Nanoliposomes in Cancer Therapy: Marketed Products and Current Clinical Trials.

The drugs used for cancer treatment have many drawbacks, as they damage both tumor and healthy cells and, in addition, they tend to be poorly soluble drugs. Their transport in nanoparticles can solve these problems as these can release the drug into tumor tissues, as well as improve their solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy, reducing their adverse effects. This article focuses on the advantages that nanotechnology can bring to medicine, with special emphasis on nanoliposomes. For this, a review has been made of the nanoliposomal systems marketed for the treatment of cancer, as well as those that are in the research phase, highlighting the clinical trials being carried out. All marketed liposomes studied are intravenously administered, showing a reduced intensity of side-effects compared with the nonliposomal form. Doxorubicin is the active ingredient most frequently employed. Ongoing clinical trials expand the availability of liposomal medicines with new clinical indications. In conclusion, the introduction of drugs in nanoliposomes means an improvement in their efficacy and the quality of life of patients. The future focus of research could be directed to develop multifunctional targeted nanoliposomes using new anticancer drugs, different types of existing drugs, or new standardized methodologies easily translated into industrial scale.

A novel lidocaine hydrochloride mucoadhesive films for periodontal diseases.

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory disorders caused primarily by dental plaque microorganisms that even may need surgery to remove damaged tissue. Adhesive biocompatible films may be an adequate form in order to improve drug retention or prevent microbial infections by covering the surgical site. In recent years, much attention has been focused on biocompatible inexpensive polymers, for biomedical and pharmaceutical potential applications. The objective of this research is the development of a film for mucosal application containing lidocaine hydrochloride (5%, w/w) as anesthetic drug. Lidocaine films were prepared with three biopolymers: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), chitosan (CH), or xanthan gum (XG). Their thickness and uniformity content were characterized. Rheological behavior of the hydrated films was studied using flow curves, creep and recovery tests and dynamic oscillatory measurements with a rheometer. The mucoadhesive assays were carried out with cheeks of Wistar rat using a universal tensile tester to know their adhesiveness. Finally, lidocaine delivery through the films was investigated in Franz cells. All films (n = 3 for each polymer) showed flexibility, a drug content of 0.015 ± 0.001 g/cm2 and a thickness of 0.25 ± 0.01 mm. The results of the maximum detachment force in tensile tests and work adhesion indicated that XG is the polymer that showed greater power of mucoadhesion (p < 0.05). These properties show a good correlation with the rheological characteristics. In all cases, the lidocaine amount released at 30 min is around 4 mg/cm2. This amount could be considered sufficient to guarantee the anesthetic effect.

A preclinical study to model taurine pharmokinetics in the undernourished rat.

Malnutrition is a common feature of chronic and acute diseases, often associated with a poor prognosis, including worsening of clinical outcome, owing, among other factors, to dysfunction of the most internal organs and systems affecting the absorption, metabolism and elimination of drugs and nutrients. Taurine is involved in numerous biological processes and is required in increased amounts in response to pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the behaviour of taurine in well-nourished (WN) rats and to analyse the influence of protein-energy undernutrition on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of taurine, using a PK model. Wistar rats were randomly distributed into two groups, WN and undernourished (UN), and taurine was administered intravenously or orally at different doses: 1, 10 and 100 mg. Population pharmacokinetic modelling of plasma levels was performed using the NONMEM 7.2 program. Several distribution and absorption models were explored in combination with dose and/or time covariate effects. Covariates such as nutritional status, serum albumin, body weight and score of undernutrition were used. A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model with zero-order endogenous formation, passive absorption, first-order kinetics distribution and non-linear elimination with parallel Michaelis-Menten excretion and reabsorption processes best described taurine pharmacokinetics. Undernutrition acted as a covariate reducing the V max of the active elimination process. Data analysis showed linear absorption and distribution, and non-linear elimination processes for taurine. Elimination of taurine was reduced in UN animals, suggesting that the reabsorption process via the secretion transporter was modified in that group.

Nanodesign of new self-assembling core-shell gellan-transfersomes loading baicalin and in vivo evaluation of repair response in skin.

