Myocardial microvascular function assessed by CMR first-pass perfusion in patients treated with chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies.

OBJECTIVES: Cancer chemotherapy potentially increases the risk of myocardial ischemia. This study assessed myocardial microvascular function by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) first-pass perfusion in patients treated with chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies. METHODS: A total of 81 patients treated with chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies and 39 healthy volunteers were prospectively enrolled and underwent CMR imaging. Among the patients, 32 completed CMR follow-up, with a median interval of 6 months. The CMR sequences comprised cardiac cine, rest first-pass perfusion, and late gadolinium enhancement. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the patients and normal controls (all p > 0.05). Compared with the normal controls, the patients had a lower myocardial perfusion index (PI) (13.62 ± 2.01% vs. 12% (11 to 14%), p = 0.001) but demonstrated no significant variation with an increase in the number of chemotherapy cycles at follow-up (11.79 ± 2.36% vs. 11.19 ± 2.19%, p = 0.234). In multivariate analysis with adjustments for clinical confounders, a decrease in the PI was independently associated with chemotherapy treatment (ß = - 0.362, p = 0.002) but had no correlation with the number of chemotherapy cycles (r = - 0.177, p = 0.053). CONCLUSION: Myocardial microvascular dysfunction was associated with chemotherapy treatment in patients with gynecologic malignancies, and can be assessed and monitored by rest CMR first-pass perfusion. KEY POINTS: • Chemotherapy was associated with but did not aggravate myocardial microvascular dysfunction in patients with gynecologic malignancies. • Rest CMR first-pass perfusion is an ideal modality for assessing and monitoring alterations in myocardial microcirculation during chemotherapy treatment.

["Massive hemoptysis" and shock after fever and cough]. / 发热咳嗽后大"咯血"ä¼‘å ‹.

A boy, aged 11 years, was admitted due to intermittent fever for 15 days, cough for 10 days, and "hemoptysis" for 7 days. The boy had fever and cough with left neck pain 15 days ago, and antibiotic treatment was effective. During the course of disease, the boy developed massive "hemoptysis" which caused shock. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a left pyriform sinus fistula with continuous bleeding. In combination with neck and vascular imaging examination results, the boy was diagnosed with internal jugular vein injury and thrombosis due to congenital pyriform sinus fistula infection and neck abscess. The boy was improved after treatment with temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation for the closure of pyriform sinus fistula, and no recurrence was observed during the follow-up for one year and six months. No reports of massive hemorrhage and shock due to pyriform sinus fistula infection were found in the searched literature, and this article summarizes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this boy, so as to provide a reference for the early diagnosis of such disease and the prevention and treatment of its complications.

[Detection of respiratory pathogens and clinical features in 225 children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the respiratory pathogens and clinical features in children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 225 children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, aged <14 years, who attended the outpatient service or were hospitalized from August 2017 to August 2019. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect 12 pathogens, i.e., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza virus A (IFVA), influenza virus B (IFVB), parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (PIV1-3), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (ADV), Bordetella pertussis (BP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). RESULTS: The overall detection rate of virus was 46.2% (104/225), and 7 kinds of viruses were detected, i.e., HRV (19.6%, 44/225), ADV (16.0%, 36/225), IFVB (5.8%, 13/225), RSV (4.9%, 11/225), IFVA (3.6%, 8/225), PIV3 (1.8%, 4/225), and HMPV (0.4%, 1/225). Of all pathogens, BP had the highest detection rate of 28.4% (64/225), and the detection rates of MP and CP were 16.4% (37/225) and 0.4% (1/225), respectively. The mild exacerbation group had a higher detection rate of BP than the severe exacerbation group (P<0.05), while the severe exacerbation group had significantly higher detection rates of RSV and MP than the mild exacerbation group (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the proportion of children with paroxysmal cough, spasmodic cough, fever, lung rales and abnormal lung imaging findings among the simple BP infection, simple virus infection and simple MP infection groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BP, HRV, and MP are common respiratory pathogens detected in children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, and respiratory virus infection is an important pathogen of acute exacerbation of asthma in children. Acute exacerbation of asthma caused by different pathogens has different clinical features and severities.

