Mitochondrial FAD shortage in SLC25A32 deficiency affects folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism.

The SLC25A32 dysfunction is associated with neural tube defects (NTDs) and exercise intolerance, but very little is known about disease-specific mechanisms due to a paucity of animal models. Here, we generated homozygous (Slc25a32Y174C/Y174C and Slc25a32K235R/K235R) and compound heterozygous (Slc25a32Y174C/K235R) knock-in mice by mimicking the missense mutations identified from our patient. A homozygous knock-out (Slc25a32-/-) mouse was also generated. The Slc25a32K235R/K235R and Slc25a32Y174C/K235R mice presented with mild motor impairment and recapitulated the biochemical disturbances of the patient. While Slc25a32-/- mice die in utero with NTDs. None of the Slc25a32 mutations hindered the mitochondrial uptake of folate. Instead, the mitochondrial uptake of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was specifically blocked by Slc25a32Y174C/K235R, Slc25a32K235R/K235R, and Slc25a32-/- mutations. A positive correlation between SLC25A32 dysfunction and flavoenzyme deficiency was observed. Besides the flavoenzymes involved in fatty acid ß-oxidation and amino acid metabolism being impaired, Slc25a32-/- embryos also had a subunit of glycine cleavage system-dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase damaged, resulting in glycine accumulation and glycine derived-formate reduction, which further disturbed folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism, leading to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate shortage and other folate intermediates accumulation. Maternal formate supplementation increased the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate levels and ameliorated the NTDs in Slc25a32-/- embryos. The Slc25a32K235R/K235R and Slc25a32Y174C/K235R mice had no glycine accumulation, but had another formate donor-dimethylglycine accumulated and formate deficiency. Meanwhile, they suffered from the absence of all folate intermediates in mitochondria. Formate supplementation increased the folate amounts, but this effect was not restricted to the Slc25a32 mutant mice only. In summary, we established novel animal models, which enabled us to understand the function of SLC25A32 better and to elucidate the role of SLC25A32 dysfunction in human disease development and progression.

Extracellular vesicles in vascular remodeling.

Vascular remodeling contributes to the development of a variety of vascular diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Phenotypic transformation of vascular cells, oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular calcification are closely associated with vascular remodeling. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released from almost all types of cells and can be detected in nearly all body fluids including blood and urine. EVs affect vascular oxidative stress, inflammation, calcification, and lipid plaque formation; and thereby impact vascular remodeling in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. EVs may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and therapeutic strategies for vascular remodeling and cardiovascular diseases. This review includes a comprehensive analysis of the roles of EVs in the vascular remodeling in vascular diseases, and the prospects of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.

3-keto-DON, but Not 3-epi-DON, Retains the in Planta Toxicological Potential after the Enzymatic Biotransformation of Deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite that is associated with many adverse toxicological effects in agriculture as well as human/animal nutrition. Bioremediation efforts in recent years have led to the discovery of numerous bacterial isolates that can transform DON to less toxic derivatives. Both 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were recently shown to exhibit reduced toxicity, compared to DON, when tested using different cell lines and mammalian models. In the current study, the toxicological assessment of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON using in planta models surprisingly revealed that 3-keto-DON, but not 3-epi-DON, retained its toxicity to a large extent in both duckweeds (Lemna minor L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) model systems. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the exposure of L. minor to 3-keto-DON and DON resulted in substantial transcriptomic changes and similar gene expression profiles, whereas 3-epi-DON did not. These novel findings are pivotal for understanding the environmental burden of the above metabolites as well as informing the development of future transgenic plant applications. Collectively, they emphasize the fundamental need to assess both plant and animal models when evaluating metabolites/host interactions.

Asprosin in the Paraventricular Nucleus Induces Sympathetic Activation and Pressor Responses via cAMP-Dependent ROS Production.

