-groups as well as the species of each species-group are included, along with a distribution map of all the known Chinese species.

Checklist of the tribe Enarmoniini Diakonoff, 1953 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of Taiwan, with description of one new species.

Eleven genera and thirteen species of the tortricid tribe Enarmoniini documented from Taiwan are listed. One species, Semnostola tristrigma sp. nov., is described as new to science. Two species, Ancylis unculana (Haworth, [1811]) and Neoanathamna pallens Kawabe, 1980 along with their genera, are newly recorded for Taiwan. Images of the adults and genitalia are provided for the new species.

Taxonomy of the mediseorsa species group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 (Lepidoptera: Adelidae).

The mediseorsa species group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 is proposed to accomodate four new species: N. mediangusa sp. nov., N. longiuga sp. nov., N. longissima sp. nov. and N. mediseorsa sp. nov. The diagnostic characters to distinguish the group are provided. Images of adults and genitalia of the new species are given.

Review of the genus Ressia Sinev, 1988 (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), with descriptions of four new species from China.

Six species of the genus Ressia Sinev, 1988 from China are reviewed. Four species are described as new: R. disparilis Li, sp. nov., R. forcipata Li, sp. nov., R. semilunata Li, sp. nov., and R. sinevi Li, sp. nov. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to all the seven species in the world.

Review of the genus Macrobathra Meyrick, 1883 (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) in China.

Sixteen species of the genus Macrobathra Meyrick, 1883 are treated in this study. Nine species are described as new to science: M. trigonilamella Li, sp. nov., M. reticulatistria Li, sp. nov., M. micacea Li, sp. nov., M. solidilatata Li, sp. nov., M. afflata Li, sp. nov., M. aequidistans Li, sp. nov., M. baculiformis Li, sp. nov., M. bipunciata Li, sp. nov., and M. terniprocessa Li, sp. nov. One species, M. petalitis Meyrick, 1915, is newly recorded for China. The female of M. petalitis Meyrick, 1915 and the male of M. myrocoma Meyrick, 1914 are described for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to the known Chinese species.

A taxonomic review of the genus Ashibusa Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) from China.

The genus Ashibusa Matsumura, 1931 is reviewed from China. Eight new species are described: A. apicodonta Li, sp. nov., A. biniprocessa Li, sp. nov., A. dilatirotunda Li, sp. nov., A. improjecta Li, sp. nov., A. ledongensis Li, sp. nov., A. longispina Li, sp. nov., A. similativalvula Li, sp. nov. and A. subfalcativalva Li, sp. nov. The females of A. flavalba Zhang & Li, 2009 and A. lativalvula Zhang & Li, 2009 are described for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are provided for the new species and for the newly described female genitalia. A key to all the species and a map showing the distribution of these species are provided.

Taxonomy of the genus Filatima Busck, 1939 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in China.

Eleven species of the genus Filatima from China are treated in the present paper. Four species, F. magnanella Oh & Li, sp. nov., F. nanjiangica Oh & Li, sp. nov., F. taxkorgana Oh & Li, sp. nov. and F. yanchiensis Oh & Li, sp. nov. are described as new. Three species, F. asiatica Sattler, 1961, F. angustipennis Sattler, 1961, and F. multicornuta Bidzilya & Nupponen, 2018, are newly recorded from China; F. pagicola (Meyrick, 1936) is redescribed, with female recorded for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are illustrated except F. sciocrypta, and a key to all the known species in China is provided.

Taxonomy of the genus Calamotropha Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Crambinae) from China.

Thirty species of the genus Calamotropha Zeller, 1863 from China are reviewed. Five species are described as new: C. bleszynskii Kim & Li, sp. nov., C. duovirgata Kim & Li, sp. nov., C. nigerifera Kim & Li, sp. nov., C. parallela Kim & Li, sp. nov. and C. parvispina Kim & Li, sp. nov.; two species are newly recorded for China: C. alcesta Bleszynski, 1961 and C. punctivenella (Hampson, 1896). The female of C. sperlingi Li, 2019 is described for the first time. Calamotropha multicornuella Chen & Song, 2002 syn. nov. is synonymized with C. sienkiewiczi Bleszynski, 1961, and C. sawtoothella Chen & Song, 2002 syn. nov. is synonymized with C. latella (Snellen, 1890). Images of adults and genitalia of 28 known species with available specimens are provided, except images of genitalia provided by Li & Li in 2012. A key to the known Calamotropha species in China is included.