Gellan nanohydrogel and phospholipid vesicles were combined to incorporate baicalin in new self-assembling core-shell gellan-transfersomes obtained by an easy, scalable method. The vesicles were small in size (~107 nm) and monodispersed (P.I. ≤ 0.24), forming a viscous system (~24 mPa/s) as compared to transfersomes (~1.6 mPa/s), as confirmed by rheological studies. Gellan was anchored to the bilayer domains through cholesterol, and the polymer chains were distributed onto the outer surface of the bilayer, thus forming a core-shell structure, as suggested by SAXS analyses. The optimal carrier ability of core-shell gellan-transfersomes was established by the high deposition of baicalin in the skin (~11% in the whole skin), especially in the deeper tissue (~8% in the dermis). Moreover, their ability to improve baicalin efficacy in anti-inflammatory and skin repair tests was confirmed in vivo in mice, providing the complete skin restoration and inhibiting all the studied inflammatory markers.

Impact of Undernutrition on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anticancer Drugs: A Literature Review.

The etiology of undernourishment in cancer patients is multifactorial: tumor-related mechanisms (such as obstruction, metabolic abnormalities, and functionality changes) in addition to the influence of anticancer therapies, which can induce or worsen undernutrition. The evident role of undernutrition in cancer treatment outcomes suggests the need of considering nutritional status when evaluating anticancer drugs. In order to merge the available data and offer researchers and clinicians a global view of this phenomenon, the present manuscript reviews on a drug-by-drug basis the undernutrition-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of anticancer treatments. This review notes interesting trends in the relationship between undernourishment and pharmacokinetics across studies, and indicates that dosing modifications of these drugs may be necessary to optimize chemotherapeutic treatments. Furthermore, this review has compiled evidence regarding undernourishment's capacity of enhancing treatment-related myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, and malignancies.

Levofloxacin effect on erlotinib absorption. Evaluation of the interaction in undernutrition situations through population pharmacokinetic analysis in rats.

The main objective of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic model in order to describe the intestinal absorption of erlotinib in rat and to quantify the interaction of levofloxacin on this process in well- and under-nourished rats. Absorption studies were performed in male Wistar rats. Concentration-time profiles in proximal and distal intestine were analysed through non-linear mixed effect modelling using the NONMEM software version 7.3. Simulations were performed in order to explore the influence of covariates on the apparent absorption rate constant. A passive absorption and an active secretion process best-described erlotinib absorption from lumen to enterocyte. The developed model indicates that levofloxacin exerts an inhibition on erlotinib efflux transporters of the gut epithelium. Undernourishment proved to significantly decrease the maximum capacity of the secretion process. Simulations evidenced that erlotinib absorption only takes place at high enough drug concentrations to overcome the effect of efflux transporters. On the other hand, when levofloxacin is present in the intestinal lumen of undernourished rats, erlotinib drug absorption takes place even at low erlotinib concentrations. In the clinical setting, this interaction may result in increased exposure to erlotinib, especially in undernourished cancer patients. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of ethanol and diclofenac on the organization of hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles and their ability as skin carriers.

In this study, the effects of ethanol and/or diclofenac on vesicle bilayer structure have been studied. Liposomes with hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and two different concentrations of diclofenac sodium (5 and 10 mg/ml) were obtained. In addition, ethanol was mixed in the water phase at different concentrations (5, 10 and 20 % v/v) to obtain ethosomes. To characterize vesicles, rehological analysis were carried out to investigate the intervesicle interactions, while bilayer structure was evaluated by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Finally, the ethanol and/or diclofenac concentration-dependent ability to improve diclofenac skin delivery was evaluated in vitro. The addition of 20 % ethanol and/or diclofenac led to solid-like ethosome dispersion due to the formation of a new intervesicle structure, as previously found in transcutol containing vesicle dispersions. However, when using 5-10 % of ethanol the induction to form vesicle interconnections was less evident but the simultaneous presence of the drug at the highest concentration facilitated this phenomenon. Ethosomes containing the highest amount of both, drug (10 mg/ml) and ethanol (20 % v/v), improved the drug deposition in the skin strata and in the receptor fluid up to 1.5-fold, relative to liposomes. Moreover this solid-like formulation can easily overcome drawbacks of traditional liquid liposome formulations which undergo a substantial loss at the application site.