Asprosin is a newly discovered adipokine that is involved in regulating metabolism. Sympathetic overactivity contributes to the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the regulation of sympathetic outflow and blood pressure. This study was designed to determine the roles and underlying mechanisms of asprosin in the PVN in regulating sympathetic outflow and blood pressure. Experiments were carried out in male adult SD rats under anesthesia. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and PVN microinjections were performed bilaterally. Asprosin mRNA and protein expressions were high in the PVN. The high asprosin expression in the PVN was involved in both the parvocellular and magnocellular regions according to immunohistochemical analysis. Microinjection of asprosin into the PVN produced dose-related increases in RSNA, MAP, and HR, which were abolished by superoxide scavenger tempol, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. The asprosin promoted superoxide production and increased NADPH oxidase activity in the PVN. Furthermore, it increased the cAMP level, adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, and protein kinase A (PKA) activity in the PVN. The roles of asprosin in increasing RSNA, MAP, and HR were prevented by pretreatment with AC inhibitor SQ22536 or PKA inhibitor H89 in the PVN. Microinjection of cAMP analog db-cAMP into the PVN played similar roles with asprosin in increasing the RSNA, MAP, and HR, but failed to further augment the effects of asprosin. Pretreatment with PVN microinjection of SQ22536 or H89 abolished the roles of asprosin in increasing superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity in the PVN. These results indicated that asprosin in the PVN increased the sympathetic outflow, blood pressure, and heart rate via cAMP-PKA signaling-mediated NADPH oxidase activation and the subsequent superoxide production.

Reclassification of Algibacter wandonensis as a Later Heterotypic Synonym of Algibacter lectus Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis.

The genus Algibacter belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae of the Bacteroidetes, and all members of this genus were isolated from marine environments. Among the Algibacter species, two members, Algibacter lectus KMM 3902T and Algibacter wandonensis WS-MY22T, were isolated from green algae and sediment around a brown algae respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these two type strains possess 99.4% sequence similarity. In this study, further studies were undertaken to clarify the taxonomic assignments of the two species. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that the similarities for other phylogenetic markers are also very high (i.e. 99.9% for gyrB, 99.6% for recA and 99.9% for rpoD). Average nucleotide identity, average amino acids identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between A. lectus KMM 3902T and A. wandonensis WS-MY22T are 98.3%, 98.6% and 89.4% respectively, all clearly exceed suggested species delineation thresholds. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees based on sequences of 16S rRNA gene and up-to-date bacterial core gene set (UBCG) consisting of 92 genes provided additional evidence that A. lectus KMM 3902T and A. wandonensis WS-MY22T are very closely related. In addition, a review of their profiles indicated that A. lectus KMM 3902T and A. wandonensis WS-MY22T did not present pronounced differences at phenotypic and chemotaxonomic levels. Based on these evidence, we propose that A. wandonensis should be reclassified as later heterotypic synonyms of A. lectus.

The Ribosome-Binding Mode of Trichothecene Mycotoxins Rationalizes Their Structure-Activity Relationships.

Trichothecenes are the most prevalent mycotoxins contaminating cereal grains. Some of them are also considered as the virulence factors of Fusarium head blight disease. However, the mechanism behind the structure-activity relationship for trichothecenes remains unexplained. Filling this information gap is a crucial step for developing strategies to manage this large family of mycotoxins in food and feed. Here, we perform an in-depth re-examination of the existing structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosome complexed with three different trichothecenes. Multiple binding interactions between trichothecenes and 25S rRNA, including hydrogen bonds, nonpolar pi stacking interactions and metal ion coordination interactions, are identified as important binding determinants. These interactions are mainly contributed by the key structural elements to the toxicity of trichothecenes, including the oxygen in the 12,13-epoxide ring and a double bond between C9 and C10. In addition, the C3-OH group also participates in binding. The comparison of three trichothecenes binding to the ribosome, along with their binding pocket architecture, suggests that the substitutions at different positions impact trichothecenes binding in two different patterns. Moreover, the binding of trichothecenes induced conformation changes of several nucleotide bases in 25S rRNA. This then provides a structural framework for understanding the structure-activity relationships apparent in trichothecenes. This study will facilitate the development of strategies aimed at detoxifying mycotoxins in food and feed and at improving the resistance of cereal crops to Fusarium fungal diseases.

Maribacter luteus sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from intertidal sand of the Yellow Sea.

A novel rod-shaped and Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain RZ05T, was isolated from a sand sample collected from the intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea, PR China. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RZ05T clusters within the genus Maribacter, a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, and has the highest sequence similarity to Maribacter polysiphoniae KCTC 22021T (97.8 %), followed by Maribacter arenosus KCTC 52191T (97.2 %). Cells of this strain were observed to be aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile by gliding and formed yellow colonies. Growth occurred at 7-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0.5-6 % (optimum, 2 %) NaCl. Its polar lipid profile included phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 9 (10-methyl C16 : 0/iso-C17 : 1 ω9c) and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH/C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c). The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The genome of strain RZ05T was 4.65 Mbp with a G+C content of 38.9 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain RZ05T and its most closely related type strain M. polysiphoniae KCTC 22021T were 80.3 and 26.3  %, respectively. The results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses indicated that strain RZ05T represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, for which the name Maribacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RZ05T (=KCTC 62834T=MCCC 1K03617T).

