Synergy of crystallinity modulation and intercalation engineering in carbon nitride for boosted H2O2 photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by selective oxygen reduction is a green and cost-effective alternative to the energy-intensive anthraquinone process. Although inexpensive polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) exhibits the ability to produce H2O2, its disordered and amorphous structure leads to a high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers and hinders charge transfer between layers. Herein, we predict that stacked polymeric g-C3N4 with ion intercalation (K+ and I-) can improve carrier separation and transfer by multiscale computational simulations. The electronic structures of g-C3N4 were tailored and modified by intercalating K+ and I- into the layer-by-layer structures. Guided by the computational predictions, we achieved efficient solar-driven H2O2 production by employing this facile and ion-intercalated crystalline g-C3N4. An H2O2 production rate of 13.1 mM g-1 h-1 and an apparent quantum yield of 23.6% at 400 nm were obtained. The synergistic effects of crystallinity regulation and dual interstitial doping engineering triggered the formation of new light absorption centers, the establishment of rapid charge diffusion channels, and the enhancement of two-electron oxygen reduction characteristics. This work sheds light on the dual tuning of crystallinity and electronic structure and broadens the design principles of organic-conjugated polymer photocatalysts for environmental remediation and energy conservation.

Out of and in East Asia: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of Thalictroideae (Ranunculaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Understanding the biogeographical patterns and processes underlying the distribution of diversity within the Northern Hemisphere has fascinated botanists and biogeographers for over a century. However, as a well-known centre of species diversity in the Northern Hemisphere, whether East Asia acted as a source and/or a sink of plant diversity of the Northern Hemisphere remains unclear. Here, we used Thalictroideae, a subfamily widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with the majority of species in East Asia, to investigate the role of East Asia in shaping the biogeographical patterns of the Northern Hemisphere and to test whether East Asia acted as a museum or a cradle for herbaceous taxa. METHODS: Based on six plastid and one nuclear DNA regions, we generated the most comprehensive phylogeny for Thalictroideae including 217 taxa (ca. 66% species) from all ten of the currently recognized genera. Within this phylogenetic framework, we then estimated divergence times, ancestral ranges, and diversification rates. KEY RESULTS: The monophyletic Thalictroideae contains three major clades. All genera with more than one species are strongly supported as monophyletic except for Isopyrum, which is nested in Enemion. The most recent common ancestor of Thalictroideae occurred in East Asia in the late Eocene (ca. 36 Ma). From the Miocene onwards, at least 46 dispersal events were inferred to be responsible for the current distribution of this subfamily. East Asian Thalictroideae lineages experienced a rapid accumulation at ca. 10 Ma. CONCLUSIONS: The biogeographical patterns of Thalictroideae support the "out of and in East Asia" hypothesis, i.e., East Asia is both a source and a sink of biodiversity of the Northern Hemisphere. The global cooling after the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, combined with the exposed land bridges due to sea-level decline, might have jointly caused the bidirectional plant exchanges between East Asia and other Northern Hemisphere regions. East Asia serves as evolutionary museums and cradles for the diversity of Thalictroideae and likely for other herbaceous lineages.

Bayesian tip-dated phylogeny and biogeography of Cissampelideae (Menispermaceae): Mitigating the effects of homoplastic morphological characters.

