Immunogenicity and Safety Following 1 Dose of AS01E-Adjuvanted Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Older Adults: A Phase 3 Trial.

BACKGROUND: The recently approved AS01E-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein-based vaccine for older adults (RSVPreF3 OA) demonstrated high efficacy against RSV-related disease in ≥60-year-olds. METHODS: This ongoing phase 3 study in ≥60-year-olds evaluates immune persistence until 3 years after RSVPreF3 OA vaccination. Here, we describe interim results on humoral and cell-mediated immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety until 1 year post-dose 1. RESULTS: In total, 1653 participants were vaccinated. One month post-dose 1, neutralization titers increased 10.5-fold (RSV-A) and 7.8-fold (RSV-B) vs pre-dose 1. Titers then declined to levels 4.4-fold (RSV-A) and 3.5-fold (RSV-B) above pre-dose 1 at month 6 and remained 3.1-fold (RSV-A) and 2.3-fold (RSV-B) above pre-dose 1 levels after 1 year. RSVPreF3-binding immunoglobulin G levels and CD4+ T-cell frequencies showed similar kinetics. Solicited administration-site and systemic adverse events (mostly mild to moderate and transient) were reported by 62.2% and 49.5% of participants. Serious adverse events were reported by 3.9% of participants within 6 months post-dose 1; 1 case was considered vaccine related. CONCLUSIONS: One RSVPreF3 OA dose elicited cell-mediated and RSV-A- and RSV-B-specific humoral immune responses that declined over time but remained above pre-dose 1 levels for at least 1 year. The vaccine was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04732871 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of illness and hospitalization in older adults. An RSV vaccine for older adults developed by GSK was recently approved. The vaccine was well tolerated and provided protection against RSV disease in adults aged ≥60 years during at least 1 RSV season. In this ongoing study, we are evaluating the magnitude and durability of the immune response, as well as vaccine safety, until 3 years after vaccination of adults aged ≥60 years from 5 countries. Here, we report the results of an interim analysis until 1 year after vaccination with 1 dose. In total, 1653 participants were vaccinated. We found that the vaccine induced a strong immune response that was evident 1 month after vaccination, after which it declined but persisted for at least 1 year. Study participants most often reported pain at the injection site, muscle pain, tiredness, and headache as adverse reactions, which were mostly mild to moderate and of short duration. One serious adverse reaction was considered related to the vaccine. The long-term immune response that was observed in this study is consistent with the vaccine providing protection during at least 1 RSV season.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine Is Efficacious in Older Adults With Underlying Medical Conditions.

BACKGROUND: Older adults with chronic cardiorespiratory or endocrine/metabolic conditions are at increased risk of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related acute respiratory illness (RSV-ARI) and severe respiratory disease. In an ongoing, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicountry, phase 3 trial in ≥60-year-old participants, an AS01E-adjuvanted RSV prefusion F protein-based vaccine (RSVPreF3 OA) was efficacious against RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease (RSV-LRTD), severe RSV-LRTD, and RSV-ARI. We evaluated efficacy and immunogenicity among participants with coexisting cardiorespiratory or endocrine/metabolic conditions that increase the risk of severe RSV disease ("conditions of interest"). METHODS: Medically stable ≥60-year-old participants received 1 dose of RSVPreF3 OA or placebo. Efficacy against first RSV-LRTD and RSV-ARI episodes was assessed in subgroups with/without coexisting cardiorespiratory or endocrine/metabolic conditions of interest. Immunogenicity was analyzed post hoc in these subgroups. RESULTS: In total, 12 467 participants received RSVPreF3 OA and 12 499 received placebo. Of these, 39.6% (RSVPreF3 OA) and 38.9% (placebo) had ≥1 coexisting condition of interest. The median efficacy follow-up was 6.7 months. Efficacy against RSV-LRTD was high in participants with ≥1 condition of interest (94.6%), ≥1 cardiorespiratory (92.1%), ≥1 endocrine/metabolic (100%), and ≥2 conditions of interest (92.0%). Efficacy against RSV-ARI was 81.0% in participants with ≥1 condition of interest (88.1% for cardiorespiratory, 79.4% for endocrine/metabolic conditions) and 88.0% in participants with ≥2 conditions of interest. Postvaccination neutralizing titers were at least as high in participants with ≥1 condition of interest as in those without. CONCLUSIONS: RSVPreF3 OA was efficacious against RSV-LRTD and RSV-ARI in older adults with coexisting medical conditions associated with an increased risk of severe RSV disease. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04886596.

