The Use of Frailty Scores for Screening the Surgical Risk Benefits: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to examine the role of multi-disciplinary surgical pause committees (MDSPC) in perioperative planning to reduce adverse postoperative events and mortality rates. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Frail patients could benefit from preoperative MDSPCs when utilizing risk-benefit ratios for the proposed surgical plan. We examined whether MDSPCs improved clinical outcomes by developing individualized care plans and stratifying patients based on their level of frailty and ability to overcome external stressors. METHODS: We retrospectively collected patient information after MDSPC evaluation, at our medical center for 12 years since 2011. Patient's frailty risk assessment index (RAI) scores were calculated, and survival status was updated. MDSPCs plans were put into the following categories: proceed with the planned surgery (G1), proceed after medical optimization (G2), reduce invasiveness of surgery or anesthesia plan (G3), or adopt a non-surgical approach (G4). Chi-square and independent t-tests were used for categorical and numerical data, respectively. Survival analysis for 30-day (primary endpoint), one-year, and overall mortality rates used Kaplan-Meier. The alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Clinical information was accessed from 12 women and 382 men. The average age was 71±11 years. 87.3% of planned surgical operations were stratified as ASA class III and IV. RAI scores were 36.4±9.6 (G1), similar to 37.4±10.8 (G2) but lower than 41.4±9.3 (G3) and 44.2±9.7 (G4) (P<0.001). Average survival duration was 35 months (G1), 35 months (G2), both significantly longer than 20 months (G3) and 18 months (G4) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Medical optimization improved overall survival and reduced death within 30 days and one year to be comparable to G1. Additionally, reducing the surgical invasiveness only improved survival advantage for six months, after which it was comparable to those in G4 with the worst outcome. RAI scoring is an excellent tool to predict the outcome of surgery, and it was used successfully in critically ill patients.

Hemoglobin A1c Levels Are Related to Patency and Adverse Limb Events in Diabetics After Revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: Poor glycemic control in the perioperative period has been reported to be associated with early and late major adverse limb events (MALE). However, these studies were mostly from large databases or lacked long-term outcomes. We examined the long-term effects of high hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level on patency, MALE, limb salvage (LS) and survival after lower extremity revascularization procedures in diabetic patients. METHODS: Patients with diabetes who had revascularization for Rutherford class 3-6 ischemia between May 2002 and December 2018 were identified. Patients with HbA1c≤7% were compared to HbA1c>7% for patency, MALE, survival, LS and amputation-free survival (AFS). RESULTS: Of 706 patients, 699 had HbA1c data (775 limbs), with 311 (357 limbs) in HbA1c≤7%, and 388 (418 limbs) in HbA1c>7% groups. Patients with HbA1c>7% were younger (69.9±10.2 vs 71.7±9.5, P=0.011), had higher lipid levels, insulin use (70% vs 49%, P<0.01), ASA 4, and had lower prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (32%vs41%, P=0.023). HbA1c>7% patients were more likely to present with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) (79% vs 72%,P=0.019) and undergo infrapopliteal interventions (49% vs 42%, P=0.005), with no difference in anatomic complexity (TASC C/D, 75% vs 77%, p=0.72) or type of revascularization (24% vs 18% Open, 66% vs 70% EV, 10% vs 12% Hybrid, p=0.236). Patency and freedom from MALE were significantly lower in patients with HbA1c>7% for infra-inguinal revascularizations, whereas AFS and overall survival were similar. In patients with CLTI, LS rates at five years were significantly lower in patients undergoing open revascularization (HbA1c>7%: 64%±6%vs HbA1c<7%:86%±5%, P=0.020), whereas it was similar after endovascular interventions (HbA1c>7%:79%±4% vs HbA1c<7%:77%±3%, p=0.631). Seventy patients with HbA1c>7% lost limbs vs 38 patients with HbA1c≤7% (P=0.007). In multivariate analysis, HbA1c was significantly associated with primary patency. HbA1c, insulin use, level of intervention, and ACEI use were associated with MALE. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative HbA1c>7% is associated with poorer patency rates, and increased MALE especially at the infra-inguinal level revascularization in diabetics, with no significant impact on survival. Limb salvage is impacted after open, but not after endovascular revascularization.