The integration of morphological and molecular data is essential to understand the affinities of fossil taxa and spatio-temporal evolutionary processes of organisms. However, homoplastic morphological characters can mislead the placement of fossil taxa and impact downstream analyses. Here, we provide an example of how to mitigate effectively the effect of morphological homoplasy on the placement of fossil taxa and biogeographic inferences of Cissampelideae. We assembled three data types, morphological data only, morphological data with a molecular scaffold and combined morphological and molecular data. By removing high-level homoplastic morphological data or reweighting the morphological characters, we conducted 15 parsimony, 12 undated Bayesian and four dated Bayesian analyses. Our results show that the 14 selected Cissampelideae fossil taxa are placed poorly when based only on morphological data, but the addition of molecular scaffold and combination of morphological and molecular data greatly improve the resolution of fossil nodes. We raise the monotypic Stephania subg. Botryodiscia to generic status and discover that three fossils previously assigned to Stephania should be members of Diploclisia. The Bayesian tip-dated tree recovered by removing homoplastic morphological characters with a Rescaled Consistency Index <0.25 has the highest stratigraphic fit and consequently generates more reasonable biogeographic reconstruction for Cissampelideae. Cissampelideae began to diversify in Asia in the latest Cretaceous and subsequently dispersed to South America around the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Two dispersal events from Asia to Africa occurred in the Early Eocene and the Late Eocene-Late Oligocene, respectively. These findings provide guidelines and practical methods for mitigating the effects of homoplastic morphological characters on fossil placements and Bayesian tip-dating, as well as insights into the past tropical floristic exchanges among different continents.

The safety of benzodiazepines and related drugs during pregnancy: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of benzodiazepines and related drugs (BZRDs) use during pregnancy increased sharply in recent years. Thus, there are concerns regarding the pregnancy outcomes following exposure to BZRDs. METHODS: Two electronic databases were thoroughly searched to identify related clinical studies published from inception until June 2023. English-language cohort studies with high-quality comparing antenatal BZRDs exposure to an unexposed group on any delivery outcome were included. RESULTS: Ten cohort studies that estimated adverse neonatal outcomes associated with exposure to BZRDs during pregnancy were included. Exposure to BZRDs during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of congenital malformation [odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.13, p < 0.001], heart malformation (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.22, p = 0.003), preterm birth (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.23-1.7, p < 0.001), SGA (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29, P < 0.001), LBW (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.25-1.6, p = 0.001) or low Apgar score (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.08-1.87, p = 0.011),compared with no exposure. Further analyses limited to the first trimester exposure yielded consistent results. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to BZRDs during pregnancy may be associated with several adverse neonatal outcomes. However, we could not rule out the potential indication confounding factor, further studies with high-quality that control for important confounders are still needed to verify our findings.

Two new cassane diterpenoids from the seed kernels of Caesalpinia sinensis.

Two new cassane diterpenoids, sucupiranin MN (1) and sucupiranin ML (2), together with two known compounds sucutinirane C (3) and deacetylsucutinirane C (4) were isolated from the seed kernels of Caesalpinia sinensis. Their structures were elucidated by means of analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data, especially HRESIMS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1-4 are typical furan-type cassane derivatives with an aromatized C ring. Biological evaluation revealed that compounds 1-4 at the concentration of 10 µM could inhibit the overproduction of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Biogeographic diversification of Actaea (Ranunculaceae): Insights into the historical assembly of deciduous broad-leaved forests in the Northern Hemisphere.

The deciduous broad-leaved forests (DBLFs) cover large temperate and subtropical high-altitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. They are home to rich biodiversity, especially to numerous endemic and relict species. However, we know little about how this vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere has developed through time. Here, we used Actaea (Ranunculaceae), an herbaceous genus almost exclusively growing in the understory of the Northern Hemisphere DBLFs, to shed light on the historical assembly of this biome in the Northern Hemisphere. We present a complete species-level phylogenetic analysis of Actaea based on five plastid and nuclear loci. Using the phylogenetic framework, we estimated divergence times, ancestral ranges, and diversification rates. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support Actaea as monophyletic. Sections Podocarpae and Oligocarpae compose a clade, sister to all other Actaea. The sister relationship between sections Chloranthae and Souliea is strongly supported. Section Dichanthera is not monophyletic unless section Cimicifuga is included. Actaea originated in East Asia, likely the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in the late Paleocene (c. 57 Ma), and subsequently dispersed into North America in the middle Eocene (c. 43 Ma) via the Thulean bridge. Actaea reached Europe twice, Japan twice, and Taiwan once, and all these five colonization events occurred in the late Miocene-early Pliocene, a period when sea level dropped. Actaea began to diversify at c. 43 Ma. The section-level diversification took place at c. 27-37 Ma and the species-level diversification experienced accelerations twice, which occurred at c. 15 Ma and c. 5 Ma, respectively. Our findings suggest that the Northern Hemisphere DBLFs might have risen in the middle Eocene and further diversified in the late Eocene-Oligocene, middle Miocene and early Pliocene, in association with climatic deterioration during these four periods.