Litorilituus lipolyticus sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sand of the Yellow Sea in China, and emended description of Colwellia asteriadis.

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, oxidase-positive and catalase-weakly positive bacterial strain with polar or subpolar flagellum, designated RZ04T, was isolated from an intertidal sand sample collected from a coastal area of the Yellow Sea, China. The organism was observed to grow optimally at 25 °C and pH 6.5-7.0 with 2% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RZ04T was closely related to Colwellia asteriadis (similarity 96.9%) and Litorilituus sediminis (similarity 96.8%), and 94.4-96.4% sequence similarities to other type strains of species of the genera belonged to the family Colwelliaceae. The dominant fatty acids of strain RZ04T were determined to be C17:1ω8c, C15:1ω8c, C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c), and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was determined to be quinone 8 (Q-8). Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid and four unidentified lipids were determined to be the major constituents of the polar lipids. The genome of strain RZ04T is 4.14 Mbp with a G + C content of 37.4 mol%. A total of 3631 genes are predicted, with 3531 protein-coding genes, 75 RNA genes and 25 pseudogenes. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis, strain RZ04T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Litorilituus, for which the name Litorilituus lipolyticus is proposed. The type strain is RZ04T (= MCCC 1K03616T = KCTC 62835T). An emended description of Colwellia asteriadis is also provided.

Novel mutations in a Chinese family with two patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

Background: A considerable proportion of pediatric disease burden is mainly caused by inborn errors of metabolism. Succinic semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is an unusual disorder of the gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. Till date, very few cases have been reported in China.Case presentation: Trio-WES was used to characterize the ALDH5A1 gene in two children of a Chinese family, who presented with seizures, psychomotor delay, development regression, borderline cognition, hypotonia, and harbored the compound heterozygotes NM_001080.3: c.1321G > A (p. Gly441Arg) and c.727_735del (p. Leu243_Ser245del). The former has been reported earlier (rs1041467895), whereas the latter is novel. Amino acid coding at highly conserved amino acid residues was observed to be altered by both mutations. This structural impairment influenced the enzyme structure as indicated by the in silico protein modeling. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of the proband and her brother showed excessive gap in the cerebrum and abnormal signals in the bilateral frontal lobe, bilateral basal ganglia, and cerebral foot. Elevated levels of Gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria were found in their patients on urine organic acid analysis.Conclusion: Our findings contribute to the current knowledge of missense and deletion mutations associated with SSADH deficiency.

Flavivirga rizhaonensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from intertidal sand.

A bacterial strain designated RZ03T was isolated from an intertidal sand sample from the Yellow Sea in China and characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain RZ03T were observed to be Gram-stain negative, aerobic, and oxidase and catalase positive rods showing gliding motility and forming yellow colonies. Growth was found to occur at 7-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and with 0.5-5% NaCl (optimum, 1.5-2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that strain RZ03T clusters within members of the genus Flavivirga of the family Flavobacteriaceae and is closely related to the type strains Flavivirga amylovorans JCM 17112T and Flavivirga jejuensis JCM 17113T (97.9% and 97.5% similarity, respectively). The predominant cellular fatty acids are iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 3-OH and the major respiratory quinone is MK-6. Polar lipids include phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified lipids. The genome of strain RZ03T is 4.88 Mbp with a G+C content of 32.2 mol%. A total of 4152 genes are predicted, with 4052 protein-coding genes, 51 RNA genes and 49 pseudogenes. This polyphasic study suggests that strain RZ03T represents a novel species in the genus Flavivirga, for which the name Flavivirga rizhaonensis is proposed. The type strain is RZ03T(= KCTC 62833T = MCCC 1K03615T).

Protective efficacy of recombinant canine adenovirus type-2 expressing TgROP18 (CAV-2-ROP18) against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.

