ABSTRACT
Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease seek to correct for defective cholinergic transmission by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, these however have limited clinical efficacy. An alternative approach is to directly activate cholinergic receptors responsible for learning and memory. The M1-muscarinic acetylcholine (M1) receptor is the target of choice but has been hampered by adverse effects. Here we aimed to design the drug properties needed for a well-tolerated M1-agonist with the potential to alleviate cognitive loss by taking a stepwise translational approach from atomic structure, cell/tissue-based assays, evaluation in preclinical species, clinical safety testing, and finally establishing activity in memory centers in humans. Through this approach, we rationally designed the optimal properties, including selectivity and partial agonism, into HTL9936-a potential candidate for the treatment of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. More broadly, this demonstrates a strategy for targeting difficult GPCR targets from structure to clinic.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Drug Design , Receptor, Muscarinic M1/agonists , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging/pathology , Alzheimer Disease/complications , Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , CHO Cells , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Cricetulus , Crystallization , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Donepezil/pharmacology , Electroencephalography , Female , HEK293 Cells , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Models, Molecular , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Nerve Degeneration/complications , Nerve Degeneration/pathology , Primates , Rats , Receptor, Muscarinic M1/chemistry , Signal Transduction , Structural Homology, ProteinABSTRACT
We report on a combined activation mechanism for a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the glucagon receptor. By computing the conformational free-energy landscape associated with the activation of the receptor-agonist complex and comparing it with that obtained with the ternary complex (receptor-agonist-G protein) we show that the agonist stabilizes the receptor in a preactivated complex, which is then fully activated upon binding of the G protein. The proposed mechanism contrasts with the generally assumed GPCR activation mechanism, which proceeds through an opening of the intracellular region allosterically elicited by the binding of the agonist. The mechanism found here is consistent with electron cryo-microscopy structural data and might be general for class B GPCRs. It also helps us to understand the mode of action of the numerous allosteric antagonists of this important drug target.
Subject(s)
GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Protein Domains , Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism , Allosteric Regulation , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Glucagon/analogs & derivatives , Glucagon/metabolism , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Adenosine receptors are involved in many pathological conditions and are thus promising drug targets. However, developing drugs that target this GPCR subfamily is a challenging task. A number of drug candidates fail due to lack of selectivity which results in unwanted side effects. The extensive structural similarity of adenosine receptors complicates the design of selective ligands. The problem of selective targeting is a general concern in GPCRs, and in this respect adenosine receptors are a prototypical example. Here we use enhanced sampling simulations to decipher the determinants of selectivity of ligands in A2a and A1 adenosine receptors. Our model shows how small differences in the binding pocket and in the water network around the ligand can be leveraged to achieve selectivity.
Subject(s)
Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Ligands , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
The recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection worldwide make the discovery of novel antivirals against flaviviruses a research priority. This work describes the identification of novel inhibitors of ZIKV through a structure-based virtual screening approach using the ZIKV NS5-MTase. A novel series of molecules with a carbazoyl-aryl-urea structure has been discovered and a library of analogues has been synthesized. The new compounds inhibit ZIKV MTase with IC50 between 23-48â µM. In addition, carbazoyl-aryl-ureas also proved to inhibit ZIKV replication activity at micromolar concentration.