A complete genus-level phylogeny reveals the Cretaceous biogeographic diversification of the poppy family.

Angiosperms, a trigger for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), underwent a rapid expansion and occupied all the environments during the Mid-Upper Cretaceous. Yet, Cretaceous biogeographic patterns and processes underlying the distribution of angiosperm diversity in the Northern Hemisphere are still poorly known. Here, we elucidated the biogeographic diversification of the angiosperm family Papaveraceae, an ancient Northern Hemisphere clade characterized by poor dispersal ability and high level of regional endemism. Based on both plastome and multi-locus datasets, we reconstructed a robust time-calibrated phylogeny that includes all currently recognized 45 genera of this family. Within the time-calibrated phylogenetic framework, we conducted 72 biogeographic analyses by testing the sensitivity of uncertainties of area delimitation, maxarea constraints, and the parameters of the model, i.e., j (describing jump-dispersal events) and w (modifying dispersal multiplier matrices), to ancestral range estimations. We also inferred ancestral habitat and ecological niches. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support Papaveraceae as monophyletic. Pteridophylloideae is strongly supported as sister to Hypecoideae-Fumarioideae. Our results indicate that the j parameter and number of predefined areas strongly affect ancestral range estimates, generating questionable ancestral ranges, whereas maxarea constraint and w parameter have no effect and improve model fit. After accounting for these uncertainties, our results indicate that Papaveraceae differentiated in Asian wet forests during the Lower Cretaceous and subsequently occupied the Asian and western North American arid and open areas. Three dispersals from Asia to western North America via the Bering land bridge occurred in the Mid-Upper Cretaceous, largely in agreement with the KTR. Habitat shift and ecological niche divergence resulted in the subsequent disjunctions between Asia and western North America. These findings suggest that the interplay of range expansion and niche divergence-driven vicariance might have shaped Cretaceous biogeographic patterns of angiosperms with Papaveraceae-like ecological requirements and dispersal abilities in the Northern Hemisphere, hence contributing to the knowledge on the geographic expansion of angiosperms during the KTR.

Phylogeny and biogeography of Tiliacoreae (Menispermaceae), a tribe restricted to tropical rainforests.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modern tropical rainforests house the highest biodiversity of Earth's terrestrial biomes and are distributed in three low-latitude areas. However, the biogeographical patterns and processes underlying the distribution of biodiversity among these three areas are still poorly known. Here, we used Tiliacoreae, a tribe of pantropical lianas with a high level of regional endemism, to provide new insights into the biogeographical relationships of tropical rainforests among different continents. METHODS: Based on seven plastid and two nuclear DNA regions, we reconstructed a phylogeny for Tiliacoreae with the most comprehensive sampling ever. Within the phylogenetic framework, we then estimated divergence times and investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of the tribe. KEY RESULTS: The monophyletic Tiliacoreae contain three major clades, which correspond to Neotropical, Afrotropical and Indo-Malesian/Australasian areas, respectively. Both Albertisia and Anisocycla are not monophyletic. The most recent common ancestor of Tiliacoreae occurred in Indo-Malesia, the Afrotropics and Neotropics in the early Eocene, then rapidly diverged into three major clades between 48 and 46 Ma. Three dispersals from Indo-Malesia to Australasia were inferred, one in the middle Eocene and two in the late Oligocene-late Miocene, and two dispersals from the Afrotropics to Indo-Malesia occurred in the late Eocene-Oligocene. CONCLUSIONS: The three main clades of Anisocycla correspond to three distinct genera [i.e. Anisocycla sensu stricto and two new genera (Georgesia and Macrophragma)]. Epinetrum is a member of Albertisia. Our findings highlight that sea-level fluctuations and climate changes in the Cenozoic have played important roles in shaping the current distribution and endemism of Tiliacoreae, hence contributing to the knowledge on the historical biogeography of tropical rainforests on a global scale.