Energy loss index as a predictor of all-cause mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: As transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures become more widely available, there is a growing need to monitor and evaluate postoperative outcomes accurately. The energy loss index (ELI) of the ascending aorta has been commonly used to examine the agreement between the echocardiographic and Gorlin measurement of the aortic valve area. OBJECTIVES: This project aims to demonstrate a link between ELI values and mortality following implanted TAVR valves and determine an ELI cutoff value associated with post-TAVR events. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing TAVR from 2012 to 2017. We calculated ELI values for patients immediately postoperative after a TAVR procedure. Using Receiver-Operator Characteristic and Cox Regression analyses, we identified a cutoff value to distinguish between "High ELI" (≥ 1.34) and "Low ELI" (< 1.34) patients. RESULTS: This study showed low ELI (hazard ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval 1.57-3.36, p < .001) as representative of patients with a high risk of mortality post-TAVR. Additionally, post-TAVR, ejection fraction increased by 3.6% (p < .001), and the aortic valve effective orifice area increased by 1.41 cm squared (p < .001) while the mean transvalvular gradient decreased by 32.8 mmHg (p < .001) and the peak transvalvular gradient decreased by 49.0 mmHg (p < .001). CONCLUSION: ELI is an additional prognostic factor that should be considered during risk assessment before TAVR. This study shows that patients with Low ELI had decreased cumulative survival post-TAVR. These patients almost had a fivefold increased risk of death following TAVR.

The Use of Contrast May Improve Aortic Valve Assessment During Transesophageal Echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: The Doppler profile that quantifies the degree of aortic stenosis is essential, as an inaccurate measurement can alter the surgical plan. The authors aimed to examine the level of agreement between the contrast and noncontrast methods of aortic valve sizing during intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). SETTING: At a tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 30 patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement for a stenotic valve. INTERVENTIONS: Perflutren lipid microsphere contrast injection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The authors reviewed Doppler studies of 30 consecutive patients undergoing aortic valve replacement in whom a contrast agent was given (perflutren lipid microsphere). They measured the peak and/or mean aortic valve gradients and velocity time integral readings through the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and the aortic valve before and after administering the contrast agent. The aortic valve area was then calculated using both methods. Paired t tests and Bland-Altman analyses were used to examine the bias and the level of agreement between the 2 processes. By not using a contrast agent, the aortic valve area was overestimated by 0.26 cm2 compared to those measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) (p < 0.001). Using a contrast agent, TEE measurements were comparable to those obtained by TTE. Moreover, the peak and mean aortic valve gradients were underestimated by 19 and 11 mmHg, respectively (p value <0.001). Adding contrast did not affect the pulse-wave Doppler readings of the V1 velocity of the LVOT. CONCLUSION: This discrepancy is significant and could affect the decision to replace the aortic valve. When evaluating the aortic valve with TEE, the authors recommend using a contrast agent to improve the Doppler profile and to obtain a more accurate measurement of the aortic valve area.

The efficacy of 2 different phakic intraocular lens implant in keratoconus as an isolated procedure or combined with collagen crosslinking and intra-stromal corneal ring segments: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of phakic intra-ocular lenses in isolation or in combination with corneal crosslinking (CXL) and/or intra-stromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) in keratoconus. METHODS: Data extracted from the publications meeting the selection. The outcome parameters included mean pre- and post-operative uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), sphere and cylinder of refraction and complications. Available data analyzed with Cochrane Review Manager. RESULTS: A total of 23 studies including 464 eyes were included. All the parameters showed significant improvement in all subgroups other than CDVA in ACPIOL + CXL subgroup and cylinder in PIOL + CXL subgroups. There was not a significant difference between PCPIOL and ACPIOL in the outcomes, exception was more improvement of CDVA in "ACPIOL only" than" PCPIOL only" subgroup. CONCLUSION: Both PCPIOLs and ACPIOLs are comparably safe and efficient options in management of KCN and their efficacy significantly improves when combined with CXL/ICRS.