Study of the Influence of Bone Cement Type and Mixing Method on the Bioactivity and the Elution Kinetics of Ciprofloxacin.

The objectives of this study were to examine ciprofloxacin release from three trademarks of bone cements (Simplex®, Lima® and Palacos®) and its bioactivity using as variables, the mixing method, the chemical form of the antibiotic and the antibiotic combination. The antibiotic amount released in base form represents 35% of antibiotic amount released when hydrochloride form is incorporated. Moreover, the combination (vancomycin and ciprofloxacin) shows a stronger release (132%) than hydrochloride ciprofloxacin alone. Three cements show equal drug release profile (P > 0.05). A bioactivity simulation exercise showed that until 72 hours post-surgery, ciprofloxacin concentrations in the implant would be higher than 0.1 µg/mL in 100% of the patients. After drain removal, it is expected that bioactivity would increase since drug clearance from implant would decrease.

Chitosan-xanthan gum microparticle-based oral tablet for colon-targeted and sustained delivery of quercetin.

CONTEXT: Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonoid with antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, poorly absorbed when orally administered. OBJECTIVES: To prepare chitosan/xanthan gum microparticles to increase QUE oral bioavailability and optimize its release in the colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chitosan/xanthan gum hydrogel embedding QUE was spray-dried to obtain microparticles characterized by size, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Microparticles were compressed into tablets, coated with Eudragit® to further prevent degradation in acidic pH. The swelling degree and QUE release in simulated gastric and intestinal pH were investigated. RESULTS: Microparticles were smooth and spherical, around 5 µm, with successful QUE loading. Microparticle tablets provided resistance to acidic conditions, allowing complete drug release in alkaline pH, mimicking colonic environment. The release was controlled by non-Fickian diffusion of the dissolved drug out of the swollen polymeric tablet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Microparticle tablets represent a promising dosage form for QUE delivery to the colon in the oral therapy of inflammatory-based disorders.

A New Hyaluronic Emulgel of Hesperetin for Topical Application-An In Vitro Evaluation.

The present study aimed to formulate and characterize a hesperetin formulation to achieve adequate deposition and retention of hesperetin in the epidermis as a target for some cosmetic/dermatological actions. To derive the final emulgel, various formulations incorporating different proportions of Polysorbate 80 and hyaluronic acid underwent testing through a Box-Behnken experimental design. Nine formulations were created until the targeted emulgel properties were achieved. This systematic approach, following the principles of a design of experiment (DoE) methodology, adheres to a quality-by-design (QbD) paradigm, ensuring a robust and purposeful formulation and highlighting the commitment to a quality-driven design approach. The emulsions were developed using the phase inversion method, optimizing the emulgel with the incorporation of hyaluronic acid. Physically stable optimized emulgels were evaluated for their globule size, surface charge, viscosity, pH, electrical conductivity, and hesperetin content. These assays, along with the temperature swing test, were used to select the optimal formulation. It was characterized by a droplet size, d[4,3], of 4.02 µm, a Z-potential of -27.8 mV, an O/W sign, a pH of 5.2, and a creamy texture and proved to be stable for at least 2 months at room temperature. Additionally, in vitro release kinetics from the selected emulgel exhibited a sustained release profile of hesperetin. Skin assays revealed adequate retention of hesperetin in the human epidermis with minimum permeation. Altogether, these results corroborate the promising future of the proposed emulgel in cosmetic or dermatological use on healthy or diseased skin.

Beclomethasone loaded liposomes enriched with mucin: A suitable approach for the control of skin disorders.

