Elucidation the influence of design variables on coagulation-flocculation mechanisms in the lab-scale bio-coagulation on toxic industrial effluent treatment.

Bio-coagulants are environmentally friendly substances that have shown potential in removing organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater from the Imitation Paint Industry. Under the optimized conditions, the use of the three bio-coagulants (of plant origin), Strychnos potatorum, Cactus opuntia and Portunus sanguinolentus (crab) shell (of animal origin) were evaluated, and their removal mechanism was based on kinetic models and adsorption isotherms. The error analysis method was used to find the best isotherm fit. In addition, the kinetic model parameters showed the absence of chemisorption and confirmed the existence of pore diffusion. The interaction between coagulant and pollutant, the type, homogeneity and intensity of the coagulation process, the pollutant absorption capacity of the coagulant were evaluated with the aid of the adsorption isotherm models. From the Pseudo first-order kinetic model an equilibrium pollutant uptake (mg/g) was marked as 598, 554 and 597 for Strychnos potatorum, Cactus opuntia and Portunus sanguinolentus respectively. The better affinity between the pollutants and the bio coagulants were observed through the lower values of Langmuir isotherm constant kL. The adsorption intensity from Freundlich model (nF) were ranged between 1 and 10 for all the listed coagulants, which revealed the physisorption behavior and heterogeneous mechanism of removal. With these results, it would be possible to conduct scale-up studies to adopt the process for practical systems.

Dietary consumption of polypropylene microplastics alter the biochemical parameters and histological response in freshwater benthic mollusc Pomacea paludosa.

One of the most common environmental pollutant in aquatic ecosystems are polypropylene microplastics and their impacts on aquatic organisms are still scarce. The study aimed to prepare polypropylene microplastics using organic solvent (spherical and 11.86-44.62 µm) and then test their toxicity on the freshwater benthic mollusc grazer Pomaceae paludosa. The present study investigated chronic (28 days) exposure of polypropylene microplastics via dietary supplements (250 mg kg-1, 500 mg kg-1 & 750 mg kg-1) in P. paludosa, and the toxic effect was evaluated in digestive gland tissue. The FTIR results revealed no change in polypropylene microplastics during ingestion or after egestion. On the other hand, Ingestion causes accumulation in their bodies and disrupts redox homeostasis. Meanwhile, alteration occurs in oxidative stress-related biomarkers such as increased reactive oxygen species level (ROS), impaired the biochemical parameters of antioxidant system catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione - S- transferase (GST), deterioration of oxidative stress effects in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and carbonyl protein (CP) and changed the digestive enzymes such as amylase, pepsin, esterase and alkaline phosphatase that are measured in hepatopancreas tissue. The histology results revealed that ingesting these microplastics caused severe damage to the digestive gland cells. According to the findings, ingestion of polypropylene microplastics in benthic freshwater mollusc causes more serious harm and impacts energy acquisition. This finding represents the ecological risk of polypropylene microplastic pollution in the freshwater ecosystem.

Synthesis and physicochemical characteristics of Ag-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, and their potential biomedical applications.

In this present scenario, hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanostructures were synthesized through green routes for biomedical applications, particularly remediation towards human pathogens and cancer cells. The present study aims at forming non-toxic and eco-friendly silver (Ag+) doped HAp using Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Cetyl Trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and curcumin. Ag+ doped HAp nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the sol-gel method with a cube and rod-like morphology. Ag-HApNPs showed a sharp and well-defined diffraction peak, which possesses the hexagonal crystalline structure with space group P63/m. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of Ag-HApNPs, and the bandgap values were obtained using UV-DRS analysis. The Ag-HApNPs with PEG, CTAB and curcumin might be fabricated materials were examined against antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, which provided exemplary biomedical applications. Overall, Ag-HApNPs can be used as potential drug delivery and perspectives to control multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Azadirachta indica-wrapped copper oxide nanoparticles as a novel functional material in cardiomyocyte cells: An ecotoxicity assessment on the embryonic development of Danio rerio.