BACKGROUND: The use of recombinant viral vectors expressing T. gondii antigens is a safe and efficient approach to induce immune responses against the parasite, as well as a valuable tool for vaccine development. We have previously prolonged the survival time of mice challenged with the RH strain of T. gondii by immunizing the mice with a eukaryotic vector expressing the protein ROP18 of T. gondii. We are now looking for ways to improve this vaccination strategy and enhance protection. METHODS: In this study, we constructed and characterized a novel recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 expressing ROP18 (CAV-2-ROP18) of T. gondii by cytopathic effect (CPE) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) following transfection into MDCK cells. Intramuscular immunization of Kunming mice with CAV-2-ROP18 was carried out to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses. RESULTS: The vaccination of experimental mice with CAV-2-ROP18 elicited antibody production against ROP18, including high levels of a mixed IgG1/IgG2a and significant production of IFN-γ or IL-2, and displayed a significant bias towards a helper T cell type 1 (Th1) profile. Furthermore, the presence of T. gondii-specific IFN-γ-production and TNF-α-production T cells was elicited in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartments. Significantly higher survival rates (40%) occurred in the experimental group, and a reduction in brain cyst burden was detected in vaccinated mice. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the potential use of a CAV vector harboring the ROP18 gene in the development of a vaccine against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.

[Clinical features and StAR gene mutations in children with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia].

This article reported the clinical manifestations, steroid profiles and adrenal ultrasound findings in two unrelated Chinese girls with lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LCAH). Direct DNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were used to identify the mutations of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene. The two patients with 46,XX karyotype, presented hyperpigmentation, growth retardation, and hyponatremia. Steroid profiles analysis revealed elevated plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels, decreased or normal serum cortisol levels and low levels of androgens. Ultrasound examinations revealed that enlarged adrenals in patient 1 and normal adrenals in patient 2. Direct DNA sequencing of StAR gene showed a reported homozygous for c.772C>T(p.Q258X) in patient 1. Compound heterozygous for c.367G>A(p.E123K) and IVS4+2T>A (both novel mutations) were found in patient 2, inherited from her mother and father respectively. The amino acid of mutant position of the novel p.E123K was highly conserved in ten different species and was predicted to have impacts on the structure and function of StAR protein by the PolyPhen-2 prediction software. RFLP analysis revealed three bands (670, 423 and 247 bp) in patient 2 and her father and two bands (423 and 247 bp) in her mother and 50 controls. It is concluded that LCAH should be considered in girls with early onset of adrenal insufficiency and that steroid profiles, karyotype analysis, adrenal ultrasound and StAR gene analysis may be helpful for the definite diagnosis of LCAH.

[Identification of a novel pathogenic mutation in PDHA1 gene for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To study the molecular genetic mechanism and genetic diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency (PHD), and to provide a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal genetic diagnosis of PHD. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the 11 exons and exon junction of the PDHA1 gene from a child who was diagnosed with PHD based on clinical characteristics and laboratory examination results. The PCR products were sequenced to determine the mutation. An analysis of amino acid conservation and prediction of protein secondary and tertiary structure were performed using bioinformatic approaches to identify the pathogenicity of the novel mutation. RESULTS: One novel duplication mutation, c.1111_1158dup48bp, was found in the exon 11 of the PDHA1 gene of the patient. No c.1111_1158dup48bp mutation was detected in the sequencing results from 50 normal controls. The results of protein secondary and tertiary structure prediction showed that the novel mutation c.1111 _1158dup48bp led to the duplication of 16 amino acids residues, serine371 to phenylalanine386, which induced a substantial change in protein secondary and tertiary structure. The conformational change was not detected in the normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: The novel duplication mutation c.1111_1158dup48bp in the PDHA1 gene is not due to gene polymorphisms but a possible novel pathogenic mutation for PHD.

Construction of a recombinant-BCG containing the LMP2A and BZLF1 genes and its significance in the Epstein-Barr virus positive gastric carcinoma.