[Expression of interferon-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus infection].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1) in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. METHODS: Sputum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the children who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection from February to October, 2017. Bacterial culture was performed, and nucleic acid test was performed for 11 respiratory pathogens. A total of 90 children with positive HRV alone were enrolled as the HRV infection group, and 95 children with positive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) alone were enrolled as the RSV infection group. A total of 50 healthy children who underwent outpatient physical examination during the same period of time and had negative results for all pathogen tests were enrolled as the healthy control group. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all groups, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure viral load and the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1. RESULTS: In the HRV infection group, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 between boys and girls and across all age groups (P>0.05). In the HRV infection group, there was no correlation between the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 and HRV load (P>0.05). The mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 in the HRV infection group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05), but significantly lower than that in the RSV infection group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HRV can induce the expression of IFN-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells, suggesting that IFN-λ1 may play an important role in anti-HRV infection in children.

[Burkholderia cepacia infection in children: a clinical analysis of 16 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution characteristics and clinical features of Burkholderia cepacia infection in children. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 16 children with Burkholderia cepacia infection who were hospitalized between June 2012 and September 2017. RESULTS: All 16 children with Burkholderia cepacia infection were sporadic cases. A total of 16 strains of Burkholderia cepacia were isolated, among which 8 were detected by sputum culture, 5 were detected by blood culture, 2 were detected by tracheal intubation tip culture, and 1 was detected by lung biopsy culture. Of the 16 children, there were 11 boys and 5 girls, with an age of 5 days to 6 years, and the children aged <1 year accounted for 69%. As for department distribution, 10 children were in the PICU/NICU and 6 were in the general wards. As for clinical manifestations, one child had disseminated intravascular coagulation, and the other 15 children had pulmonary infection, among who 11 had severe pneumonia (8 of them underwent mechanical ventilation during treatment). As for underlying diseases, 2 had severe congenital heart disease, 4 had primary immunodeficiency, 3 were highly suspected of immunodeficiency or inherited metabolic diseases, 1 had tracheal stenosis, 1 had Kawasaki disease, 1 was a preterm infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1 had severe cleft lip and palate, and 3 had no definite underlying diseases. Of all the children, 7 also had infections with adenovirus and Mycoplasma. The average length of hospital stay was 20.3 days for all children, and 12 were improved and 4 died after treatment. All 16 strains of Burkholderia cepacia had a drug resistance rate of 100% to amikacin and gentamicin and ≥80% to ampicillin/sulbactam and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, as well as the lowest drug resistance rate to levofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen often found in immunocompromised children and can produce drug resistance. The presence or absence of underlying diseases should be considered during anti-infective therapy. The children with Burkholderia cepacia infection often have a poor prognosis, and an understanding of the disease spectrum of Burkholderia cepacia infection helps with clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Associations between the codon 72 polymorphism of the TP53 gene and the risk of recurrent implantation failure.

AIM: Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is the most common cause of unsuccessful pregnancy after assisted reproductive techniques. The tumor protein P53 (TP53) codon 72 polymorphism (G-C transversion) has been explored in susceptibility to RIF, but inconclusive results have been reported. The aim of this article is to estimate the associations between the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of RIF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search for relevant articles was conducted. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CC + GC versus GG, CC versus GC + GG, CC versus GG, GC versus GG genotypes, and C versus G allele, were estimated. Publication bias was explored. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.2 and Stata 11.0 software. RESULTS: A total of five case-control studies in five articles with 417 RIF cases and 325 controls were included. An overall random effect OR of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.66-2.19; P = 0.55) in the dominant model (CC + GC vs GG) was found. The results suggested that a lack of increased or decreased risks were found in individuals who carried the CC homozygote and heterozygote GC, in comparison with the homozygote GG. However, in subgroup analysis by ethnicity, a significantly increased risk was observed among Latin Americans in the dominant model (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.04-2.33; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows that the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism is not associated with RIF risk in the overall population; however, associations were found in the Latin American population.

The codon 72 polymorphism of the TP53 gene and endometriosis risk: a meta-analysis.