Effects of corticosteroids on Covid-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Covid-19 disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although corticosteroids have shown some promising results in Covid-19 patients, their effectiveness remains controversial. In this systematic review, we evaluated the effect of corticosteroids in mortality, Hospitalization, ICU admission, intubation, and mechanical ventilation in Covid-19 patients. METHODS: We searched major databases from March-2020 to Jan-2021. Twenty-nine studies were included after evaluating the eligibility of the literature. The extracted data for mortality, hospitalization, admission to the ICU, intubation, and mechanical ventilation were analyzed with RevMan® 5.4. Categorical variables are presented with odds ratios (OR), and numerical variables are shown with the mean difference. RESULT: Corticosteroid treatment had no impact on mortality in 18,190 covid patients with OR = 1.12[0.83-1.50]. When we include the randomized controlled trials, corticosteroids reduced the mortality by 20% (OR = 0.80 [0.73, 0.88]; P < 0.001). Additionally, the risk of admission to the ICU, the need for endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation were comparable between patients receiving corticosteroids and controls. The duration of hospitalization was also similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Corticosteroid therapy may not be effective for reducing mortality, length of hospitalization, the likelihood of intubation and mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission in patients suffering from Covid-19 pneumonia.

SARS-CoV-2: Unique Challenges of the Virus and Vaccines.

In November 2019, the highly infectious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, China, and has since spread to almost all countries worldwide. Since its emergence, the COVID-19 infection has led to significant public health, economic and social problems. The current pandemic has inspired researchers to make every effort to design and develop an effective COVID-19 vaccine to provide sufficient protection against the virus and control the infection. In December 2020, the Pfizer vaccine was the first COVID-19 vaccine given Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), and the second FDA so-approved vaccine was the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine, which was introduced a week later. Both Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are mRNA-based vaccines, and are estimated to have an efficacy rate of more than 94%. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the attempts made to develop safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, highlighting potential challenges and concerns, such as disease enhancement, virus mutations, and public acceptance of the vaccine.

The predictive value of the epicardial adipose thickness in the rate of expansion of the aortic root.

BACKGROUND: Epicardial adipose tissue (ECAT) is metabolically active and is involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The thickness of ECAT has been positively correlated with the dimensions of the ascending aorta. We aimed to examine whether ECAT thickness predicted the expansion of the aortic dimensions. METHODS: The imaging results of patients who had undergone transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examinations more than twice during the period 2005-2015 were surveyed. We included adult patients who had undergone TTE examinations at least 1 year apart. The ECAT was measured in the parasternal long-axis view from the index TTE study. End-diastolic dimensions in three consecutive beats were averaged for all measurements. The annulus, root, and sinotubular junction (STJ) were also measured. The amount of increase (if any) in aortic dimensions per year was calculated and the correlation of this increase with the initial thickness of the ECAT was analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 429 examinations were performed with 197 patients (17 females), from which 394 examinations were analyzed. The ECAT thickness was 8.6 ± 3.6 mm. In the initial examinations, the annulus, STJ, and root measured 23 ± 4, 28 ± 4, and 34 ± 4 mm, respectively. In univariate analysis, for every 1 mm of ECAT thickness, the STJ expanded 0.056 (95% CI: 0.001-0.112 mm/year; p = 0.030) and the aortic root expanded 0.088 mm/year (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, ECAT thickness remained an independent predictor of the aortic root expansion. For every 1­mm increase in ECAT thickness, the aortic root expanded by 0.036 mm (95% CI: 0.010-0.062) per year (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The thickness of the ECAT is a predictor of more rapid increases in the dimensions of the aortic root. Further studies of patients with established aortic aneurysm are warranted.