AQP1 Promoter Variant, Water Transport, and Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Variability in ultrafiltration influences prescriptions and outcomes in patients with kidney failure who are treated with peritoneal dialysis. Variants in AQP1, the gene that encodes the archetypal water channel aquaporin-1, may contribute to that variability. METHODS: We gathered clinical and genetic data from 1851 patients treated with peritoneal dialysis in seven cohorts to determine whether AQP1 variants were associated with peritoneal ultrafiltration and with a risk of the composite of death or technique failure (i.e., transfer to hemodialysis). We performed studies in cells, mouse models, and samples obtained from humans to characterize an AQP1 variant and investigate mitigation strategies. RESULTS: The common AQP1 promoter variant rs2075574 was associated with peritoneal ultrafiltration. Carriers of the TT genotype at rs2075574 (10 to 16% of patients) had a lower mean (±SD) net ultrafiltration level than carriers of the CC genotype (35 to 47% of patients), both in the discovery phase (506±237 ml vs. 626±283 ml, P = 0.007) and in the validation phase (368±603 ml vs. 563±641 ml, P = 0.003). After a mean follow-up of 944 days, 139 of 898 patients (15%) had died and 280 (31%) had been transferred to hemodialysis. TT carriers had a higher risk of the composite of death or technique failure than CC carriers (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 2.33; P = 0.001), as well as a higher risk of death from any cause (24% vs. 15%, P = 0.03). In mechanistic studies, the rs2075574 risk variant was associated with decreases in AQP1 promoter activity, aquaporin-1 expression, and glucose-driven osmotic water transport. The use of a colloid osmotic agent mitigated the effects of the risk variant. CONCLUSIONS: A common variant in AQP1 was associated with decreased ultrafiltration and an increased risk of death or technique failure among patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. (Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and others.).

Invasive Neuromodulation as a Treatment for Tinnitus: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Although the prevalence and burden of tinnitus is high, none of the available tinnitus treatments has been proven to be effective for the majority of tinnitus patients so far. Neuromodulation is currently gaining more interest to explore as tinnitus treatment. Because noninvasive neuromodulation has been shown to be effective in some tinnitus patients in the short term, more invasive techniques have been applied with variable success and without clear clinical applicability. As new insights into the neuropathophysiology of tinnitus arise, it seems essential to recapitulate the current evidence of invasive neuromodulation for tinnitus, to assess the quality of the available studies and identify gaps in this research domain. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Clinical Trial Register. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Studies since 2005 that reported on adult human subjects with chronic subjective tinnitus, who underwent some form of invasive neuromodulation, were included. Quality evaluation was performed using the modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twenty-one studies were included. Studies were often of low quality due to low sample sizes, lack of controlled designs, or investigating tinnitus as a secondary indication of neuromodulation. Current research results provide insufficient evidence to generally recommend invasive neuromodulation as an alternative treatment alternative for intractable tinnitus, although some promising effects are mentioned. Further research must be encouraged to gain more insight in this treatment including optimization of the technique, and standardization of tinnitus evaluation in subgroups.

Ex vivo susceptibility to antimalarial drugs and polymorphisms in drug resistance genes of African Plasmodium falciparum, 2016-2023: a genotype-phenotype association study.