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory and common gynaecological disease. This study investigated the association between TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of endometriosis. A search for relevant articles was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, Weipu databases and Google Scholar. The strength of the relationships between TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of endometriosis was assessed by odds ratios (OR) and with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sixteen case-control studies in 15 articles were included. Significant association was found in the dominant model (CC + GC versus GG) with an OR of 1.38 and 95% CI (1.14, 1.67). The results suggested that individuals who carried CC homozygote and heterozygote GC might have a 38% increased endometriosis risk when compared with the homozygote GG. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risk was observed among Asians (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.18-2.23, P = 0.003) and Latin Americans (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.16-2.03, P = 0.002) but not in Caucasians (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.80-1.30) for the dominant model. The current meta-analysis suggested that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was associated with the endometriosis risk, especially in Asians and Latin Americans.

Chemotherapy effect on myocardial fibrosis markers in patients with gynecologic cancer and low cardiovascular risk.

Background: Patients with gynecologic cancers experience side effects of chemotherapy cardiotoxicity. We aimed to quantify cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) markers of myocardial fibrosis in patients with gynecologic cancer and low cardiovascular risk who undergo chemotherapy. Methods: This study is part of a registered clinical research. CMR T1 mapping was performed in patients with gynecologic cancer and low cardiovascular risk undergoing chemotherapy. The results were compared with those of age-matched healthy control subjects. Results: 68 patients (median age = 50 years) and 30 control subjects were included. The median number of chemotherapy cycles of patients was 9.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 3.3-17.0). Extracellular volume fraction (ECV) (27.2% ± 2.7% vs. 24.5% ± 1.7%, P < 0.001) and global longitudinal strain (-16.2% ± 2.8% vs. -17.4% ± 2.0%, P = 0.040) were higher in patients compared with controls. Patients with higher chemotherapy cycles (>6 cycles) (n=41) had significantly lower intracellular mass indexed (ICMi) compared with both patients with lower chemotherapy cycles (≤6 cycles) (n=27) (median 27.44 g/m2 [IQR 24.03-31.15 g/m2] vs. median 34.30 g/m2 [IQR 29.93-39.79 g/m2]; P = 0.002) and the control group (median 27.44 g/m2 [IQR 24.03-31.15 g/m2] vs. median 32.79 g/m2 [IQR 27.74-35.76 g/m2]; P = 0.002). Patients with two or more chemotherapy regimens had significantly lower ICMi compared with both patients with one chemotherapy regimen (27.45 ± 5.16 g/m2 vs. 33.32 ± 6.42 g/m2; P < 0.001) and the control group (27.45 ± 5.16 g/m2 vs. 33.02 ± 5.52 g/m2; P < 0.001). The number of chemotherapy cycles was associated with an increase in the ECV (Standard regression coefficient [ß] = 0.383, P = 0.014) and a decrease in the ICMi (ß = -0.349, P = 0.009). Conclusion: Patients with gynecologic cancer and low cardiovascular risk who undergo chemotherapy have diffuse extracellular volume expansion, which is obvious with the increase of chemotherapy cycles. Myocyte loss may be part of the mechanism in patients with a higher chemotherapy load. Clinical trial registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR-DDD-17013450.

Evolutionary phylogeography reveals novel genotypes of coxsackievirus A24 variant and updates the spatiotemporal dynamics in the population with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.

OBJECTIVES: The coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) has raised a remarkable concern because of its main etiological role in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study to summarize CVA24v isolated from acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Shandong province, China during 1988-2020. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods based on the VP1 coding region were used to determine the CVA24v origin, spatiotemporal dynamics, and evolution. Also, the positive selection sites in the VP1 gene were identified and exhibited in the tertiary structure. RESULTS: The global CVA24vs were classified into eight genotypes (GⅠ-GⅧ). Here, 12 CVA24v isolates were detected, of which five strains were typed as two novel genotypes (GⅦ and GⅧ) and reported first in the world. The time to the most recent common ancestor of the global CVA24v was estimated around March 1965 and evolved with 5.573 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Four residues under positive selection were detected, and residue 146T might be adapted in the CVA24v pandemic. Phylogeographic analysis indicated that China was the main source sink for CVA24v dispersion in a long-lasting global pattern. CONCLUSION: Our study updated the epidemiological characteristics of CVA24v and enabled a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying different genotypes. The results provided new insights into the CVA24v origin, spatiotemporal dynamics, and possibly, the determinants of viral tropism and pathogenicity.

Myocardial edema during chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies: A cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping study.