High plateletcrit is associated with early loss of patency after open and endovascular interventions for chronic limb ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: Plateletcrit (PCT) reflects the total platelet mass in blood and can be calculated from a complete blood count. We examined the effect of PCT on outcomes of endovascular and open interventions for chronic limb ischemia. METHODS: Patients who underwent revascularization for chronic limb ischemia (Rutherford categories 3-6) between June 2001 and December 2014 were retrospectively identified. PCT on admission was recorded. Patients and limbs were divided into tertiles of low (0.046-0.211), medium (0.212-0.271), and high (0.272-0.842) PCT. Patency, limb salvage, major adverse limb events, major adverse cardiac events, and survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared with log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1431 limbs (1210 patients) were identified and divided into low PCT (477 limbs in 407 patients), medium PCT (477 limbs in 407 patients), and high PCT (477 limbs in 396 patients) groups. The patients in the high tertile were 2 years older that the patients in the other two tertiles (P = .009). Five-year primary patency was 65% ± 3% in the low-PCT group compared with 55% ± 3% and 51% ± 3% in the medium and high PCT groups, respectively (P = .004). Five-year secondary patency was 81% ± 2% in the low PCT group compared with 82% ± 2% and 72% ± 3% in the medium and high PCT groups, respectively (P = .02). Five-year limb salvage rate was 86% ± 2% in the low PCT group compared with 79% ± 3% and 74% ± 3% in the medium PCT and high PCT groups, respectively (P = .004). Multivariate regression analysis showed that low PCT was independently associated with primary patency after endovascular interventions (hazard ratio, 0.67 [0.47-0.95]; P = .02) but not after open interventions (hazard ratio, 0.72 [0.43-1.21]; P = .21). CONCLUSIONS: High PCT is associated with poor patency and limb salvage rates after interventions for lower extremity chronic limb ischemia. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed association of low PCT with improved primary patency after endovascular interventions but not after open interventions. High PCT may be a marker of increased platelet reactivity and could be used to identify patients at high risk for early thrombosis and failure after interventions.

Posterior pole retinal thickness distribution pattern in keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pattern of retinal thickness distribution in patients with keratoconus (KCN) and its correlation with disease severity. METHODS: For this cross-sectional cohort study, the study subjects with documented keratoconus and normal eyes were prospectively enrolled. All subjects had anterior segment (Pentacam HR) and posterior segment (Spectralis) imaging. Posterior segment imaging by optical coherence tomography included the posterior pole asymmetry analysis map. Data were analyzed with multiple linear regression models and correlation tests to examine the mean and variance of the measured thickness of the retina and its distribution relative to the presence and severity of KCN. RESULTS: A total of 24 subjects with keratoconus (48 eyes) and 14 normal subjects (28 eyes) enrolled in this study. The posterior pole retinal thickness, both superior and inferior hemifields, as well as the overall retinal thickness in KCN patients was greater than the control group. There was a direct correlation between the overall retinal thickness of the posterior pole and the severity of KCN (R2 = 0.422, P < 0.001). However, the variability of the retinal thickness showed no difference between KCN-afflicted and healthy eyes. CONCLUSION: Although KCN is a disease of the anterior segment of the eye, we found an orderly increase in posterior pole retinal thickness that is correlated with the severity of disease in KCN eyes compared to control. These findings suggest that the retina may maintain some degree of plasticity to respond to the degraded optical system of the eye.

The Effect of Intravenous Selenium on Oxidative Stress in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To modulate the inflammatory response in respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with selenium. BACKGROUND: Selenium replenishes the glutathione peroxidase proteins that are the first line of defense for an oxidative injury to the lungs. METHODS: Forty patients with ARDS were randomized into two groups: the SEL+ group being administered sodium selenite and the SEL- group receiving normal saline for 10 days. Blood samples were taken on Day-0, DAY-7, and Day-14 for assessment of IL-1 beta, IL-6, C-reactive protein, GPx-3, and selenium. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was measured in the bronchial wash fluids. Pearson correlation and repeated measure analysis were performed to examine the effects of selenium on the inflammatory markers. RESULTS: Sodium selenite replenished selenium levels in the SEL+ group. Selenium concentrations were linearly correlated to serum concentrations of GPx3 (R value: 0.631; P < 0.001), and FRAP (R value: -0.785; P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of both IL 1-beta (R value: -0.624; P < 0.001) and IL-6 (R value: -0.642; P < 0.001) were inversely correlated to the serum concentrations of selenium. There was a meaningful difference between two groups in airway resistance and pulmonary compliance changes (P values 0.008 and 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSION: Selenium restored the antioxidant capacity of the lungs, moderated the inflammatory responses, and meaningfully improved the respiratory mechanics. Despite these changes, it had no effect on the overall survival, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU stay. Selenium can be used safely; however, more trials are essential to examine its clinical effectiveness.