Inflammatory skin disorders are the fourth leading cause of chronic non-fatal conditions, which have a serious impact on the patient quality of life. Due to their treatment with conventional corticosteroids, which often result in poor therapeutic efficacy, relapses and systemic side effects from prolonged therapy, these diseases represent a global burden that negatively impacts the global economy. To avoid these problems and optimize corticosteroid benefits, beclomethasone was loaded into liposome formulations specifically tailored for skin delivery. These formulations were enhanced with mucin (0.1 and 0.5 % w/v) to further ensure prolonged formulation permanence at the site of application. The addition of 0.5 % w/v mucin resulted in the formation of small unilamellar vesicles and multicompartment vesicles. Liposomes and 1mucin-liposomes were smaller (∼48 and ∼61 nm, respectively) and more monodispersed (PI ∼ 0.14 and ∼ 0.17, respectively) than 5mucin-liposomes, which were larger (∼137 nm), slightly polydispersed (PI ∼ 0.23), and less stable during storage (4 months in the dark at 25 °C). Liposomes were negatively charged (∼ -79 mV) irrespective of their composition, and capable of incorporating high amount of beclomethasone (∼ 80 %). In vitro studies on skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes confirmed the high biocompatibility of all formulations (viability ≥ 95 %). However, the use of mucin-liposomes resulted in higher efficacy against nitric oxide production and free radical damage. Finally, topical applications using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-injured skin in vivo experiments showed that only the mucin-enriched formulations could restore healthy conditions within 4 days, underscoring promise as a treatment for skin disorders.

From Field to Waste Valorization: A Preliminary Study Exploring the Impact of the Wine Supply Chain on the Phenolic Profile of Three Sardinian Pomace Extracts.

The winemaking process generates an annual global production of about 10 million tons of waste consisting of stalks, skin, and seeds. The possible reutilization of wine pomace is strictly linked to its chemical composition. In this preliminary study, three different Sardinian white grapes (Malvasia, Vermentino and Nasco) grown in the same area were evaluated through a whole wine production chain. To reduce environmental impact, all the grapes were treated following the integrated production practice (IPP) strategies. The adopted agronomic methods and the main physico-chemical parameters of the fresh fruits and musts were evaluated. A fully qualitative and quantitative characterization of the phenolic fraction of the pomace extracts was performed by HPLC-DAD after a post-winemaking process. Water and ethanol were utilized as green solvents in the extraction process. Additionally, the entire pomace post-winemaking process was carried out within the winery facilities to reduce energy loss and road transportation. The findings demonstrated that large amounts of beneficial polyphenols are present in pomace extracts, and that the type of grape used, agronomic practices, and winemaking method all influence the quantity and quality of the extracts. The polyphenol concentrations in the Vermentino (28,391.5 ± 7.0 mg/kg) and Malvasia pomace (11,316.3 ± 6.5 mg/kg) were found to be the highest and lowest, respectively.

Polymeric nanospheres as strategy to increase the amount of triclosan retained in the skin: passive diffusion vs. iontophoresis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the passive and iontophoretic permeation of triclosan in human skin using a triclosan solution and triclosan-loaded cationic nanospheres in order to determine which of the two strategies is more effective in allowing the deposition of triclosan within the skin. Triclosan-loaded nanospheres were prepared by the emulsification-solvent displacement technique using aminoalkyl methacrylate (Eudragit® RL 100) as polymer matrix. Nanospheres of 261.0 ± 15.1 nm with a positive surface charge (Ψz = 26.0 ± 3.2 mV) were obtained. Drug loading was 62.0 ± 1.7%. Results demonstrated that the amount of triclosan retained within the skin was significantly greater (8.5-fold) when this was encapsulated into cationic nanospheres and administered by passive diffusion than when the triclosan solution was employed. The amount of triclosan retained within the skin when the cationic nanospheres were administered by iontophoresis was 3.1-fold greater than when the triclosan solution was administered by passive diffusion. Iontophoresis proved to be effective in enhancing the passage of triclosan in solution throughout the skin, whereas the triclosan nanospheres could achieve a local effect by forming a controlled release dermal depot.

Improving oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of liposomal metformin by glycerolphosphate-chitosan microcomplexation.

The purpose of this study was to develop a new delivery system capable of improving bioavailability and controlling release of hydrophilic drugs. Metformin-loaded liposomes were prepared and to improve their stability surface was coated with chitosan cross-linked with the biocompatible ß-glycerolphosphate. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, as well as rheological analysis were performed to investigate interactions between chitosan and ß-glycerolphosphate molecules. The entrapment of liposomes into the chitosan-ß-glycerolphosphate network was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Swelling and mucoadhesive properties as well as drug release were evaluated in vitro while the drug oral bioavailability was evaluated in vivo on Wistar rats. Results clearly showed that, compared to control, the proposed microcomplexes led to a 2.5-fold increase of metformin T(max) with a 40% augmentation of the AUC/D value.