Comprehensive transcriptomic profiling and mutational landscape of primary gastric linitis plastica.

BACKGROUND: Primary gastric linitis plastica (GLP) is a distinct phenotype of gastric cancer with poor survival. Comprehensive molecular profiles and putative therapeutic targets of GLP remain undetermined. METHODS: We subjected 10 tumor-normal tissue pairs to whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS). 10 tumor samples were all GLP which involves 100% of the gastric wall macroscopically. TCGA data were compared to generate the top mutated genes and the overexpressed genes in GLP. RESULTS: Our results reveal that GLP has distinctive genomic and transcriptomic features, dysfunction in the Hippo pathway is likely to be a key step during GLP development. 6 genes were identified as significantly highly mutated genes in GLP, including AOX1, ANKRD36C, CPXM1, PTPN14, RPAP1, and DCDC1). MUC6, as a previously identified gastric cancer driver gene, has a high mutation rate (20%) in GLP. 20% of patients in our GLP cohort had CDH1 mutations, while none had RHOA mutations. GLP exhibits high immunodeficiency and low AMPK pathway activity. Our WTS results showed that 3 PI3K-AKT pathway-related genes (PIK3R2, AKT3, and IGF1) were significantly up-regulated in GLP. Two genes were identified using immunohistochemistry (IHC), IGF2BP3 and MUC16, which specifically expressed in diffuse-type-related gastric cancer cell lines, and its knockdown inhibits PI3K-AKT pathway activity. CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first integrative genomic and transcriptomic profiles of GLP, which may facilitate its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Laparoscopic versus open Hartmann reversal: a propensity score matching analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term outcomes between laparoscopic Hartmann reversal (LHR) and open Hartmann reversal (OHR) in patients who had undergone Hartmann surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: The patients who underwent Hartmann reversal (HR) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from Jun 2013 to Jun 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. The LHR group and the OHR group were compared using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. RESULTS: A total of 89 patients who underwent Hartmann reversal (HR) were enrolled in this study. There were 48 (53.9%) patients in the LHR group and 41 (46.1%) patients in the OHR group. After 1:1 ratio PSM, no difference in baseline information remained (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in operation time, blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications (p > 0.05) before and after PSM. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, pre-operative albumin < 42.0 g/L was an independent risk factor (p = 0.013 < 0.05, OR = 0.248, 95% CI = 0.083-0.741) for the HR-related complications; however, LHR/OHR was not a predictive risk factor (p = 0.663, OR = 1.250, 95% CI = 0.500-3.122). CONCLUSION: Based on the current evidence, although there was no difference in short-term prognosis, LHR still had some advantages considering that it was less invasive to the patient.

Association between serum ß2-microglobulin levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in chinese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: The association between serum ß2-microglobulin (ß2M) levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is inconclusive. Furthermore, no study has been performed in China on the significance of serum ß2M levels in MHD patients. Therefore, this study investigated the aforementioned association in MHD patients. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 521 MHD patients were followed at Dalian Municipal Central Hospital affiliated with Dalian University of Technology from December 2019 to December 2021. The serum ß2M levels were categorized into three tertiles, and the lowest tertile served as the reference group. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models. Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding patients with CVD at baseline. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 21.4 ± 6.3 months, there were 106 all-cause deaths, of which 68 were caused by CVD. When excluding CVD patients at baseline, there were 66 incident CVEs. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in the highest tertile of serum ß2M levels was significantly higher than that in the lowest tertile (P < 0.05), but not for the CVEs (P > 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, serum ß2M levels were positively associated with the risk of all-cause (HR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.21-4.17) and CVD (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.19-5.43) mortality, and a linear trend was evident (P < 0.05). Besides, the results of sensitivity analysis were consistent with the main findings. However, we didn't observed the significant association between serum ß2M levels and CVEs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The serum ß2M level may be a significant predictor of the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in MHD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