Metformin Is Associated with Improved Survival and Decreased Cardiac Events with No Impact on Patency and Limb Salvage after Revascularization for Peripheral Arterial Disease.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cardiovascular and limb-specific adverse outcomes is higher in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients with diabetes. Metformin is associated with improved cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the effect of metformin on limb-specific outcomes is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of metformin on outcomes after intervention for PAD. METHODS: Patients who underwent revascularization for chronic limb ischemia (Rutherford 3-6) between June 2001 and December 2014 were retrospectively identified. Primary patency (PP), secondary patency (SP), limb salvage (LS), major adverse limb events (MALE), major adverse cardiac events (MACE), and survival rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. RESULTS: One thousand sixty-four limbs in 1204 patients were identified (147 metformin, 196 other hypoglycemics [OH], 216 insulin, and 645 nondiabetics (nondiabetes mellitus [DM]). Non-DM had significantly lower incidence of CAD (46%) than insulin (65%), metformin (56%), and OH groups (63%) (P < 0.001). Insulin patients (17%) had significantly higher incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) than non-DM (3%), metformin (1.4%), and OH groups (8%) (P < 0.001). Ninety four percent of patients in the metformin group were on aspirin, which was significantly higher than non-DM (86%), OH (83%), and insulin groups (86%) (P = 0.02). Similarly, statin use was significantly higher in the metformin group (71%) than in OH (64%), insulin (61%), and non-DM groups (55%) (P = 0.002). Majority of patients in the insulin group presented with critical limb ischemia (CLI) (93%), which was significantly greater than the metformin (59%), OH (72%), and non-DM groups (50%) (P < 0.001). Sixty-month PP was significantly greater in non-DM group (62%) (P = 0.005) in overall comparison with no significant difference between metformin (56%), OH (60%), and insulin (51%) groups (P = 0.06). Sixty-month SP was similar in metformin (76%), OH (85%), insulin (76%), and non-DM (80%) groups (P = 0.27). LS was significantly worse in insulin group (62%) (P < 0.001) with no significant difference between metformin (84%), OH (83%), and non-DM (87%) groups (P = 0.45). Freedom from MALE at 60 months was 53% in the insulin group, which was significantly worse as compared with metformin (71%), OH (70%), and non-DM (67%) groups (P = 0.001). Sixty-month survival was significantly improved in metformin (60%) and non-DM (60%) groups as compared with that in OH (41%) and insulin groups (30%) (P < 0.001). Freedom from MACE was significantly greater in metformin (44%) and non-DM (52%) groups than that in OH (37%) and insulin groups (25%) (P < 0.001). Metformin use (HR, 0.7 [0.5-0.9]; P = 0.008) was an independent factor associated with freedom from mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin is associated with improved survival and decreased incidence of adverse cardiac events in PAD patients. However, it did not have an impact on patency or LS rates after open and endovascular interventions. LS was worse in diabetic patients primarily treated with insulin.

A pilot trial of metformin for insulin resistance and mood disturbances in adolescent and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

We examine the effects of metformin on insulin resistance (IR) and mood including in adolescent and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This trial was conducted in 19 adolescents (age ≤18 years) and 25 adult (age >18 years) women with PCOS. Anthropometric and measurements including, serum glucose, endocrine panel, and lipid profile were performed at baseline. IR was measured by Homeostasis Model Assessment IR (HOMA-IR). Anxiety and depression were measured by Beck's Anxiety (BAI) and Depression Inventories (BDI-II). All tests were repeated after a 90-day treatment with metformin (1,500 mg/day). The severity of depression and anxiety decreased after 90-day treatment with metformin in women diagnosed with PCOS. The BAI scores were higher in adolescent group while BDI-II scores were higher in the adult group (p = .016). After 90-day metformin treatment, both BDI-II and BAI scores were decreased by 3.3 and 3.4, respectively (p < .001). Indicators of IR and obesity were improved with this therapy. Although the adolescents weighed lower than the adults, baseline HOMA-IR 5.5 ± 1.7 was higher in this group than 4.4 ± 1.2 in the adult women (p =.022). The findings suggest that metformin decrease IR and improve mood both in adolescent and adult women with PCOS.