Intranasal Drug Administration in Alzheimer-Type Dementia: Towards Clinical Applications.

Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) treatments face limitations in crossing the blood-brain barrier and systemic adverse effects. Intranasal administration offers a direct route to the brain via the nasal cavity's olfactory and trigeminal pathways. However, nasal physiology can hinder drug absorption and limit bioavailability. Therefore, the physicochemical characteristics of formulations must be optimized by means of technological strategies. Among the strategies that have been explored, lipid-based nanosystems, particularly nanostructured lipid carriers, are promising in preclinical investigations with minimal toxicity and therapeutic efficacy due to their ability to overcome challenges associated with other nanocarriers. We review the studies of nanostructured lipid carriers for intranasal administration in the treatment of ATD. Currently, no drugs for intranasal administration in ATD have marketing approval, with only three candidates, insulin, rivastigmine and APH-1105, being clinically investigated. Further studies with different candidates will eventually confirm the potential of the intranasal route of administration in the treatment of ATD.

Curcumin or quercetin loaded nutriosomes as oral adjuvants for malaria infections.

Artemisinin, curcumin or quercetin, alone or in combination, were loaded in nutriosomes, special phospholipid vesicles enriched with Nutriose FM06®, a soluble dextrin with prebiotic activity, that makes these vesicles suitable for oral delivery. The resulting nutriosomes were sized between 93 and 146 nm, homogeneously dispersed, and had slightly negative zeta potential (around -8 mV). To improve their shelf life and storability over time, vesicle dispersions were freeze-dried and stored at 25 °C. Results confirmed that their main physico-chemical characteristics remained unchanged over a period of 12 months. Additionally, their size and polydispersity index did not undergo any significant variation after dilution with solutions at different pHs (1.2 and 7.0) and high ionic strength, mimicking the harsh conditions of the stomach and intestine. An in vitro study disclosed the delayed release of curcumin and quercetin from nutriosomes (∼53% at 48 h) while artemisinin was quickly released (∼100% at 48 h). Cytotoxicity assays using human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proved the high biocompatibility of the prepared formulations. Finally, in vitro antimalarial activity tests, assessed against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum, confirmed the effectiveness of nutriosomes in the delivery of curcumin and quercetin, which can be used as adjuvants in the antimalaria treatment. The efficacy of artemisinin was also confirmed but not improved. Overall results proved the possible use of these formulations as an accompanying treatment of malaria infections.

New Vehiculation Systems of Mometasone Furoate for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

A pre-formulation study was carried out to obtain liposomal formulations of mometasone furoate as an alternative system to marketed forms of corticosteroid for the treatment of inflammatory skin lesions. Mometasone furoate was loaded in glycerosomes and glyceroethosomes, which were also modified with hyaluronic acid (glyceroethohyalurosomes). Vesicles were designed, elaborated, and characterized, and their biocompatibility, efficacy against oxidative stress and skin lesions were assessed in vitro, in human epidermal cells, and in vivo, in a mouse skin epidermal hyperplasia model. All formulations tested showed great encapsulation efficiency, nanometric size, formed monodispersed systems and a highly negative Z potential. Similar values were obtained over nine months storage at 4 °C, which indicates the great stability of the three types of nanoliposomes at least during the time tested. Among them, 0.1% mometasone furoate glyceroethohyalurosomes were the best formulation to protect cells against oxidative stress and their anti-inflammatory efficacy was confirmed in vivo, being even more effective than the marketed form (Elocom®), as the reduction in the inflammation was even ~15% higher than that achieved with the commercial cream. Selected formulations could be potential candidates as new vehiculation systems for mometasone furoate. The presence of hyaluronic acid in glyceroethohyalurosomes makes them the best candidates in preventing/treating skin inflammatory lesions.

American and European legislation on border medical devices.

