ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection is capable of affecting several organs. Direct viral toxicity, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic induction, endothelial damage, immune imbalance, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are the mechanisms underlying the viral potential of multiple organ damage. The impairment of four organs stands out among severe patients: lung, heart, kidney, and endothelium. The nuclear medicine field holds accurate and safe exam techniques, such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography and scintigraphy, that allow the anatomophysiological study of the majority of human organ systems. By choosing the most appropriate method and radiopharmaceutical, analyzing the presence of inflammation, fibrosis, changes in perfusion, and function of desired organs is possible. Therefore, its use in the monitoring of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 becomes relevant, especially for monitoring sequelae. In this review, we discuss the use of Nuclear Medicine in the detection, monitoring, and therapeutic evaluation of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sequelae by coronavirus disease 2019.
Subject(s)
Medical Oncology , Neoplasms , Brazil , Diagnostic Imaging , Humans , Neoplasms/diagnostic imagingSubject(s)
Cardiology/standards , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/standards , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Brazil , Humans , Myocardial Revascularization/standards , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/standards , Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use , Risk Assessment , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
A miocardiopatia hipertrófica é a cardiopatia hereditária mais comum e acomete cerca de 1:500 indivíduos na população geral. O diagnóstico, que nem sempre é simples pela variação fenotípica e pela concomitância de outras patologias, baseia-se, inicialmente, em critérios eletrocardiográficos e ecocardiográficos, e na ausência de outras doenças que cursem com hipertrofia ventricular. Tendo como base celular o desarranjo miofibrilar e a fibrose com alterações hemodinâmicas decorrentes, a miocardiopatia hipertrófica pode revelar isquemia miocárdica (não relacionada à aterosclerose) e morte súbita. Assim, a avaliação da repercussão funcional por meio da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica pela técnica Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) tem ganhado espaço, uma vez que 25% dos pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertrófica demonstram defeitos de perfusão fixos ou isquêmicos. Neste âmbito, notam-se alterações perfusionais que não estão necessariamente associadas ao tipo de miocardiopatia hipertrófica, mas conseguem predizer morbimortalidade nestes indivíduos. Outra técnica cintilográfica mais recente é a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET), que se destaca na avaliação da microcirculação, na reserva de fluxo coronário e no metabolismo miocárdico. Em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertrófica, estudos têm demonstrado resultados desfavoráveis quanto menores o fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico e a reserva de fluxo coronário. A avaliação miocárdica metabólica pela PET parece útil no entendimento fisiopatológico desta doença e na avaliação prognóstica da ablação alcoólica, procedimento realizado em formas obstrutivas graves. Assim, esta revisão aborda o papel da cardiologia nuclear pelas técnicas SPECT e PET miocárdico na avaliação diagnóstica, prognóstica e terapêutica da miocardiopatia hipertrófica
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Radionuclide Imaging/methods , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/genetics , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/therapy , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/methods , Prognosis , Stroke Volume , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Echocardiography/methods , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis , Death, Sudden , Diagnosis, Differential , Electrocardiography/methods , Heart Failure/diagnosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of aspirin and warfarin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients undergoing total cavopulmonary anastomosis. Evaluate whether coagulation factors (VII, VIII and protein C), clinical data, fenestration or hemodynamic factors, interfere with postoperative thrombosis. METHODS: A prospective, randomized study of 30 patients, randomized into Group I (Warfarin) and Group II (AAS), underwent total cavopulmonary shunt with extracardiac conduit, between 2008 and 2011, with follow-up by clinical visits to evaluate side effects and adhesion. Performed transesophageal echocardiography in post operatory time, 3, 6,12 and 24 months; angiotomography at 6, 12 and 24 months to evaluate changes in the internal tube wall or thrombi and pulmonary scintigraphy to evaluate possible PTE. RESULTS: Two deaths in group I; 33.3% of patients had thrombus (46.7% in Group II). The previous occurrence of thrombus and low levels of coagulation protein C were the only factors that influenced the time free of thrombus (P=0.035 and 0.047). Angiotomographic evaluation: 35.7% in group II presented material accumulation greater than 2 mm (P=0.082). Scintigraphy: two patients had PTE in group II. Five patients had difficulty to comply with the treatment, 4 in group I with INR ranging from 1 to 6.4. CONCLUSION: The previous occurrence of thrombus is a risk factor for thrombosis in the postoperative period. Patients using AAS tend to deposit material in the tube wall. The small sample size did not allow to conclude which is the most effective drug in the prevention of thrombosis in this population.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Fontan Procedure/methods , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Warfarin/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Echocardiography , Female , Fontan Procedure/adverse effects , Fontan Procedure/mortality , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Male , Postoperative Complications/drug therapy , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control , Radionuclide Imaging , Statistics, Nonparametric , Thrombosis/drug therapy , Thrombosis/mortality , Time Factors , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Dysfunction/physiopathologySubject(s)