This research reports on the production of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica (Ai) flower extract. Synthesized Ai-CuO NPs are characterized by Zeta Potential, TGA, SEM and TEM analysis. The Ai-CuO NPs gave a maximum peak at 270 nm. As per XRD studies, the Ai-CuO NPs obtained were crystalline. FTIR spectrum Ai-CuO NPs showed the presence of functional groups like the O-H group, aromatic group, etc. TEM and SEM assist in investigating the size and morphology of the Ai-CuO NPs, which were spherical and varied in size between 10.11 nm and 17.54 nm. EDAX showed that Ai-CuO NPs were pure with no impurities. The synthesized Ai-CuO NPs were then analyzed for their cytotoxicity at various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µg/mL) against H9c2 cardiomyocyte cells using MTT assay. DOX-induced H9c2 cell damage of apoptosis and ROS. The nanoparticle formed by Ai-CuO was cured with different concentrations (5, 10 and 20 µg/mL). In zebrafish, 48 hpf and 72 hpf were measured at 75 µM to reduce dysfunction and mortality during organ development. These results can have a beneficial impact on eco-toxicological effects.

Assessment of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala induced by trypan blue - An azo dye.

Cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes induced by industrial effluents and dyes is a global issue. Trypan blue dye has many applications in different sectors, including laboratories and industries. This study determines to detect the cytotoxic effects of trypan blue dye in vivo. The objective of this study was to estimate the sub-lethal effects of azodye in fish. Cirrhinus mrigala, a freshwater fish, was exposed to three different grading concentrations of dye 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 20 mg/L in a glass aquarium. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the weight of fish was observed as 0.728 ± 0.14 g and 2.232 ± 0.24 g, respectively, in the trial groups exposed to 10 and 20 mg/L of dye in a week. After exposure to trypan blue dye, fishes were dissected to remove liver and kidney tissues. Histopathological assessments determined hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by trypan blue through the paraffin wax method. This dye induces mild alterations in the liver such as congestion, hemolysis, dilated sinusoids, ruptured hepatocytes, vacuolization, edema of hepatocytes, necrosis, degeneration, aggregation, and inflammation. This dye not only alters liver tissue, also induces an acute level of tissue alterations in the kidneys, such as degeneration of epithelial cells of renal tubules, shrinkage of the glomerulus, congestion, reduced lumen, degeneration of glomerulus, absence of space of bowmen, glomerulonephritis, necrosis in hematopoietic interstitial tissues and glomerulus, reduced lumen, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules, increased per tubular space. The current study concludes that trypan blue dye released even in small amounts is found to be associated with a high incidence of cytotoxicity. Such tissue alterations in this species could be used as biomarkers for azo dyes.

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticle (AgNPs) Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. and Their Multi-Potent Biological Activity: An Eco-Friendly Approach.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained greater interest among chemists and researchers in this current scenario. The present research investigates the larvicidal and anti-proliferation activity of AgNPs derived from Knoxia sumatrensis aqueous leaf extract (K. sumatrensis-ALE) as a potential capping and reducing candidate. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized through-UV-spectra absorption peak at 425 nm. The XRD and FT-IR studied displayed the crystalline nature and presence of functional groups in prepared samples. FE-SEM showed the hexagonal shape of NPs with the size of 7.73 to 32.84 nm. The synthesized AgNPs displayed superior antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity (IC50 53.29 µg/mL) of breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Additionally, larvicidal activity against mosquito vector Culex quinquefasciatus larvae delivered (LC50-0.40, mg/L, and LC90-15.83) significant mortality rate post treatment with synthesized AgNPs. Overall, the present research illustrates that the synthesized AgNPs have high biological potential and present a perfect contender in the pharmacological and mosquitocidal arena.

Early response to heat stress in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis): performance of different sexes, candidate genes and networks.

