ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Adverse environmental conditions during intrauterine life, known as fetal programming, significantly contribute to the development of diseases in adulthood. Fetal programming induced by factors like maternal undernutrition leads to low birth weight and increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS: We studied a rat model of maternal undernutrition during gestation (MUN) to investigate gene expression changes in cardiac tissue using RNA-sequencing of day 0-1 litters. Moreover, we analyzed the impact of lactation at day 21, in MUN model and cross-fostering experiments, on cardiac structure and function assessed by transthoracic echocardiography, and gene expression changes though qPCR. RESULTS: Our analysis identified specific genes with altered expression in MUN rats at birth. Two of them, Agt and Pparg, stand out for being associated with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. At the end of the lactation period, MUN males showed increased expression of Agt and decreased expression of Pparg, correlating with cardiac hypertrophy. Cross-fostering experiments revealed that lactation with control breastmilk mitigated these expression changes reducing cardiac hypertrophy in MUN males. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the interplay between fetal programming, gene expression, and cardiac hypertrophy suggesting that lactation period is a potential intervention window to mitigate the effects of fetal programming. IMPACT: Heart remodeling involves the alteration of several groups of genes and lactation period plays a key role in establishing gene expression modification caused by fetal programming. We could identify expression changes of relevant genes in cardiac tissue induced by undernutrition during fetal life. We expose the contribution of the lactation period in modulating the expression of Agt and Pparg, relevant genes associated with cardiac hypertrophy. This evidence reveal lactation as a crucial intervention window for preventing or countering fetal programming.
Subject(s)
Cardiomegaly , Fetal Development , Lactation , Malnutrition , Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Male , Cardiomegaly/genetics , Cardiomegaly/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , PPAR gamma/metabolism , PPAR gamma/genetics , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Chronic stress by immobilization during pregnancy may cause alterations in mechanisms maintaining homeostasis in the adrenal gland. The objective of this study was to quantify cellular proliferation index in the adrenal cortex during pregnancy second half and assess the effects of chronic stress on it. Adrenal cortex proliferation index in stressed rats showed a significant decrease at 12 and 17 days of gestation, while at day 21 it did not show differences with the control treatments. Moreover, proliferation index of reticular zones in control and experimental rats, exhibited a significant reduction in comparison to glomerular and fascicular zones of adrenal cortex during the three gestation days studied. In conclusion, chronic stress by immobilization produces a decrease in cellular proliferation index at 12 and 17 gestation days, which may be related to changes in plasmatic concentrations of corticosterone and prolactin and, to the reduction of specific growth factors. Furthermore, the observed proliferation diminishment in reticular zone regarding the other cortical zones would be consistent with the migration theory of adrenal cells.
El estrés crónico por inmovilización durante la gestación puede provocar alteraciones de los mecanismos que mantienen la homeostasis en la glándula adrenal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar el índice de proliferación en la corteza adrenal durante la segunda mitad de la gestación y comprobar los efectos que produce el estrés crónico sobre el mismo. El índice de proliferación en la corteza adrenal de ratas estresadas presentó una disminución significativa a los 12 y 17 días de gestación, mientras que en el día 21 no presentó modificaciones con respecto a sus controles. Por otro lado, el índice de proliferación de la zona reticular en ratas controles y experimentales, presentó una disminución significativa con respecto a las zonas glomerular y fascicular de la corteza adrenal en los tres días de la gestación estudiados. Se puede concluir que el estrés crónico por inmovilización produce disminución del índice de proliferación celular a los 12 y 17 días de la gestación que podría estar en relación con las variaciones de las concentraciones plasmáticas de corticosterona, prolactina, y con la disminución de factores de crecimiento específicos. Asimismo, la disminución de la proliferación en la zona reticular en relación con las otras zonas corticales estaría en concordancia con la teoría de la migración celular adrenal.