INTRODUCTION: Borderline medical devices are products in a 'gray area,' this means due to their characteristics, they could belong to different 'legal products.' In addition, regulation is a controversial topic and may change depending on the country which may put public health at risk and distort the market. AREAS COVERED: This article analyzes how borderline medical devices are managed in the American and the European legislation. We compared the decisions made by both regulations on the devices of the Manual on Borderline and Classification Medical Devices of the European Commission for the first three sections, those which deal exclusively with medical devices. EXPERT OPINION: Borderline medical devices do not have to be understood as something specific to each country. The different classification of products creates international borders. It is necessary to create working groups in international organizations in which global consensus is reached. Although a priori it seems that the American system could be more efficient, studies with quantitative data from authorized devices are needed to show that. Until EUDAMED is not fully operational and open access, it will not be possible to develop them.

Borderline products do not have a simple product classification and can be managed differently depending on different countries. The different classification between countries has economic consequences for companies and patients. In this article, the American and European regulations system is compared, specifically borderline products, using as a tool the Borderline and Classification Manual of the European Commission. Results show the international consensus is necessary to avoid barriers to trade and contribute to innovation. Although both regulations have points of improvement, with the data from the Manual (EU), it seems that American regulatory system could be more efficient, although copying some of its strengths could be complicated due to the intrinsic characteristics of the European system. However, studies with quantitative data are needed to corroborate this statement.

Canthaxanthin Biofabrication, Loading in Green Phospholipid Vesicles and Evaluation of In Vitro Protection of Cells and Promotion of Their Monolayer Regeneration.

In the present study, canthaxanthin was produced by biofermentation from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 (D. natronolimnaea) and was loaded in phospholipid vesicles prepared with natural component using an easy and low dissipative method. Indeed, glycerosomes, hyalurosomes, and glycerohyalurosomes were prepared by direct hydration of both phosphatidylcholine and the biotechnological canthaxanthin, avoiding the use of organic solvents. Vesicles were sized from 63 nm to 87 nm and highly negatively charged. They entrapped a high number of the biomolecules and were stable on storage. Canthaxanthin-loaded vesicles incubated with fibroblasts did not affect their viability, proving to be highly biocompatible and capable of inhibiting the death of fibroblasts stressed with hydrogen peroxide. They reduced the nitric oxide expression in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharides. Moreover, they favoured the cell migration in an in vitro lesion model. Results confirmed the health-promoting potential of canthaxanthin in skin cells, which is potentiated by its suitable loading in phospholipid vesicles, thus suggesting the possible use of these natural bioformulations in both skin protection and regeneration, thanks to the potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiageing effects of canthaxanthin.

Formulation of liposomes loading lentisk oil to ameliorate topical delivery, attenuate oxidative stress damage and improve cell migration in scratch assay.

Pistacia lentiscus L. is a sclerophyllous shrub capable of growing under harsh climatic conditions especially in the Mediterranean Basin. Different products can be obtained from this plant, such as essential oil, mastic gum or even fixed oil. The last is well known for its flavor which is mainly exploited in the food industry. Additionally, it has been traditionally used in the treatment of skin diseases, but, at the moment, any suitable formulation for skin delivery has been formulated and its biological effects was not deeply confirmed. Given that, in the present study, the lentisk oil has been formulated in liposomes at different concentrations (10, 20, 30 mg/ml) and their physicochemical, technological and main biological properties have been evaluated. Vesicles were prepared by using natural soy lecithin and a green and organic solvent free method, thus obtaining spherical, small (~ 118 nm), homogeneously dispersed (0.27) and highly negatively charged (~ -62 mV) vesicles. The used amount of oil loaded in liposomes (10, 20, 30 mg/ml) modulated the penetration ability of vesicles in the skin, favoring the deposition of the payload in the deeper strata. The loading in the vesicles potentiated the ability of oil to counteract the damaging effects caused by hydrogen peroxide in keratinocytes and fibroblasts and facilitate their migration in a cell monolayer lesion. Overall findings suggested that the incorporation of lentisk oil in liposomes made from soy lecithin can be an alternative and natural approach to exploit it in pharmaceutical ad cosmetical applications and manufacturing natural products suitable for the treatment of skin lesions.