The advanced lung cancer inflammation index is a prognostic factor for gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) is a comprehensive assessment indicator that can reflect inflammation and nutrition conditions. However, there are some controversies about whether ALI is an independent prognostic factor for gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing surgical resection. Thus, we aimed to clarify its prognostic value and explore the potential mechanisms. METHODS: Four databases including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CNKI were used for searching eligible studies from inception to June 28, 2022. All gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer (EC), liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and pancreatic cancer were enrolled for analysis. We focused on prognosis most in the current meta-analysis. Survival indicators, including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and cancer-special survival (CSS) were compared between the high ALI group and the low ALI group. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was submitted as a supplementary document. RESULTS: We finally included fourteen studies involving 5091 patients in this meta-analysis. After pooling the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), ALI was found to be an independent prognostic factor for both OS (HR = 2.09, I2 = 92%, 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.85, P < 0.01), DFS (HR = 1.48, I2 = 83%, 95% CI = 1.18 to 1.87, P < 0.01), and CSS (HR = 1.28, I2 = 1%, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.60, P = 0.03) in gastrointestinal cancer. After subgroup analysis, we found that ALI was still closely related to OS for CRC (HR = 2.26, I2 = 93%, 95% CI = 1.53 to 3.32, P < 0.01) and GC (HR = 1.51, I2 = 40%, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.04, P = 0.006) patients. As for DFS, ALI also has a predictive value on the prognosis of CRC (HR = 1.54, I2 = 85%, 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.07, P = 0.005) and GC (HR = 1.37, I2 = 0%, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.73, P = 0.007) patients. CONCLUSION: ALI affected gastrointestinal cancer patients in terms of OS, DFS, and CSS. Meanwhile, ALI was a prognostic factor both for CRC and GC patients after subgroup analysis. Patients with low ALI had poorer prognoses. We recommended that surgeons should perform aggressive interventions in patients with low ALI before the operation.

Effects of Serine/Arginine Enriched Protein BmUP on the Development of Male Silkworm Reproductive Organs.

Serine/arginine-rich proteins are a class of highly conserved splicing factor proteins involved in constitutive and alternative splicing. We screened a low molecular weight serine/arginine rich protein from silkworms and named it BmUP. Temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated that the BmUP gene was specifically expressed in the silkworm testis, and the highest expression occurred in the pre-pupa stage from the fifth instar to the moth stages. Here, we generated BmUP knockout individuals with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Both the internal and external genitalia of knockout individuals were abnormal in knockout compared with wild-type male silkworms. In transgenic silkworms overexpressing BmUP, male silkworms showed a phenotype similar to that of the knockout individuals, whereas female individuals showed no significant differences from the wild type. In addition, by conducting promoter analysis, we identified Bmachi, a transcription factor that regulates the BmUP gene. Gel migration experiments revealed that BmAchi specifically binds the BmUP promoter. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that an increase in Bmachi expression up-regulated the expression of BmUP. In contrast, when the expression of Bmachi decreased, the expression of BmUP also downregulated in the experimental group compared with the control group. These results provide new insights for studying the effects of serine/arginine-rich proteins on the development of silkworm genitals.

Phylogenomics, plastome degradation and mycoheterotrophy evolution of Neottieae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on the systematic position and Loess Plateau-Changbai Mountains disjunction of Diplandrorchis.

