ABSTRACT
The ability of HIV to integrate into the host genome and establish latent reservoirs is the main hurdle preventing an HIV cure. LEDGINs are small-molecule integrase inhibitors that target the binding pocket of LEDGF/p75, a cellular cofactor that substantially contributes to HIV integration site selection. They are potent antivirals that inhibit HIV integration and maturation. In addition, they retarget residual integrants away from transcription units and towards a more repressive chromatin environment. As a result, treatment with the LEDGIN CX14442 yielded residual provirus that proved more latent and more refractory to reactivation, supporting the use of LEDGINs as research tools to study HIV latency and a functional cure strategy. In this study we compared GS-9822, a potent, pre-clinical lead compound, with CX14442 with respect to antiviral potency, integration site selection, latency and reactivation. GS-9822 was more potent than CX14442 in most assays. For the first time, the combined effects on viral replication, integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction, integration sites, epigenetic landscape, immediate latency and latency reversal was demonstrated at nanomolar concentrations achievable in the clinic. GS-9822 profiles as a preclinical candidate for future functional cure research.
ABSTRACT
A series of N1-alkyl pyrimidinediones were designed, synthesized and evaluated as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Our efforts identified compound 10b, which represents the lead compound in this series with pharmacokinetics and antiviral potency that may support once-daily dosing.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry , Pyrimidinones/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Thymine/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism , Humans , Microsomes/metabolism , Pyrimidinones/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidinones/pharmacokinetics , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thymine/chemical synthesis , Thymine/chemistry , Thymine/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
A series of N1-heterocyclic pyrimidinediones were extensively evaluated as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Inhibitor 1 is active against NNRTI-resistant viruses including RT mutant K103N. The co-crystal structure of inhibitor 1 with HIV-1 RT revealed that H-bonds are formed with K101 and K103. Efforts to improve the suboptimal pharmacokinetic profile of 1 resulted in the discovery of compound 13, which represents the lead compound in this series with improved pharmacokinetics and similar potency as inhibitor 1.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/antagonists & inhibitors , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Pyrimidinones/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Thymine/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Microsomes/metabolism , Mutant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Mutant Proteins/metabolism , Pyrimidinones/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidinones/pharmacokinetics , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thymine/chemical synthesis , Thymine/chemistry , Thymine/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
A novel series of HCV replication inhibitors based on a pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine core were optimized for pharmacokinetics (PK) in rats. Several associations between physicochemical properties and PK were identified and exploited to guide the design of compounds. In addition, a simple new metric that may aid in the prediction of bioavailability for compounds with higher polar surface area is described (3*HBD-cLogP).
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Fucose/analogs & derivatives , Fucosyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Chelating Agents , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Fucose/chemical synthesis , Fucose/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiazoles/chemistry , Thiazoles/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Potent inhibitors of fucosyltransferases, and glycosyltransferases in general, have been elusive due to the inherent barriers surrounding the family of glycosyltransfer reactions. The problems of weak substrate affinity and low catalytic proficiency of fucosyltransferase was offset by recruiting additional binding features, in this case hydrophobic interactions, to produce a high affinity inhibitor, 24, with Ki = 62 nM. The molecule was identified from a GDP-triazole library of 85 compounds, which was produced by the Cu(I)-catalyzed [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction between azide and acetylene reactants, followed by in situ screening without product isolation.