Background: Given the altered responses to both artemisinins and lumefantrine in Eastern Africa, monitoring antimalarial drug resistance in all African countries is paramount. Methods: We measured the susceptibility to six antimalarials using ex vivo growth inhibition assays (IC 50 ) for a total of 805 Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained from travelers returning to France (2016-2023), mainly from West and Central Africa. Isolates were sequenced using molecular inversion probes (MIPs) targeting fourteen drug resistance genes across the parasite genome. Findings: Ex vivo susceptibility to several drugs has significantly decreased in 2019-2023 versus 2016-2018 parasite samples: lumefantrine (median IC 50 : 23·0 nM [IQR: 14·4-35·1] in 2019-2023 versus 13·9 nM [8·42-21·7] in 2016-2018, p<0·0001), monodesethylamodiaquine (35·4 [21·2-51·1] versus 20·3 nM [15·4-33·1], p<0·0001), and marginally piperaquine (20·5 [16·5-26·2] versus 18.0 [14·2-22·4] nM, p<0·0001). Only four isolates carried a validated pfkelch13 mutation. Multiple mutations in pfcrt and one in pfmdr1 (N86Y) were significantly associated with altered susceptibility to multiple drugs. The susceptibility to lumefantrine was altered by pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutations in an additive manner, with the wild-type haplotype ( pfcrt K76- pfmdr1 N86) exhibiting the least susceptibility. Interpretation: Our study on P. falciparum isolates from West and Central Africa indicates a low prevalence of molecular markers of artemisinin resistance but a significant decrease in susceptibility to the partner drugs that have been the most widely used since a decade -lumefantrine and amodiaquine. These phenotypic changes likely mark parasite adaptation to sustained drug pressure and call for intensifying the monitoring of antimalarial drug resistance in Africa.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is associated with central and nephrogenic defects in osmoregulation.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with a urine-concentrating defect attributed to renal cystic changes. As PKD genes are expressed in the brain, altered central release of arginine vasopressin could also play a role. In order to help determine this we measured central and nephrogenic components of osmoregulation in 10 adults and 10 children with ADPKD, all with normal renal function, and compared them to 20 age- and gender-matched controls. Overnight water deprivation caused a lower rise in urine osmolality in the patients with ADPKD than controls, reflecting an impaired release of vasopressin and a peripheral defect in the patients. The reactivity of plasma vasopressin to water deprivation, as found in controls, was blunted in the patients with the latter showing lower urine osmolality for the same range of plasma vasopressin. The maximal urine osmolality correlated negatively with total kidney volume. Defective osmoregulation was confirmed in the children with ADPKD but was unrelated to number of renal cysts or kidney size. Thus, patients with ADPKD have an early defect in osmoregulation, with a blunted release of arginine vasopressin. This reflects expression of polycystins in hypothalamic nuclei that synthesize vasopressin, and this should be considered when evaluating treatments targeting the vasopressin pathway in ADPKD.

Progression of coronary artery calcification and thoracic aorta calcification in kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Vascular calcification independently predicts cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Longitudinal studies of vascular calcification in KTRs are few and small and have short follow-up. We assessed the evolution of coronary artery (CAC) and thoracic aorta calcification and their determinants in a cohort of prevalent KTRs. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: The Agatston score of coronary arteries and thoracic aorta was measured by 16-slice spiral computed tomography in 281 KTRs. PREDICTORS: Demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were recorded simultaneously. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: The Agatston score was measured again 3.5 or more years later. RESULTS: Repeated analyzable computed tomographic scans were available for 197 (70%) KTRs after 4.40 ± 0.28 years; they were not available for the rest of patients because of death (n = 40), atrial fibrillation (n = 1), other arrhythmias (n = 4), refusal (n = 35), or technical problems precluding confident calcium scoring (n = 4). CAC and aorta calcification scores increased significantly (by a median of 11% and 4% per year, respectively) during follow-up. By multivariable linear regression, higher baseline CAC score, history of cardiovascular event, use of a statin, and lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) level were independent determinants of CAC progression. Independent determinants of aorta calcification progression were higher baseline aorta calcification score, higher pulse pressure, use of a statin, older age, higher serum phosphate level, use of aspirin, and male sex. Significant regression of CAC or aorta calcification was not observed in this cohort. LIMITATIONS: Cohort of prevalent KTRs with potential survival bias; few patients with diabetes and nonwhites, limiting the generalizability of results. CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous small short-term studies, we show that vascular calcification progression is substantial within 4 years in prevalent KTRs and is associated with several traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors, some of which are modifiable.