The signal peptide Ag85B of Bacillus Chalmette-Guerin (BCG) was used to construct a recombinant plasmid of BCG. The BCG-Ag85B gene and fused EBV LMP2A and BZLF1 genes were amplified and successively inserted into the Escherichia coli-BCG shuttle-vector pMV261. The recombinant plasmids were then amplified in E. coli DH5α and transformed into competent BCG. The expression of BZLF1 and LMP2A fusion proteins in recombinant-BCG (rBCG) was shown by Western blot. After the injection of recombinant-BCG into mice, antibodies against the fusion protein BZLF1 and LMP2A were measured by ELISA, and the cellular immune effects were determined by the lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) release assays. The results confirmed that the cloned genes of BCG-Ag85B and Z2A were correctly inserted into the vector pMV261. The recombinant plasmid pMVZ2A expressed Z2A in BCG effectively after transformation. The rBCG proteins were recognized by the BZLF1 (LMP2A) antibody. An ELISA demonstrated that rBCG could stimulate the generation of antibody against the fusion protein. The fusion gene was constructed successfully, and the rBCG induced humoral and cellular immune response in mice.

Unveiling the Broad Substrate Specificity of Deoxynivalenol Oxidation Enzyme DepA and Its Role in Detoxifying Trichothecene Mycotoxins.

DepA, a pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent enzyme isolated from Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, exhibits versatility in oxidizing deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives. This study explored DepA's substrate specificity and enzyme kinetics, focusing on DON and 15-acetyl-DON. Besides efficiently oxidizing DON, DepA also transforms 15-acetyl-DON into 15-acetyl-3-keto-DON, as identified via LC-MS/MS and NMR analysis. The kinetic parameters, including the maximum reaction rate, turnover number, and catalytic efficiency, were thoroughly evaluated. DepA-PQQ complex docking was deployed to rationalize the substrate specificity of DepA. This study further delves into the reduced toxicity of the transformation products, as demonstrated via enzyme homology modeling and in silico docking analysis with yeast 80S ribosomes, indicating a potential decrease in toxicity due to lower binding affinity. Utilizing the response surface methodology and central composite rotational design, mathematical models were developed to elucidate the relationship between the enzyme and cofactor concentrations, guiding the future development of detoxification systems for liquid feeds and grain processing. This comprehensive analysis underscores DepA's potential for use in mycotoxin detoxification, offering insights for future applications.

Asprosin contributes to vascular remodeling in hypertensive rats via superoxide signaling.

OBJECTIVE: Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to vascular remodeling. Asprosin, a newly discovered protein hormone, is involved in metabolic diseases. Little is known about the roles of asprosin in cardiovascular diseases. This study focused on the role and mechanism of asprosin on VSMC proliferation and migration, and vascular remodeling in a rat model of hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: VSMCs were obtained from the aortic media of 8-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Asprosin was upregulated in the VSMCs of SHR. For in vitro studies, asprosin promoted VSMC proliferation and migration of WKY and SHR, and increased Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activity, NOX1/2/4 protein expressions and superoxide production. Knockdown of asprosin inhibited the proliferation, migration, NOX activity, NOX1/2 expressions and superoxide production in the VSMCs of SHR. The roles of asprosin in promoting VSMC proliferation and migration were not affected by hydrogen peroxide scavenger, but attenuated by superoxide scavenger, selective NOX1 or NOX2 inhibitor. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was upregulated in SHR, TLR4 knockdown inhibited asprosin overexpression-induced proliferation, migration and oxidative stress in VSMCs of WKY and SHR. Asprosin was upregulated in arteries of SHR, and knockdown of asprosin in vivo not only attenuated oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in aorta and mesentery artery, but also caused a subsequent persistent antihypertensive effect in SHR. CONCLUSIONS: Asprosin promotes VSMC proliferation and migration via NOX-mediated superoxide production. Inhibition of endogenous asprosin expression attenuates VSMC proliferation and migration, and vascular remodeling of SHR.

Invasion of Old World Phragmites australis in the New World: precipitation and temperature patterns combined with human influences redesign the invasive niche.

After its introduction into North America, Euro-Asian Phragmites australis became an aggressive invasive wetland grass along the Atlantic coast of North America. Its distribution range has since expanded to the middle, south and southwest of North America, where invasive P. australis has replaced millions of hectares of native plants in inland and tidal wetlands. Another P. australis invasion from the Mediterranean region is simultaneously occurring in the Gulf region of the United States and some countries in South America. Here, we analysed the occurrence records of the two Old World invasive lineages of P. australis (Haplotype M and Med) in both their native and introduced ranges using environmental niche models (ENMs) to assess (i) whether a niche shift accompanied the invasions in the New World; (ii) the role of biologically relevant climatic variables and human influence in the process of invasion; and (iii) the current potential distribution of these two lineages. We detected local niche shifts along the East Coast of North America and the Gulf Coast of the United States for Haplotype M and around the Mississippi Delta and Florida of the United States for Med. The new niche of the introduced Haplotype M accounts for temperature fluctuations and increased precipitation. The introduced Med lineage has enlarged its original subtropical niche to the tropics-subtropics, invading regions with a high annual mean temperature (> ca. 10 °C) and high precipitation in the driest period. Human influence is an important factor for both niches. We suggest that an increase in precipitation in the 20th century, global warming and human-made habitats have shaped the invasive niches of the two lineages in the New World. However, as the invasions are ongoing and human and natural disturbances occur concomitantly, the future distribution ranges of the two lineages may diverge from the potential distribution ranges detected in this study.