Humans , Cardiology/standards , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/standards , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Brazil , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment , Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/standards , Myocardial Revascularization/standardsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia do AAS e da Varfarina na profilaxia da trombose em pacientes submetidos a operação cavopulmonar total. Avaliar se fatores de coagulação (VII, VIII e Proteína C), dados clínicos, fenestração ou fatores hemodinâmicos, interferem na trombose no pós-operatório. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e randomizado de 30 pacientes, randomizados em Grupo I (Varfarina) e Grupo II (AAS), submetidos à derivação cavopulmonar total com tubo extracardíaco, entre 2008 e 2011, com seguimento de dois anos. Foram realizadas consultas clínicas que avaliavam efeitos colaterais e aderência. Realizado ecocardiograma transesofágico no pós-operatório imediato, 3, 6,12 e 24 meses; angiotomografia aos 6, 12 e 24 meses de pós-operatório para avaliação de alterações na parede interna do tubo ou trombos e cintilografia pulmonar, para avaliar possível TEP. Resultados: Dois óbitos no grupo I; 33,3% dos pacientes apresentaram trombo (46,7% no Grupo II). A ocorrência prévia de trombo e baixos níveis de proteína C da coagulação foram os únicos fatores que influenciaram no tempo livre de trombo (P=0,035 e 0,047). Avaliação angiotomográfica: 35,7% dos pacientes do grupo II tinham atapeteamento maior que 2 mm (P=0,082). Cintilografia: dois pacientes apresentaram TEP no grupo II. Cinco pacientes tiveram dificuldade de aderência, 4 no grupo I com INR variando de 1 a 6,4. Conclusão: A ocorrência prévia de trombo é um fator de risco para trombose no pós-operatório. Pacientes em uso de AAS tendem a depósito de material na parede do tubo. O número reduzido da amostra não permitiu concluir qual a droga mais eficaz na prevenção da trombose na população estudada. .
Objective: To compare the efficacy of aspirin and warfarin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients undergoing total cavopulmonary anastomosis. Evaluate whether coagulation factors (VII, VIII and protein C), clinical data, fenestration or hemodynamic factors, interfere with postoperative thrombosis. Methods: A prospective, randomized study of 30 patients, randomized into Group I (Warfarin) and Group II (AAS), underwent total cavopulmonary shunt with extracardiac conduit, between 2008 and 2011, with follow-up by clinical visits to evaluate side effects and adhesion. Performed transesophageal echocardiography in post operatory time, 3, 6,12 and 24 months; angiotomography at 6, 12 and 24 months to evaluate changes in the internal tube wall or thrombi and pulmonary scintigraphy to evaluate possible PTE. Results: Two deaths in group I; 33.3% of patients had thrombus (46.7% in Group II). The previous occurrence of thrombus and low levels of coagulation protein C were the only factors that influenced the time free of thrombus (P=0.035 and 0.047). Angiotomographic evaluation: 35.7% in group II presented material accumulation greater than 2 mm (P=0.082). Scintigraphy: two patients had PTE in group II. Five patients had difficulty to comply with the treatment, 4 in group I with INR ranging from 1 to 6.4. Conclusion: The previous occurrence of thrombus is a risk factor for thrombosis in the postoperative period. Patients using AAS tend to deposit material in the tube wall. The small sample size did not allow to conclude which is the most effective drug in the prevention of thrombosis in this population. .
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Fontan Procedure/methods , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Warfarin/therapeutic use , Echocardiography , Fontan Procedure/adverse effects , Fontan Procedure/mortality , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Prospective Studies , Postoperative Complications/drug therapy , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control , Pulmonary Embolism , Radionuclide Imaging , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Thrombosis/drug therapy , Thrombosis/mortality , Ventricular Dysfunction/physiopathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish the parameters of intra- and interventricular synchrony in normal individuals and to compare them with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with and without conduction disorders shown in the electrocardiogram (ECG) examination. METHODS: Three groups of patients were included in this study: 18 individuals (G1) with no cardiomyopathy and with a normal ECG (52+/-12 years, 29% male); 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular dysfunction, with 20 patients (G2) presenting QRS <120 ms (51+/-10 years, 75% male) and 30 patients (G3) with QRS >120 ms (57+/-12 years, 60% male). All patients underwent RV. Evaluation of left intraventricular dyssynchrony was carried out with the measurement of the phase histogram width and interventricular dyssynchrony was evaluated by the difference of the mean phase angle between the right and left ventricles (RLDif). RESULTS: Left ventricle ejection fractions (LVEF)s were: 62 +/- 6% (G1), 27 +/- 7% (G2) and 22 +/- 8% (G3) and right ventricle ejection fractions were: 46 +/- 5% (G1), 41 +/- 6%(G2) and 38 +/- 8% (G3). Evaluation of the phase histogram width was: 89 +/- 18 ms (G1), 203 +/- 54 ms (G2) and 312 +/- 130 ms (G3), p<0.0001. The measurement of RLDif was: 14 +/- 11 ms (G1), 39 +/- 40 ms (G2) and 87 +/- 49 ms (G3); comparing G1 vs. G2 and G1 vs. G3, p<0.0001 and G2 vs. G3, p=0.0007. CONCLUSION: The parameters analyzed discriminate the three groups of patients according to the ventricular synchrony degree. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and with no branch block in ECG (QRS <120 ms) may present dyssynchrony, but at a lower degree than patients with widened QRS.
Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/complications , Radionuclide Ventriculography , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology , Aged , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Estabelecer parâmetros de sincronia intra- e interventricular em indivíduos normais e compará-los aos de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada com e sem distúrbios de condução ao eletrocardiograma (ECG). MÉTODOS: Três grupos de pacientes foram incluídos no estudo: 18 indivíduos (G1) sem cardiopatia e com ECG normal (52+/-12 anos, 29 por cento masculinos); 50 portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada e disfunção ventricular esquerda grave, sendo 20 pacientes (G2) com QRS < 120 ms (51+/-10 anos, 75 por cento masculinos) e 30 pacientes (G3) com QRS > 120 ms (57+/-12 anos, 60 por cento masculinos). Todos foram submetidos à ventriculografia radioisotópica (VR). Para avaliar dissincronia intraventricular esquerda foi estudada a largura do histograma de fase e para avaliar dissincronia interventricular foi medida a diferença da média do ângulo de fase entre o ventrículo direito e o esquerdo (DifDE). RESULTADOS: As frações de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE)s foram: 62±6 por cento (G1), 27±6 por cento (G2) e 22±7 por cento (G3) e do VD foram: 46 ± 4 por cento (G1), 38±9 por cento(G2) e 37±9 por cento (G3). A avaliação da largura do histograma de fase foi de: 89±18 ms (G1), 203±54 ms (G2) e 312±130 ms (G3), p<0,0001. A medida da difVDVE foi de: 14±11 ms (G1), 39±40 ms (G2) e 87±49 ms (G3); quando se compararam G1 x G2 e G1 x G3, p<0,0001 e G2 x G3, p=0,0007. CONCLUSÃO: Os parâmetros analisados discriminam os três grupos de pacientes de acordo com o grau de sincronia ventricular. Pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e sem bloqueio de ramo ao ECG (QRS < 120 ms) podem apresentar dissincronia, porém em menor grau que os pacientes com QRS alargado.
OBJECTIVE: To establish the parameters of intra- and interventricular synchrony in normal individuals and to compare them with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with and without conduction disorders shown in the electrocardiogram (ECG) examination. METHODS: Three groups of patients were included in this study: 18 individuals (G1) with no cardiomyopathy and with a normal ECG (52±12 years, 29 percent male); 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular dysfunction, with 20 patients (G2) presenting QRS <120ms (51±10 years, 75 percent male) and 30 patients (G3) with QRS >120ms (57±12 years, 60 percent male). All patients underwent RV. Evaluation of left intraventricular dyssynchrony was carried out with the measurement of the phase histogram width and interventricular dyssynchrony was evaluated by the difference of the mean phase angle between the right and left ventricles (RLDif). RESULTS: Left ventricle ejection fractions (LVEF)s were: 62 ± 6 percent (G1), 27 ± 7 percent (G2) and 22 ± 8 percent (G3) and right ventricle ejection fractions were: 46 ± 5 percent (G1), 41 ± 6 percent(G2) and 38 ± 8 percent (G3). Evaluation of the phase histogram width was: 89 ± 18 ms (G1), 203 ± 54 ms (G2) and 312 ± 130 ms (G3), p<0.0001. The measurement of RLDif was: 14 ± 11 ms (G1), 39 ± 40 ms (G2) and 87 ± 49 ms (G3); comparing G1 vs. G2 and G1 vs. G3, p<0.0001 and G2 vs. G3, p=0.0007. CONCLUSION: The parameters analyzed discriminate the three groups of patients according to the ventricular synchrony degree. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and withno branch block in ECG (QRS <120 ms) may present dyssynchrony, but at a lower degree than patients with widened QRS.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/complications , Radionuclide Ventriculography , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, LeftABSTRACT
A presença de cálcio nas artérias coronárias identifica a existência de aterosclerose coronáriana, mesmo em fases precoces. Por outro lado, a decisão quanto à melhor forma de tratamento dessa entidade baseia-se no uso de exames funcionais, em especial, a cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio (CPM). Existem dúvidas quanto à correlação desses dois exames, o que poderia ser, ao menos em parte, explicada pelo fato dos testes avaliarem fases distintas dessa entidade. Este estudo pretende avaliar o uso de uma abordagem anatômica e funcional combinada por meio da (CPM) e tomografia computadorizada combinada por multidetectores (TCMD) na determinação do escore da cálcio (CACS) e da presença de estenose e isquemia e examinar a associação de seus resultados entre si e com outras variáveis demográficas, clínicas e funcionais em um população brasileira com doença arterial coronaria (DAC)...