The -174G/C variant of IL6 as risk factor for mortality and technique failure in a large cohort of peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Functional variants in the IL6 gene, in particular the -174G/C polymorphism (rs1800795), affect the mortality risk in dialysis patients. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients harbouring the C allele of the -174G/C polymorphism of IL6 showed faster peritoneal transport. The aim of this study was to investigate this IL6 variant as risk factor for mortality and technique failure in a large cohort of Caucasian PD patients. METHODS: A Dutch multicentre cohort of 398 incident PD patients (NECOSAD) was analysed. Survival analysis was performed for death and technique failure with a maximum follow-up of 5 years. A combined PD cohort from Amsterdam (Academic Medical Center, N = 71) and Brussels (Université catholique de Louvain Medical School, N = 102) was used for independent replication. RESULTS: In NECOSAD, 105 patients died on dialysis [incidence rate 10.3/100 person-years (py)], and 138 patients experienced technique failure (16.2/100 py), with peritonitis as important cause. Patients with the C/C genotype had a 71% increased mortality risk compared to patients with the G/G genotype (95% confidence interval 0.98-2.98); this effect was mainly a long-term effect: a 2.7-fold increased mortality risk was found in patients having survived 2 years since the start on dialysis, and a 1.7-fold increased risk for the combined end point (mortality or technique failure). In the combined replication cohort, no increased risks were found in patients with the C/C genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The C/C genotype of the -174G/C polymorphism was associated with an increased mortality risk in 398 Dutch incident PD patients. The existence of substantial differences between the two academic replication cohorts and the discovery cohort from NECOSAD and the limited power of these cohorts prevented an independent replication of the NECOSAD findings.

Risk factors for high-grade envenomations after French viper bites in children.

BACKGROUND: Viper bites and subsequent evolution to severe envenomations are more frequent in children. AIM: The aims of this study were to describe the clinical, biological, and therapeutic characteristics of children bitten by vipers in France and to identify risk factors associated with severe envenomations. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted between 2001 and 2009 in the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary-level children hospital. Collected data were age and sex of children; day and time of admission; day, time, and circumstances of the accident; snake identification; bite location; envenomation severity; presence of fang marks; prehospital care; use of specific immunotherapy and associated treatments; length of stay; and hospital course. RESULTS: Fifty-eight children were included (43 boys, 15 girls). The mean age was 7.8 ± 4.1 years. Bites were most often located on the lower extremities (77%). The classification of envenomation was: 83% low grade (absence or minor envenomation) and 17% high-grade (moderate to severe envenomations). All high-grade envenomations received specific immunotherapy (Viperfav). Being bitten on an upper extremity (P < 0.001), during the afternoon (P = 0.025), feeling violent pain (P = 0.037), and high initial glucose level (P = 0.016) were associated with a significant risk of high-grade envenomation. In the multivariate analysis, 3 factors remained significant: upper-extremity location (relative risk [RR], 60.5 [3.5-1040]; P = 0.005), immediate violent pain (RR, 21.5 [1.3-364.5]; P = 0.03), and female sex (RR, 17.5 [0.9-320.3]; P = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS: A certain number of criteria seem related to more significant risk of progression to high-grade envenomation. Bites to the upper extremities should be carefully observed because of the risk of evolution to a high-grade envenomation.

Immunogenicity of an adjuvanted 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in haemodialysed patients.