[Effect of aurora kinase B inhibitor AZD1152 in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether AZD1152 (AZD), the selective inhibitor of aurora kinase B, may play a role in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma when administrated alone or in combination with cisplatin. METHODS: Hey (cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line) cells were analyzed. According to the treatment plan, Hey cells were divided into four groups (AZD group, cisplatin group, AZD + cisplatin group and control group). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to test the cells proliferation, caspase-3/7 activity analysis was used to analyze cells apoptosis, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) assay was used to determine the copy the number of chromosome 7 and checked the copy numbers of hTERC gene and C-myc gene. RESULTS: MTT test showed that proliferation of AZD group was lower than that in control group (P < 0.01). The cells proliferation with the treatment with 10 and 20 nmol/L AZD for 24 hours was (81.4 ± 3.6)% and (81.4 ± 3.6)% respectively, and the cells proliferation for 48 hours was (43.1 ± 2.0)% and (38.5 ± 1.6)% respectively, which was significantly lower than control group (100%, P < 0.01); Treated with the same concentration of AZD, inhibition of proliferation was significantly enhanced as the time extended (P < 0.01). Proliferation in group AZD + cisplatin was lower than that in cisplatin group (P < 0.01) which suggest that there were additive effects after combined AZD with cisplatin. Compared with control group, caspase-3/7 activity in AZD group increased significantly (P = 0.000), and the same results was seen between AZD + cisplatin group and cisplatin group or AZD group (all P < 0.01). Compared with cisplatin group or control group, the copy numbers of hTERC, C-myc and the number of chromosome were significantly increased in AZD group and AZD + cisplat group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AZD could inhibit ovarian cancer cells proliferation and induce cells apoptosis significantly. AZD alone or in combination with cisplatin may result in the increased cells polyploidy.

Diagnosis of an intermediate case of maple syrup urine disease: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defects in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). However, the clinical and metabolic screening is limited in identifying all MSUD patients, especially those patients with mild phenotypes or are asymptomatic. This study aims to share the diagnostic experience of an intermediate MSUD case who was missed by metabolic profiling but identified by genetic analysis. CASE SUMMARY: This study reports the diagnostic process of a boy with intermediate MSUD. The proband presented with psychomotor retardation and cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging scans at 8 mo of age. Preliminary clinical and metabolic profiling did not support a specific disease. However, whole exome sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing at 1 year and 7 mo of age identified bi-allelic pathogenic variants of the BCKDHB gene, confirming the proband as having MSUD with non-classic mild phenotypes. His clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively analyzed. According to his disease course, he was classified into an intermediate form of MSUD. His management was then changed to BCAAs restriction and metabolic monitoring conforming to MSUD. In addition, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis were provided to his parents. CONCLUSION: Our work provides diagnostic experience of an intermediate MSUD case, suggesting that a genetic analysis is important for ambiguous cases, and alerts clinicians to avoid missing patients with non-classic mild phenotypes of MSUD.

Characterization of Two Dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter oxydans Involved in the Transformation of Patulin to Ascladiol.

Patulin is a mycotoxin that primarily contaminate apples and apple products. Whole cell or cell-free extracts of Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621 were able to transform patulin to E-ascladiol. Proteins from cell-free extracts were separated by anion exchange chromatography and fractions with patulin transformation activity were subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting, enabling the identification of two NADPH dependent short chain dehydrogenases, GOX0525 and GOX1899, with the requisite activity. The genes encoding these enzymes were expressed in E. coli and purified. Kinetic parameters for patulin reduction, as well as pH profiles and thermostability were established to provide further insight on the potential application of these enzymes for patulin detoxification.