BACKGROUND: Temperature is known to affect living organisms and alter the expression of responsive genes, which affects a series of life processes, such as development, reproduction and metabolism. Several genes and gene families have been involved in high temperature responses, such as heat shock protein (hsp) family, Jumonji family and genes related to cortisol synthesis. Gonad is a vital organ related to the existence of a species. However, the comprehensive understanding of gonadal responses to environmental temperature is limited. RESULTS: To explore the effects of environmental temperature on genes and gene networks in gonads, we performed acute heat treatment (48 h) on Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Gonadal transcriptome analysis was conducted on females, pseudomales and males exposed to high (28 °C) and normal (22 °C) temperatures. A total of 1226.24 million clean reads were obtained from 18 libraries. Principal component analysis (PCA) and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis revealed different performance of sex responses to heat stress. There were 4565, 790 and 1117 specific genes altered their expression level in females, pseudomales and males, respectively. Of these, genes related to hsp gene family, cortisol synthesis and metabolism and epigenetic regulation were involved in early heat response. Furthermore, a total of 1048 DEGs were shared among females, pesudomales and males, which may represent the inherent difference between high and normal temperatures. Genes, such as eef1akmt3, eef1akmt4, pnmt and hsp family members, were found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results depicted for the first time the gonadal gene expression under acute high temperature treatment in Chinese tongue sole. The findings may provide a clue for understanding the responses of genes and networks to environmental temperature.

Design and development of porous terracotta disc: An eco-friendly novel control agent for mosquito larvae.

In the present work, we synthesized silver nanoparticles supported by rice husk by hydrothermal treatment, as-synthesized silver nanoparticles rice husk (AgNPs-RH) bio-composite mixed with potter clay thoroughly, molded, dried into a disc-shaped before firing and applying as a point of use larvicidal agent. As designed, porous terracotta disc (PTD) infused with AgNPs-RH-biocomposite were characterized by UV spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The amount of silver ions released from the PTD was also found to be within the prescribed limit of 0.1 ppm-level. Later we dropped the PTD and tested its larvicidal activity against the IVth instar larva stage of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex species. We found 100% larvicidal mortality in 24 h of exposure to the designed PTD and the amount of silver released from the porous disc was found to be 0.0343 ppm. Further from the histopathological studies of dead larvae revealed that the silver ions from the PTD have substantially damaged the exoskeleton of larvae.

Ecotoxicity of neonicotinoids and diamides on population growth performance of Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Relative ecotoxicity of approved neonicotinoids (i.e. imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran) and diamides (i.e. chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide) was examined on population growth parameters of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister on parthenium under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and 10 L : 14D photoperiod. The dose of all tested insecticides in the bioassay procedure was within a minimum range of their recommended field rate. In acute toxicity trial, imidacloprid caused highest rate of mortality in treated adults of Z. bicolorata, however, it was lowest in flubendiamide treatment followed by cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Further, based on toxicity coefficient (E) value in acute toxicity trial, all were classified as harmful (H) and diamides were classified as moderately harmful (MH) as per IOBC classification. Moreover, chronic toxicity trials were carried out through life table response experiments (LTREs) in the F1 progeny of acute toxicity experienced group. Prolonged development with the highest mortality was evident in as compared to diamides. Furthermore, population growth parameters i.e. potential fecundity (Pf), natality rate (mx), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) was greatly reduced in Z. bicolorata treated with neonicotinoids as compared with diamides. However, mean generation time (Tc), corrected generation time (τ) and the doubling time (DT) was prolonged in neonicotinoids followed by diamides. Furthermore, proportion of females was greatly reduced (0.43-0.48 females) in neonicotinoids as comparison to diamides (0.53-0.55 females) and control (0.67 females). On the basis of ecotoxicity trials, the tested neonicotinoids were highly toxic to Z. bicolorata than diamides. Therefore, diamide insecticides could be used with Z. bicolorata, however, for validation experimentation need to be done under natural field conditions.

DNA-Mediated Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Enzyme-Free Immunoassay.