BACKGROUND: The 2009 pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) prompted an urgent worldwide vaccination campaign, especially of high-risk subjects, such as maintenance haemodialysis (HD) patients. Still the immunogenicity of the pandemic A (H1N1) vaccine in HD patients is unknown. METHODS: We prospectively studied the immunogenicity of a monovalent adjuvanted influenza A/California/2009 (H1N1) vaccine (Pandemrix, GSK Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) in HD patients and controls. Antibody level was measured using a seroneutralization assay before (D(0)) and 30 days after (D(30)) a single 3.75 µg vaccine dose. Specimens were tested in quadruplicates. Geometric mean (GM) antibody titers were determined in each subject at D(0) and D(30). Seroconversion was defined as an increase in GM titers by a factor 4 or more. RESULTS: Fifty-three adult HD patients [aged 71 ± 10, 58.5% males, on HD for a median of 38 (3 - 146) months] and 32 control subjects (aged 47.3 ± 14, 31.3% males) were analyzed. Baseline GM titers were similar in HD patients and controls [7.9 (6.6 - 9.6) vs 10 (6 - 17); p = 0.69]. Seroconversion was observed in 30 (93.8%) controls and 34 (64.2%) HD patients (p = 0.002). In addition, GM titers at D(30) were significantly higher in controls than in HD patients [373 (217 - 640) vs 75.5 (42.5 - 134); p = 0.001]. HD patients were significantly older than controls (p < 0.001) and more likely to be males (p = 0.02). However, by multivariate analysis, HD status [OR 0.13 (0.02-0.78), p = 0.03], but neither age [OR 0.99 (0.96 - 1.03); p = 0.7] nor male gender [OR 1.31 (0.45 - 3.85); p = 0.63] was independently associated with seroconversion. The vaccine was generally well tolerated by HD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Only 64% of chronic HD patients developed seroconversion after a single dose of adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) vaccine, a much lower rate than in controls (94%). These results underscore the substantial immunodeficiency associated with End-Stage Renal Disease. The persistence of protective antibodies as well as the effect of a booster dose remain to be investigated in HD patients.

The relation between hypomagnesaemia and vascular stiffness in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of outcome. Hypomagnesaemia, by its association with arterial hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidaemia and inflammation, might affect vascular stiffness. As hypomagnesaemia is common in renal transplant recipients (RTR), we examined its potential association with arterial stiffness. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis. Evaluation of vascular stiffness in 512 RTR from two university centres at a median of 72 months post-transplantation. Determination of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) (SphygmoCor). A multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the independent relationship between magnesium serum level and PWV with the following covariates: age, diabetes, smoking status, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate (HR), C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, parathyroid hormone and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, statins and calcineurin inhibitors next to their drug levels. RESULTS: Lower serum magnesium was independently associated with PWV (P = 0.018) in addition to age, CRP, HR, diabetes and mean arterial pressure (model R(2) = 0.45; P < 0.001). The relationship between magnesium and PWV was attenuated (P = 0.054) after adjustment for the use of sirolimus, which was associated with higher magnesium levels (P<0.001) and lower PWV (P = 0.013). In patients >55 years (median age), however (low), magnesium remained an independent predictor of PWV (P = 0.024) after accounting for the same covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Serum magnesium is an independent predictor of arterial stiffness in RTR, especially in patients >55 years.

Status epilepticus in a pediatric patient with amantadine overdose.

A 2-year-old boy who ingested 0.8-1.5 g of amantadine developed status epilepticus. One hour later, the child presented with agitation, diaphoresis, and vomiting. He was admitted to the pediatric emergency department 2 hours later. Generalized seizures evolved to status epilepticus, with alternating generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures, over a period of 7 hours. Other initial clinical signs were sinusal tachycardia and reactive bilateral mydriasis. All symptoms resolved within 20 hours, with a good recovery; the child was released from the hospital on day 3.

A transatlantic caterpillar.

BACKGROUND: Saddleback caterpillar sting has been very rarely reported in European countries. We report a French case of a stung toddler. CASE: A 2-year-old girl was brought to the pediatric emergency department after being stung by a caterpillar in a furniture store. The emergency department physical examination revealed an inflammatory edema of the stung finger, normal vital signs, and no fever. Three hours after presentation, she was discharged with local ointment prescription. The caterpillar brought in by the parents was unusual compared to common French caterpillar species. The regional poison center was unable to identify it. With the help of the Internet, we succeeded in its identification as a saddleback caterpillar. Tracing its transatlantic importation was the most difficult. CONCLUSIONS: Saddleback caterpillars can be imported to France and carried across the Atlantic Ocean on house or garden plants especially Areca trees. French garden store owners should be informed about this risk and should check and treat host plants (especially Areca trees) at the arrival time.