Objective: Myocardial edema is an early manifestation of chemotherapy-related myocardial injury. In this study, we used cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) T2 mapping to assess myocardial edema and its changes during chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies. Methods: We enrolled 73 patients receiving chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies, whose the latest cycle was within one month before the beginning of this study, and 41 healthy volunteers. All participants underwent CMR imaging. Of the 73 patients, 35 completed CMR follow-up after a median interval of 6 (3.3 to 9.6) months. The CMR sequences included cardiac cine, T2 mapping, and late gadolinium enhancement. Results: Myocardial T2 was elevated in patients who were treated with chemotherapy compared with healthy volunteers [41ms (40ms to 43ms) vs. 41ms (39ms to 41ms), P = 0.030]. During follow-up, myocardial T2 rose further [40ms (39ms to 42ms) vs. 42.70 ± 2.92ms, P < 0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of chemotherapy cycles was associated with myocardial T2 elevation (ß = 0.204, P = 0.029). After adjustment for other confounders, myocardial T2 elevation was independently associated with a decrease in left ventricular mass (ß = -0.186; P = 0.024). Conclusion: In patients with gynecologic malignancies, myocardial edema developed with chemotherapy cycles increase, and was associated with left ventricular mass decrease. T2 mapping allows the assessment of myocardial edema and monitoring of its change during chemotherapy.

Choriocarcinoma misdiagnosed as cerebral hemangioma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Choriocarcinoma is a subtype of gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Patients with brain metastasis are rare and information on the optimal treatment and patient outcome is limited. In order to improve the prognosis of this disease, accurate and timely treatments are very important for the patient of brain metastasis by choriocarcinoma. CASE SUMMARY: A 17-year-old unmarried girl was misdiagnosed with a cerebral hemangioma with intracranial hemorrhage in a local hospital after presentation with severe head pain. She underwent craniotomy three times for treatment. The pathological results of posterior intracranial hematoma showed choriocarcinoma, and the patient was diagnosed as choriocarcinoma (21 points in stage IV). After uterine artery embolization, etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine chemotherapy for 7 cycles, and whole brain radiotherapy, the patient achieved remission. She has been followed for 2 years with no signs of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION: For female patients of childbearing age with an intracranial hematoma, the possibility of brain metastasis by choriocarcinoma should be considered. It is necessary to obtain a detailed history, including menstruation, beginning age of first sex, contraception, etc. The level of ß-human chorionic gonadotropin should be tested at the beginning, and a stratified treatment should be administered according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging and World Health Organization prognostic scoring systems.

Hemichorea Associated With Non-ketotic Hyperglycemia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapy, and mechanism of hemichorea associated with non-ketotic hyperglycemia (HC-NH) so as to enhance awareness and avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of the disease. Methods: A case of HC-NH was reported and reviewed in terms of the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Results: Hemichorea associated with non-ketotic hyperglycemia is a rare complication of diabetes mellitus, which is commonly seen in elderly women with poorly-controlled diabetes. The condition is characterized by non-ketotic hyperglycemia, unilateral involuntary choreiform movements, and contralateral basal ganglia hyper-intensity by T1-weighted MR imaging or high density on CT scans. Blood glucose control is the basal treatment, in combination with dopamine receptor antagonists and benzodiazepine sedative, in controlling hemichorea. Conclusion: In clinical practice, the possibility of unilateral chorea should be considered for diabetic patients with poor blood glucose control.

[Protective effects of tetramethylpyrazine on rat myocardial cells infected by Coxsackie virus B3 and its signal transduction mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) on rat myocardial cells infected by Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) and its signal transduction mechanism. METHODS: The cultured myocardial cells of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly treated with CVB3, CVB3+TMPZ (100 micromol/L), TMPZ (100 micromol/L) (negative control) or DMEM (blank control). After treatment, the beating rate of myocardial cells and the LDH activity in the culture fluid were measured. Cell viability was ascertained with MTT assay. Western blot was used to study the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) protein in myocardial cells. RESULTS: The beating rate of myocardial cells in the untreated CVB3 infection group was significantly lower than that in the TMPZ-treated CVB3 infection group (32.0+/-3.6 bpm vs 84.3+/-3.5 bpm, P<0.01). The LDH activity and NF-kappaB expression in the TMPZ-treated CVB3 infection group was significantly reduced when compared with untreated CVB3 infection group (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). Cell viability 7 days after CVB3 infection in the TMPZ-treated group was higher than that in the untreated CVB3 infection group (86.7+/-2.7% vs 35.3+/-3.4%; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: TMPZ can provide protective effects on rat myocardial cells infected by CVB3, possibly by an inhibition of the activity of NF-kappaB in myocardial cells.