A novel enzyme-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassay was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) based on the DNA-mediated nanoscale zirconium-porphyrin MOFs (NMOFs). By virtue of the intrinsic coordination between unsaturated zirconium sites of the NMOFs frameworks and phosphonate groups, the 5'-phosphorylared ss-DNA-tagged antibody (Ab-DNA) conjugate with a consecutive stretch of guanines as a spacer could be loaded on the NMOFs easily, obtaining a novel type of Ab-DNA-functionalized NMOFs complex. Additionally, as a photocathode PEC active nanomaterial, NMOFs exhibited a significant enhanced photocurrent response with the presence of dopamine under oxygen-containing aqueous media at -0.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, with the aid of the electrochemical grafting of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers functionalized interface, the novel type of Ab-DNA-NMOFs further served as a PEC signal nanoprobe for the ultrasensitive PSA immunoassay. Under optimal conditions, the corresponding immunosensor possessed a wide calibration range of 1 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 pg mL-1. This present work demonstrated the promising application of DNA-mediated NMOFs in developing highly sensitive, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective PEC biosensors.

Microelectrophoretic study of environmentally induced DNA damage in fish and its use for early toxicity screening of freshwater bodies.

This study investigates the potential of the comet and micronucleus assays of fish DNA as a means of screening the toxicity of aquatic environments. Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala collected from the River Chenab in Pakistan were used as a case study for the application of comet and micronucleus techniques. Comet and micronucleus assays were used to compare DNA damage in C. catla and C. mrigala collected from polluted areas of the River Chenab and farmed fish. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed an acute level of toxicity from Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Sn, and Hg in river water. Comet assay showed significant (p < 0.05) DNA damage in C. catla representing 17.33 ± 2.42, 11.53 ± 2.14, and 14.17% DNA in the comet tail, averaged from three sites of the polluted area of the river. Tail moment was observed as 10.06 ± 2.71, 3.11 ± 0.74, and 14.70 ± 1.89, while olive moment was 8.85 ± 1.84, 3.83 ± 0.76, and 7.11 ± 0.73, respectively. Highly significant (p < 0.01) damage was reported in C. mrigala as 37.29 ± 2.51, 34.96 ± 2.53, and 38.80 ± 2.42% DNA in comet tail, tail moment was 23.48 ± 3.90, 19.78 ± 4.26, and 14.30 ± 1.82, and olive moment was 16.22 ± 2.04, 13.83 ± 1.96, and10.99 ± 0.90. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in genotoxicity between farmed and polluted area fish. Micronucleus assay showed a similar picture of significant difference in respect to single and double micronucleus induction: i.e., 23.20 ± 4.19 and 2.80 ± 1.07‰ in C. catla and 44.80 ± 3.73 and 06.20 ± 0.97‰, respectively, in C. mrigala. Nuclear abnormalities were found as 6.00 ± 0.84 and 09.60 ± 1.72/thousand cells, respectively, in both species. The results of this study suggest that these novel fish DNA damage assays can be used as an expedient toxicity screening for aquatic environments.

Electrochemical hydrogen sulfide biosensors.

The measurement of sulfide, especially hydrogen sulfide, has held the attention of the analytical community due to its unique physiological and pathophysiological roles in biological systems. Electrochemical detection offers a rapid, highly sensitive, affordable, simple, and real-time technique to measure hydrogen sulfide concentration, which has been a well-documented and reliable method. This review details up-to-date research on the electrochemical detection of hydrogen sulfide (ion selective electrodes, polarographic hydrogen sulfide sensors, etc.) in biological samples for potential therapeutic use.

An Easily Fabricated Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Graphene-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Determination of Octopamine and Tyramine.

A simple electrochemical sensor has been developed for highly sensitive detection of octopamine and tyramine by electrodepositing reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) nanosheets onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrocatalytic oxidation of octopamine and tyramine is individually investigated at the surface of the ERGO modified glassy carbon electrode (ERGO/GCE) by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Several essential factors including the deposition cycle of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and the pH of the running buffer were investigated in order to determine the optimum conditions. Furthermore, the sensor was applied to the quantification of octopamine and tyramine by DPV in the concentration ranges from 0.5 to 40 µM and 0.1 to 25 µM, respectively. In addition, the limits of detection of octopamine and tyramine were calculated to be 0.1 µM and 0.03 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensor showed good reproducibility, selectivity and stability. Finally, the sensor successfully detected octopamine and tyramine in commercially available beer with satisfactory recovery ranges which were 98.5%-104.7% and 102.2%-103.1%, respectively. These results indicate the ERGO/GCE based sensor is suitable for the detection of octopamine and tyramine.