Immunogenicity and safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine co-administered with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults ≥50 years of age: A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated immunogenicity and safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) when the first dose was co-administered with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) in adults aged ≥50 years. METHODS: In this open label, multi-center study (NCT02045836), participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either the first dose of RZV and PPSV23, co-administered at Day 0 and the second dose of RZV at Month 2 (Co-Ad group), or PPSV23 at Day 0, the first dose of RZV at Month 2 and second dose of RZV at Month 4 (Control group). Co-primary objectives were the RZV vaccine response rate (VRR) in the Co-Ad group and the non-inferiority of the antibody responses to RZV and PPSV23 in the Co-Ad group compared to the Control group. Reactogenicity and safety were also assessed. RESULTS: 865 participants were vaccinated (Co-Ad: 432, Control: 433). VRRs to RZV were >98% in both groups. Humoral immune responses to co-administration of RZV and PPSV23 were non-inferior to sequential administration. All three co-primary immunogenicity objectives were met. Solicited local symptoms after the first RZV dose were reported by similar percentages of participants in both groups. Solicited general symptoms were more frequently reported when the first dose of RZV and PPSV23 were co-administered. No differences were apparent between groups after the second RZV dose. CONCLUSIONS: No immunologic interference was observed between RZV and PPSV23 when co-administered in adults ≥50 years. No safety concerns were raised.

Association studies of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) polymorphisms with serum concentrations of glucose and phosphate, and vascular calcification in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and linked to arterial calcification. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein coupled receptor, plays a pivotal role in extracellular calcium homeostasis and is expressed in the intimal and medial layers of the arterial wall. We investigated whether common CASR gene variants are predictors for aortic and coronary artery calcification or influence risk factors such as serum calcium, phosphate and glucose concentrations in RTRs. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty four RTRs were investigated for associations between three CASR promoter region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs115759455, rs7652589, rs1501899), three non-synonymous CASR coding region SNPs (A986S, R990G, Q1011E), and aortic and coronary artery calcium mass scores, cardiovascular outcomes and calcification risk factors that included serum phosphate, calcium, total cholesterol and glucose concentrations. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed that RTRs homozygous for the minor allele (SS) of the A986S SNP, when compared to those homozygous for the major allele (AA), had raised serum glucose concentrations (8.7±5.4 vs. 5.7±2.1 mmol/L, P<0.05). In addition, RTRs who were heterozygous (CT) at the rs115759455 SNP, when compared to those homozygous for the major allele (CC), had higher serum phosphate concentrations (1.1±0.3 vs. 1.0±0.2 mmol/L, P<0.05). CASR SNPs were not significant determinants for aortic or coronary artery calcification, and were not associated with cardiovascular outcomes or mortality in this RTR cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Common CASR SNPs may be independent predictors of serum glucose and phosphate concentrations, but are not determinants of vascular calcification or cardiovascular outcomes.

Proton-pump inhibitors do not influence serum magnesium levels in renal transplant recipients.

Severe hypomagnesemia has been reported with use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). We assessed the effect, if any, of PPI use on serum magnesium level in a cross-sectional analysis of a large published cohort of renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Between February 2004 and February 2006, 512 consecutive prevalent RTRs were enrolled at two university hospitals in Belgium (Brussels and Ghent). Serum creatinine was 1.5 ± 0.7 mg/dl, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 53 ± 19 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Mean (and median) magnesium level was 1.91 ± 0.23 mg/dl. PPIs were prescribed in 20 % (n = 101) of cases. At multivariable analysis, PPI use was not an independent predictor of serum magnesium level or hypomagnesemia. The independent predictors of a lower serum magnesium level were the use of tacrolimus, cyclosporin and sirolimus, the absence of use of mycophenolate mofetil, lower levels of parathyroid hormone and higher eGFR. This study is the first to analyze the potential impact of PPIs on magnesium level in a large, representative cohort of RTR patients. Our results suggest that PPIs may be used without particular fear of favoring hypomagnesemia-related side effects in RTRs, an important finding in a population at high risk of hypomagnesemia.

Significant rate of hepatitis B reactivation following kidney transplantation in patients with resolved infection.