Level of agreement in three-dimensional planimetric measurement of mitral valve area between transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic measurement of mitral valve area (MVA) is critical prior to percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy (PTMC). This study aimed to compare the agreement between transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in three-dimensional (3D) planimetric measurement of the MVA among patients with severe mitral stenosis. METHODS: MVA was measured with planimetry in 105 patients before undergoing PTMC. 3D reconstruction was applied to both TTE and TEE examinations. The MVA values from four different methods of 3D reconstruction were compared to the average values of 3D methods in TEE as the gold standard measurement method for the MVA in this study. The agreement levels between the two examinations were evaluated and analyzed for various reconstruction methods. RESULTS: The mean age was 49 ± 12 years for 28 men and 77 women who were enrolled. The image quality was graded as "excellent" in 57% of 3D images obtained by TTE, while it was graded as "excellent" in 81% of 3D images obtained by TEE. The ventricular zooming method in TTE with a bias of -0.006 ± 0.065 cm2 (P < 0.0001) had the highest agreement with the 3D-MVA in TEE. While 2D-TTE and 3D-TEE measurements of the MVA (R = 0.91; P < 0.0001) were significantly correlated, 2D-TTE overestimated the MVA by 0.19 cm2 . CONCLUSION: Although the quality of 3D images was significantly better in TEE than those in TTE, a good agreement existed between the measured 3D-TTE and 3D-TEE studies. We also demonstrated that 2D-TTE overestimated the MVA compare to 3D-TEE.

The effects of collagen cross-linking on corneal density: a comparison between accelerated and conventional methods.

PURPOSE: To compare the corneal density before and after accelerated versus conventional corneal cross-linking (CXL). METHODS: Pentacam densitometry and corneal mapping were performed before and 6 months following the randomly assigned intervention. Corneal density was measured over different zones and layers of the cornea by two independent ophthalmologists. Total corneal density was calculated. The patients were followed up for the occurrence of procedure-related and unrelated complication 1 week, 1 month and a final visit around 6 months (180 ± 10 days) after the procedure, during which the corneal density was remeasured and recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were enrolled. There was a significant increase in corneal density over the anterior layer (P < 0.001) and middle corneal layer (P = 0.035). Additionally, the corneal density significantly increased in 0-2 and 2-6 mm zones (P < 0.001), as well as total density (P = 0.002) following corneal CXL. Although there was no significant difference in the corneal density between the two CXL groups, the increase in corneal density was only significant in group A for the 6-10 mm zone and the posterior corneal layer. CONCLUSION: Both the conventional and accelerated CXL methods increase the overall corneal density with exception of posterior central corneal layer and the 6-10 mm zone, which is only increased in the accelerated method.

Factors Influencing Various Aspects of Patients' Knowledge of Oral Anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and examine individual characteristics and socioeconomic factors that contribute to the knowledge of patients who receive warfarin anticoagulation. METHODS: All patients treated using warfarin for anticoagulation were enrolled during a 6-month period at a university-affiliated cardiac clinic. All relevant demographic and clinical information were collected and the Anticoagulation Knowledge Assessment (AKA) questionnaire consisting of 29 questions was administered. After completion, the questionnaires were scored and the percent correct answers were analyzed for overall scores, as well as the following categories: drug/food interactions, pharmacological knowledge, recognition of complications, and patient compliance. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the contributing factors to the knowledge level of the patients in each category. RESULTS: One hundred fifty patients (79 men and 71 women) with a median age of 61.5 years completed the AKA questionnaire. The average overall score was 29.3%. Living alone (P = 0.008), higher levels of education (P = 0.001), and durations of ≥3 years of warfarin therapy (P = 0.018) positively impacted overall AKA scores. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic factors and level of general education remain the most important elements determining the patient awareness of therapeutic goals, possible drug/food interaction, recognition of adverse effects, and compliance of warfarin treatment.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is a marker of survival and cardiac complications rather than patency following revascularization of lower extremities.