BACKGROUND: Mycoheterotrophy is a unique survival strategy adapted to dense forests and has attracted biologists' attention for centuries. However, its evolutionary origin and related plastome degradation are poorly understood. The tribe Neottieae contains various nutrition types, i.e., autotrophy, mixotrophy, and mycoheterotrophy. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the tribe based on plastome and nuclear ITS data. We inferred the evolutionary shift of nutrition types, constructed the patterns of plastome degradation, and estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges. We also used an integration of molecular dating and ecological niche modeling methods to investigate the disjunction between the Loess Plateau and Changbai Mountains in Diplandrorchis, a mycoheterotrophic genus endemic to China that was included in a molecular phylogenetic study for the first time. RESULTS: Diplandrorchis was imbedded within Neottia and formed a clade with four mycoheterotrophic species. Autotrophy is the ancestral state in Neottieae, mixotrophy independently originated at least five times, and three shifts from mixotrophy to mycoheterotrophy independently occurred. The five mixotrophic lineages possess all plastid genes or lost partial/all ndh genes, whereas each of the three mycoheterotroph lineages has a highly reduced plastome: one lost part of its ndh genes and a few photosynthesis-related genes, and the other two lost almost all ndh, photosynthesis-related, rpo, and atp genes. These three mycoheterotrophic lineages originated at about 26.40 Ma, 25.84 Ma, and 9.22 Ma, respectively. Diplandrorchis had presumably a wide range in the Pliocene and migrated southward in the Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS: The Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and the resultant migration resulted in the Loess Plateau-Changbai Mountains disjunction of Diplandrorchis. In the evolution of mycoheterotrophic lineages, the loss of plastid-encoded genes and plastome degradation are staged and irreversible, constraining mycoheterotrophs to inhabit understories with low light levels. Accordingly, the rise of local forests might have promoted the origin of conditions in which mycoheterotrophy is advantageous.

Phylogenomics and diversification drivers of the Eastern Asian - Eastern North American disjunct Podophylloideae.

Evolutionary and biogeographic processes determine species richness patterns of vascular plants between Eastern Asia (EA) and Eastern North America (ENA). However, the strikingly higher species richness of EA relative to ENA remains poorly understood from this perspective. Here, we studied the relative importance of biogeographical, evolutionary and ecological factors underlying differences in species richness between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae (Berberidaceae, Ranunculales; in total 10 spp. in EA vs. 2 spp. in ENA). Based on large-scale transcriptome data, our phylogenomic analyses strongly supported Podophylloideae and its two multi-species genera, i.e. Dysosma (EA) and Diphylleia (EA/ENA), as monophyletic groups. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (EA) was identified as sister to the remainder of Podophylloideae. Dysosma (7 spp.) was recovered as sister to Podophyllum peltatum (ENA), forming an EA-ENA disjunct pair with a strong bias of species diversity in the EA counterpart. Our biogeographic analyses support the 'out-of-Tibet' hypothesis, suggesting that Podophylloideae started to diversify in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (Mid-Miocene) and migrated eastward (since the Late Miocene) into Central-eastern China, Japan, and ENA (only P. peltatum and Diphylleia cymosa). Overall, we conclude that the striking species diversity anomaly between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae may be explained by a combination of (1) a longer period of time available to accumulate species in EA; and (2) a greater diversification rate in EA, which might have been promoted by greater physiographic and environmental heterogeneity in this region.

Bioequivalence study of two formulations of terazosin hydrochloride capsule in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles between a new oral formulation of terazosin hydrochloride capsule compared with the brand-name drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-period crossover study under fasting or fed conditions was conducted in healthy Chinese subjects. 24 individuals were selected, respectively. Each subject was randomized at the beginning to receive a 2-mg capsule of the test or the reference terazosin during the first period and then received the alternate formulation during the second period following a 1-week washout period. Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and up to 60 hours after administration. Plasma terazosin was quantified by a validated LC-MS/MS method. RESULTS: 48 healthy subjects were enrolled, and 47 completed the study. Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were similar and the 90% CIs for the geometric mean ratios of these parameters between the two groups were all bounded within the predefined bioequivalence criterion of 80 - 125% under both fasting and fed conditions. Throughout the study period, a total of 30 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported under fasting condition. 35 TEAEs were observed under fed conditions. No serious adverse event was observed. CONCLUSION: The test and reference formulations of terazosin were bioequivalent and well tolerated under both fasting and fed conditions.