Sphingomonas sp. is a novel cell culture contaminant.

A novel contaminant was isolated from Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells. The organism was unable to grow on standard microbiological media by conventional techniques, but grew well in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) containing high glucose concentration. The organism formed a white biofilm on the bottom without any signs of turbidity. Upon genome sequence analysis of 16 S rDNA, the contaminant was identified as Sphingomonas sp. Shah, a member of the group α-Proteobacteria. Neutral red dye uptake method confirmed clear cytotoxic potential of the bacterium on A-549 cells. The organism was capable of invading and infecting different mammalian cell lines: MDBK, ZZ-R, 293-T, A549, and HeLa cells. Infected cells showed a variety of cytopathic effects including vacuolation at perinuclear area, cytoplasmic granulation and membrane blebbing. Microscopic analysis of the infected cells revealed the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles harboring motile organisms. Apparently local serum preparations seem to be the source of this contamination, which is imperceptibly passed on from one culture passage to the other and ultimately leading to serious cytopathic manifestations.

Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Amur Ide (Leuciscus waleckii) during Spawning Migration.

Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii), an important aquaculture species, inhabits neutral freshwater but can tolerate high salinity or alkalinity. As an extreme example, the population in Dali Nor lake inhabits alkalized soda water permanently, and migrates from alkaline water to neutral freshwater to spawn. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptome profiling study on the livers of Amur ide to interrogate the expression differences between the population that permanently inhabit freshwater in Ganggeng Nor lake (FW) and the spawning population that recently migrated from alkaline water into freshwater (SM). A total of 637,234,880 reads were generated, resulting in 53,440 assembled contigs that were used as reference sequences. Comparisons of these transcriptome files revealed 444 unigenes with significant differential expression (p-value ≤ 0.01, fold-change ≥ 2), including 246 genes that were up-regulated in SM and 198 genes that were up-regulated in FW. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the mTOR signaling pathway, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation were highly likely to affect physiological changes during spawning migration. Overall, this study demonstrates that transcriptome changes played a role in Amur ide spawning migration. These results provide a foundation for further analyses on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying Amur ide spawning migration.

Gene Expression Variations of Red-White Skin Coloration in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Teleosts have more types of chromatophores than other vertebrates and the genetic basis for pigmentation is highly conserved among vertebrates. Therefore, teleosts are important models to study the mechanism of pigmentation. Although functional genes and genetic variations of pigmentation have been studied, the mechanisms of different skin coloration remains poorly understood. The koi strain of common carp has various colors and patterns, making it a good model for studying the genetic basis of pigmentation. We performed RNA-sequencing for red skin and white skin and identified 62 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most of them were validated with RT-qPCR. The up-regulated DEGs in red skin were enriched in Kupffer's vesicle development while the up-regulated DEGs in white skin were involved in cytoskeletal protein binding, sarcomere organization and glycogen phosphorylase activity. The distinct enriched activity might be associated with different structures and functions in erythrophores and iridophores. The DNA methylation levels of two selected DEGs inversely correlated with gene expression, indicating the participation of DNA methylation in the coloration. This expression characterization of red-white skin along with the accompanying transcriptome-wide expression data will be a useful resource for further studies of pigment cell biology.

Health risks associated with pesticide residues in water, sediments and the muscle tissues of Catla catla at Head Balloki on the River Ravi.