BACKGROUND: Limited data is available on the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients with resolved infection undergoing kidney transplantation. It is generally thought that this risk is negligible. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of HBV reactivation in such patients, and the potential risk factors for reactivation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study including 93 patients transplanted with a kidney between 1995 and 2007 who had evidence of resolved HBV infection (HBsAg negative, anti-HBc positive, anti-HBs positive or negative, and normal liver enzymes). HBV reactivation was defined as HBsAg reversion with HBV DNA>2000 IU/mL. RESULTS: Six patients experienced HBsAg reversion followed by HBV reactivation, 3 within the first post-transplant year. Immunosuppression regimen was similar in patients with and without reactivation. Among patients with reactivation only one was positive for anti-HBs antibodies at time of transplantation; these were progressively lost before reactivation. The odds ratio for reactivation in patients without anti-HBs antibodies at transplantation compared to those with anti-HBs antibodies was 26 (95% CI [2.8-240.5], p=0.0012). In patients with anti-HBs antibody titer above 100 IU/L, no reactivation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Reactivation rate of resolved hepatitis B is not negligible in patients without anti-HBs antibodies at transplantation. We suggest monitoring of liver tests and HBV serology including HBsAg and anti-HBs antibodies after transplantation as well as vaccination pre- and post-transplantation in all patients, including those with resolved hepatitis B, aiming at maintaining anti-HBs antibody level above 100 IU/L.

Serotonin syndrome induced by tramadol intoxication in an 8-month-old infant.

Severe cases of pediatric tramadol intoxication are rarely reported. We report on serotonin syndrome after tramadol intoxication. An 8-month-old girl developed extreme agitation after accidentally ingesting a tablet of her father's medication (Monocrixo LP (Thérabel Lucien Pharma, Levallois Perret, France), 200 mg tramadol). Unable to sleep, she was admitted the next morning to our Pediatric Emergency Department after an episode of epistaxis. Vital signs were significant for sinus tachycardia and a neurologic examination revealed intermediately reactive pupils, agitation alternating with drowsiness with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 10, and increased lower-limb reflexes. Within 24 hours, she developed hyperthermia and high blood pressure. She did not experience seizures. Neurologic and cardiovascular effects resolved on day 2. Tramadol serum plasma levels confirmed the intoxication (680 µg/L). She was discharged on day 5 with no sequelae. Serotonin syndrome was described in adults when tramadol was associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in contexts of therapy or intoxication. Our patient developed moderate serotonin syndrome. The clinical presentation was unusual compared with previous pediatric cases of tramadol intoxication, in which opioid effects and seizures were usually predominant. This case illustrates that serotonin syndrome can occur in children intoxicated with tramadol.

Aortic stiffness and central wave reflections predict outcome in renal transplant recipients.

Although renal transplantation improves survival, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain significantly elevated compared with nonrenal populations. The negative impact of traditional, uremia-related, and transplantation-related risk factors in this process remains, however, largely unexplored. Surrogate markers such as aortic stiffness and central wave reflections may lead to more accurate cardiovascular risk stratification, but outcome data in renal transplant recipients are scarce. We aimed to establish the prognostic significance of these markers for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in renal transplant recipients. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, central augmentation pressure, and central augmentation index were measured in a cohort of 512 renal transplant recipients using the SphygmoCor system. After a mean follow-up of 5 years, 20 fatal and 75 nonfatal cardiovascular events were recorded. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve for predicting cardiovascular events was 0.718 (95% CI 0.659-0.776) for pulse wave velocity, 0.670 (95% CI 0.604-0.736) for central augmentation pressure, and 0.595 (95% CI 0.529-0.660) for central augmentation index. When we accounted for age, gender, and C-reactive protein in Cox-regression analysis, pulse wave velocity (hazard ratio: 1.349 per 1 SD increase; 95% CI 1.104-1.649; P=0.003) and central augmentation pressure (hazard ratio: 1.487 per 1 SD increase; 95% CI 1.219-1.814; P<0.001) remained independent predictors of outcome. Aortic stiffness and increased wave reflections are independent predictors of cardiovascular events in renal transplant recipients. As single parameter of wave reflection, central augmentation pressure was better than central augmentation index. Combined measurement of pulse wave velocity and central augmentation pressure may contribute to an accurate cardiovascular risk estimation in this heterogeneous population.