Serum total indoxyl sulfate levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The association between serum total indoxyl sulfate (tIS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality is a matter of debate. In the current study we sought to determine the association, if any, between serum tIS, and all-cause and CVD-associated mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 500 MHD patients at Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from 31 December 2014 to 31 December 2020. Serum tIS levels were measured at baseline and classified as high (≥44.16 ng/ml) or low (< 44.16 ng/ml) according to the "X-tile" program. Besides, the associations between continuous serum tIS and outcomes were also explored. Predictors were tested for colinearity using variance inflation factor analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Restricted cubic spline model was performed to assess dose-response relationships between tIS concentration and all-cause and CVD mortality. RESULTS: During a 58-month median follow-up period, 224 deaths (132 CVD deaths) were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, the serum tIS level was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.02, 95% = 1.01-1.03); however, we did not detect a significant association when tIS was a dichotomous variable. Compared with the MHD population with a serum tIS level < 44.16 ng/ml, the adjusted HR for CVD mortality among those with a serum tIS level ≥ 44.16 ng/ml was 1.76 (95% = 1.10-2.82). Furthermore, we also noted the same association when the serum tIS level was a continuous variable. CONCLUSION: The serum tIS level was associated with higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among MHD patients. Further prospective large-scale studies are required to confirm this finding.

Golgi scaffold protein PAQR3 as a candidate suppressor of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma via regulating TGF-ß/Smad pathway.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the function of PAQR3 in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and understand the possible mechanism of PAQR3 in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS: We detected PAQR3 protein in 146 GCA tissues and paired normal adjacent tissues (PNTs) specimens using immunohistochemical analysis, and explored its clinical significance. The expression levels of PAQR3 protein in 20 GCA tissues, their paired PNTs, HGC27, SGC7901, and GES-1 cells were analyzed by Western blot. Wild-type PAQR3 was overexpressed in HGC27 cells. The effects of PAQR3 overexpression on the function of HGC27 cells and its underlying mechanisms were then analyzed through a series of cell and molecular biology experiments. RESULTS: PAQR3 was significantly down-regulated in GCA tissues when compared with paired PNTs (p < 0.0001). The expression level of PAQR3 in GCA tissues was significantly negatively correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection (p = 0.000), venous invasion (p = 0.000), invasion depth (p = 0.000), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.022), tumor stage (p = 0.000), and patient survival (p = 0.009). Downregulation of PAQR3 was highly correlated with increased EMT signature and activated TGF-ß/Smad pathway in GCA tissues. Overexpression of PAQR3 in HGC27 cells negatively regulates its cellular functions, such as cell proliferation and migration, and suppresses EMT. Mechanistically, overexpression of PAQR3 significantly down-regulates the protein expression levels of TGF-1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 in HGC27 cells. CONCLUSION: PAQR3 was significantly down-regulated in GCA tissues, HGC27, and SGC7901 cells. PAQR3 significantly inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HGC27 cells. Mechanistically, PAQR3 can inhibit the EMT process in HGC27 cells by regulating TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway.

Design and Depth Control of a Buoyancy-Driven Profiling Float.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a profiling float primarily used for thermocline observations and tracking, with an emphasis on depth control performance. The proposed float consists of a frame-type electronic chamber and a variable buoyancy system (VBS) actuator chamber. Components or sensors can be added or removed according to specific requirements. All components were off the shelf, which lowered the cost of the float. In addition, a segment PD control method is introduced. Simulink results showed that there was no need to change any parameter when carrying out tasks at different depths. This method is superior to the traditional PD control and sliding mode control (SMC). In the process of diving, the speed could be well controlled to less than 0.2 m/s. We completed depth determination and control method validation in Qiandao Lake. The final results were consistent with the simulation results, and the maximum depth retention error was less than 0.3 m. Field tests also demonstrated that the prototype float can be used for thermocline observations in the upper layer of seawater or lake water.

Isolation and structure elucidation of two new cassane derivatives from the seed kernels of Caesalpinia sinensis.

Two new cassane-type derivatives (1-2), together with three known compounds (3-5), were isolated from the seed kernels of Caesalpinia sinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of interpretation of comprehensive spectroscopic data, including HRESIMS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration were established by means of ECD calculation. Compound 2, possessing a 16-degradative cassane skeleton, was rarely encountered in cassane diterpenoids isolated from the genus Caesalpinia. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities against the overproduction of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and compounds 1-5 could inhibit production of NO at the concentration of 50 µM.