A study of the levels of six pesticide residues (endosulfan, carbofuran, cypermethrin, profenofos, triazophos, and deltamethrin) was conducted to determine possible environmental and health risks in surface waters, sediment, and fish Catla catla. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The total concentration of pesticides in water, sediment, and fish ranged from 0.005 to 3.17 µg/l, 0.61 to 23.06 ng/g dry weight, and 0.35 to 19.15 µg/g lipid-normalized units, respectively. According to the concentrations and detection frequencies, endosulfan and profenofos were the most dominant pesticides recorded in fish tissue and sediment samples. Profenofos and cypermethrin, meanwhile, were the most abundant pesticides recorded in water samples at these sites. Cypermethrin and triazophos were not detected in the sediment samples. The concentration of endosulfan, carbofuran, and deltamethrin were higher than the permissible limits for fish set by international agencies and pose a potential ecological risk to the aquatic ecosystem and a consequent hazard to human health.

Isolation and characterization of collagen from fish waste material- skin, scales and fins of Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala.

The collagen of skin, scales and fins of Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala were isolated and characterised. Nine fishes of each fish species of three weight groups were collected from a commercial fish farm. Collagen characterisation using SDS-PAGE revealed the molecular weights (kDa) of the C. catla skin, scales, and fins which ranged from 120 to 210, 70 to 201, and 68 to 137 kDa, respectively. The size of the collagen of C. mrigala skin, scales and fins ranged from 114 to 201, 77 to 210, and 70 to 147 kDa, respectively. Glycine and alanine were the most abundant amino acid, whereas tryptophan was totally absent in all selected tissues. Thus, significant variation exists in type of collagen and amino acid profile within the weight groups of the two fish species. The imino acid (proline and hydroxyproline) contents estimated in C. catla and C. mrigala skin (161-165 and 160-168), scales (155-159 and 152-161) and fins (162-171 and (152-155) residues/1,000 residues, respectively. The proximate analysis was also performed for skin, scales and fins. The maximum protein content of the skin was determined as 26.10 % and 22.90 % in the C. catla and C. mrigala, respectively, from the W3 weight group. The scales of the W3 weight group exhibited maximum protein contents of 25.90 and 21.77 % for C. catla and C. mrigala, respectively. The maximum protein contents (19.04 % and 18.12 %) were recorded for C. catla and C. mrigala, respectively in the fins.

Fish cholinesterases as biomarkers of sublethal effects of organophosphorus and carbamates in tissues of Labeo rohita.

Organophosphates and carbamates are major agrochemicals that strongly affect different neuroenzymes and the growth of various fish species. Here, we study the effect of sublethal concentrations of profenofos and carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and the associated health risk in fish. Labeo rohita fingerlings were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of profenofos and carbofuran. The minimum cholinesterase activities in the brain, gills, muscle, kidney, liver, and blood were after exposure to profenofos (0.06 mg/L). The minimum AChE and BuChE activities in the brain, gills, muscle, kidney, liver, and blood were after exposure to carbofuran (0.28 and 0.198 mg/L). Exposure to both types of pesticides affected the functions of these organs, including metabolism and neurotransmission, to various extents at different exposure concentrations. These findings suggest that they are required to be properly monitored in the environment, to reduce their toxic effects on nontarget organisms.

Assessment of pesticide residues in flesh of Catla catla from Ravi River, Pakistan.

The levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, and cartap which were estimated in the flesh of Catla catla sampled from ten sites of Ravi River between its stretches from Shahdara to Head Balloki were studied to know the level of contamination of the selected pesticides by GC-ECD method. All fish samples were found contaminated with different concentrations of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran; however, DDT and DDE concentrations were more than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) about food standards, while endosulfan sulfate and cartap were not detected. Pesticide concentrations in the fish flesh were ranged from 3.240 to 3.389 for DDT, 2.290 to 2.460 for DDE, 0.112 to 0.136 for endosulfan, and 0.260 to 0.370 µg g(-1) for carbofuran. The findings revealed that the pesticide concentrations in the fish flesh decreased in the order: DDT > DDE > carbofuran > endosulfan. After Degh fall and After Hudiara nulla fall river sampling sites were found severely contaminated. It is proposed that a constant monitoring programs are needed to be initiated to overcome the present alarming situation.