The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), as a marker of inflammation, is associated with the severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The role of the NLR on predicting future complications after elective revascularization for patients with PAD remains unknown. We aimed to examine the role of the NLR in the development of major adverse limb events (MALE) and the long-term mortality of these patients. We evaluated 1708 revascularization procedures from May 2001 to December 2015 at the Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System from a prospectively maintained vascular database that included demographics, comorbidities and pre-procedural medications. Peri-procedural laboratory findings including complete blood cell count and metabolic panel were further retrieved from the electronic health record. The NLR was calculated, and the patients were categorized into tertiles according to NLR cut-off points. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine MALE and 10-year mortality. The primary endpoint of the study was MALE, and the secondary endpoint included 10-year mortality. A total of 1228 patients were included for final analyses. Patients in the third NLR tertile were more likely to experience MALE during the follow-up period ( p<0.001). In addition, fewer patients in tertile 3 survived over the follow-up period compared to tertiles 1 and 2 ( p<0.0001). Patients in tertile 3 tended to be older with a higher frequency of hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Our multivariate analysis demonstrated that the NLR was independently associated with higher rates of MALE in the affected vessels following revascularization procedures. Similarly, the NLR was revealed to be an independent predictor of higher long-term mortality in these patients.

Prognostic value of positive T wave in lead aVR in patients with non-ST segment myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Lead aVR provides prognostic information in various settings in patients with ischemia. We aim to investigate the role of a positive T wave in lead aVR in non-ST segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, we included 400 patients with NSTEMI. Presentation electrocardiogram (ECG) was investigated for presence of a positive T wave as well as ST segment elevation (STE) in aVR and study variables were compared. Predictors of primary outcome defined as hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and secondary outcome, defined as three-vessel coronary disease and/or left main coronary artery stenosis (3VD/LMCA) stenosis in angiography, were determined in multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients with a positive T wave in aVR were significantly older and were more likely to be female. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients of positive T group. Positive T group was more likely to have 3VD/LMCA stenosis (58.3% vs. 19.8%, p < .001). The prevalence of a positive T wave in aVR was significantly higher in MACE group (54.9 % vs. 24.8%, p < .001). However, in multivariate analysis, it was not an independent predictor of MACE (OR: 1.083 95% CI: [0.496-2.365], p: .841). Though, it was independently associated with presence of 3VD/LMCA stenosis (OR: 3.747 95% CI: [2.058-6.822], p < .001). CONCLUSION: Though positive T wave in lead aVR was more common in patients with MACE; it was not an independent predictor. Additionally, a positive T wave in aVR was an independent predictor of 3VD/LMCA stenosis in NSTEMI.

Fine versus coarse atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis: The impact of aging and the clinical significance.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) as the most rhythm disturbance in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), is classified in to coarse and fine subtypes according to the height of fibrillatory wave amplitude. The aim of this study is to identify the factors associated with the presence of fine versus coarse morphology in patients with rheumatic MS. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients with confirmed diagnosis of severe rheumatic MS admitted between March 2013 and March 2017 were screened. Patients were categorized to sinus rhythm (SR) and AF rhythm (coarse and fine subtypes) groups according to the admission electrocardiogram. The association between various clinical and echocardiographic factors and the development of fine versus coarse AF were examined. RESULTS: Among 754 patients with the diagnosis of rheumatic MS, 288 (198 female) were found to have AF (38%). Among them 206 (71.5%), and 82 (28.5%) patients had fine and coarse morphology respectively. Patient in these two groups were quite similar in terms of echocardiographic parameters and comorbidities. However, patients with fine morphology AF were significantly older. (p-Value=.007). CONCLUSION: Coarse morphology of AF is common in patients with rheumatic MS. While echocardiographic or most clinical parameters do not seem to associate with the occurrence of coarse or fine morphology, age seems to be the only independent factor correlated with the presence of fine subtype of AF in this population.

Hypoplastic posterior mitral valve leaflet: A case report and review of the literature.

Hypoplasia of the mitral leaflets is rarely reported in adults. We reported a 45-year-old man presented to us with palpitation, dyspnea, and severe mitral regurgitation. In echocardiographic examination, an immobile hypoplastic posterior mitral leaflet (PML) was detected. A review of clinical and echocardiographic findings of all reported cases revealed that mitral regurgitation was the most common finding associated with PML hypoplasia/uni-leaflet mitral valve. PML hypoplasia is rare and often an incidental diagnosis during echocardiography, which could be relatively well tolerated since adulthood and carries a good prognosis.