Size dependent anti-invasiveness of silver nanoparticles in lung cancer cells.

The molecular mechanism of cancer cell death caused by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes is investigated. Compared with the larger nanoparticles, 13 nm AgNPs significantly inhibit the migration and invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, induce elevated reactive oxygen species and lead to NF-κB directed cellular apoptosis.

Therapeutic efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and electromyographic biofeedback on Alzheimer's disease patients with dysphagia.

To study the therapeutic effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-biofeedback) therapy in improving swallowing function of Alzheimer's disease patients with dysphagia.A series of 103 Alzheimer's disease patients with dysphagia were divided into 2 groups, among which the control group (n = 50) received swallowing function training and the treatment group (n = 53) received neuromuscular electrical stimulation plus EMG-biofeedback therapy. The mini-mental state scale score was performed in all patients along the treatment period. Twelve weeks after the treatment, the swallowing function was assessed by the water swallow test. The nutritional status was evaluated by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) as well as the levels of hemoglobin and serum albumin. The frequency and course of aspiration pneumonia were also recorded.No significant difference on mini-mental state scale score was noted between 2 groups. More improvement of swallowing function, better nutritional status, and less frequency and shorter course of aspiration pneumonia were presented in treatment group when compared with the control group.Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and EMG-biofeedback treatment can improve swallowing function in patients with Alzheimer's disease and significantly reduce the incidence of adverse outcomes. Thus, they should be promoted in clinical practice.

[Protective effects of baicalin pretreatment on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats].

OBJECTIVE: Previous research suggests that dexamethasone (Dex) pretreatment protects neonatal rats against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Some of the pharmacological effects of baicalin (a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) are similar to Dex. This study was designed to explore the effect of baicalin on the neuronal apoptosis following HIBD in neonatal rats. METHODS: Six-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into Control (without HI), HIBD, Dex-pretreatment and post-treatment, Baicalin-pretreatment and -post-treatment groups. HIBD was induced by ligating the left common carotid artery, followed by exposure to hypoxia. In the pretreatment groups either baicalin (16 mg/kg) or Dex (0.1 mg/kg) was administered to the rats 24 hrs before HIBD; in the post-treatment groups baicalin or Dex was given 30 minutes after HIBD. The rat pups were sacrificed on postnatal day 10, and brain tissues were harvested. Brain water content was determined, morphological changes were observed under a light microscope, and neuronal apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS: The brain water content and the number of apoptotic cells were significantly higher in the HIBD group than those of the Control group (P < 0.05). Both baicalin and Dex pretreatment decreased the brain water content from 88.9 +/- 1.7 % (HIBD group) to 87.4 +/- 0.7% (baicalin) or 87.3 +/- 0.6% (Dex) (P < 0.05) and the number of apoptotic cells were reduced from 251 +/- 28 (HIBD group) to 102 +/- 47 (baicalin) or 75 +/- 26 (Dex) (P < 0.05). Baicalin and Dex post-treatment had no effects on the brain water content and the number of apoptotic cells. Loss and degeneration of neurons could be observed in the HIBD group. Baicalin and Dex pretreatment significantly alleviated neuronal injury, but post-treatment did not. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with baicalin, as with Dex, has a protective effect against HIBD in neonatal rats, but baicalin or Dex post-treatment do not reverse the neuronal injuries.

[Genetic characterization of echovirus 6 isolated from meningitis and encephalitis cases in Shandong Province, China].

To analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus 6 (E6) isolated from meningitis and encephalitis cases in Shandong Province, China, we collected cerebrospinal fluid samples from meningitis and encephalitis cases in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2012 for virus isolation. Viral RNAs were extracted from positive isolates, and complete VP1 coding regions were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Six isolates were identified as E6 by microneutralization assay and molecular typing. The homology analysis showed that the six isolates had 78. 6%-99. 8% nucleotide and 95. 5%-100. 0% amino acid identities with each other, as well as 76. 9%-78. 4% nucleotide and 92. 3%-95. 1% amino acid identities with the prototype strain (D' Amori). The phylogenetic analysis based on the integrated VP1 sequences indicated that all Shandong E6 isolates could be separated into four clusters, designated as A, B, C, and D. The six E6 isolates belonged to clusters A, B, and D. Our study reveals high genetic differences between Shandong E6 isolates and suggests different transmission lineages of E6 co-circulated in Shandong Province.

[Seroprevalence of the newer enterovirus types A71, A90 and B87 in healthy individuals in Shandong Province, China].

This study aimed to investigate antibody levels of the newer human enteroviruses (EV) A71, A90, and B87 in the population of Shandong Province, and provide a scientific basis for the development of prevention and control measures. In this study, serum specimens were collected from 400 individuals living in Yantai city, Shandong Province in 2010. EV-A71, A90, and B87 antibodies were detected using neutralization tests, and the results were analyzed by statistical methods. It was found that the positive neutralizing antibody rates of EV-A71, A90 and B87 in the population were 46.0%, 8.8%, and 47.0%, respectively. Their geometric mean titers (GMT) were 1 : 5.20, 1 : 1.49, and 1 : 4.02, respectively. Positive antibody rates for EV-A71 and EV-B87 were lowest in the 1-yr and 7-mo age groups, respectively. Positive rates increased gradually with age, and become consistent in the population aged >5 years. Positive antibody rates of EV-A90 were consistent across all age groups. Maternal antibody levels of EV-A71 declined rapidly after birth, and the increase in seroprevalence among 3-7 years old children implied that most EV-A71 infections occurred in preschool and early elementary school children. High positive antibody rates of EV-B87 in healthy individuals, especially children, implied that there may be an immune barrier within the general population. The population monitoring of EV-A90 should be strengthened, as its positive antibody rate is low.

[Temporal fluctuation and genetic characterization of echovirus 11 isolates upon surveillance of environmental sewage in Shandong Province, China].

We wished to analyze the genetic characterization of echovirus 11 (Echo11) from samples of environmental sewage in Shandong Province (China). The VP1 coding region was typed as the strains were amplified. Phylogenetic analyses on the VP1 sequences from these isolates, strains isolated from AFP cases in the period 1994-2010 and others published in GenBank were conducted. From 2011 to 2012, 94 Echo11 strains were isolated from samples of environmental sewage in Jinan and Linyi City in Shandong Province. Numbers of Echo11 were seasonal and reached peaks in the summer and autumn in both cities; A- mong these isolates, nucleotide (nt) identities were 89.5%-100.0% whereas amino acid (aa) identities were 95.4%-100.0%. The nt and aa identities were 76.6%-79.7% and 90.4%-92.5% between those strains and the prototype (Gregory) strain of Echo11, respectively. All isolates from Shandong Province were the A genotype and the strains evolved very rapidly, which suggested that several transmission chains was co-circulating. We described the temporal fluctuation and genetic characterization of Echo11 isolates from surveillance of environmental sewage in Shandong Province, thereby providing important information for exploring the dynamic change and genetic variation of circulating human enteroviruses in this Province in China.

[Isolation and characterization of a human enterovirus 74 isolated in Shandong Province, China].

Human Enterovirus HEV 74 is a new member of species Human enterovirus B (HEV-B). To understand its evolution and restructuring characteristics, we report the complete genome sequence of a HEV74 strain 05293/SD/CHN/2005(abbreviated as 05293) isolated from an acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case in Shangdong Province, China, 2005. Analysis of the complete genomic sequence of 05293 showed that its genome was collinear with that of previously described 2 HEV74 strains, except for insertions and deletions at the 5'NTR and the 3 NTR regions. The complete genome sequence of strain 05293 displayed 80. 8% nucleotide and 96% amino acid identity to the prototype strain USA/CA75-10213, and 80. 6% and 95. 9% to another isolated strain Rikaze-136. The P1, P2 and P3 coding regions of strain 05293 displayed 81. 5%, 80. 0%, 79. 7% nucleotide and 95. 9%, 96. 0%, 96.2% amino acid identity to the prototype strain USA/CA75-10213, and 81. 9%, 78. 8%, 79. 5% and 95. 9%, 96. 1%, 95. 7% to strain Rikaze-136, respectively. The phylogenetic tree and Simplot analysis on 05293 and HEV-B genome sequences were performed, and the result indicated frequent recombination within HEV-B.