Exploratory study for implementing a Global Burden of Animal Diseases case study in Senegal. / Etude exploratoire pour la mise en oeuvre d'une étude de cas du programme " Impact mondial des maladies animales " au Sénégal.

Senegal is a West African country with both extensive animal production systems, representative of the environmental, economic and animal health constraints specific to the Sahel region, and thriving commercial poultry and dairy production. An exploratory study was conducted in Senegal between 2021 and 2022 as a prelude to a case study of the Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) programme. An overview of existing animal production systems as well as the main priorities and issues in animal health on a national level was developed. A national workshop gathering representatives from the livestock production and academic sectors took place in Dakar in June 2022 with the objective of jointly developing a case study. The participants prioritised pastoralist production systems for cattle and agropastoral systems for small ruminants for the application of the GBADs programme. Through a series of activities, the participants highlighted the health, environmental, economic and socio-political challenges surrounding these systems, all of which limit their contribution to the well-being of pastoralist households, consumers and other stakeholders. While Senegal has in the past hosted a large number of research and cooperative projects on these two livestock systems, participants noted difficulties in obtaining, centralising and harmonising the existing data. This exploratory study led to the funding of a focused case study of the agropastoral small-ruminant sector that was carried out in 2023 in partnership with national and international organisations.

Le Sénégal est un pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest comprenant à la fois des systèmes de production animale extensifs représentatifs des contraintes environnementales, économiques et sanitaires propres à la zone sahélienne, et un élevage commercial avicole et laitier en plein essor. Une étude exploratoire en prélude à une étude de cas du programme " Impact mondial des maladies animales " (GBADs) a été menée au Sénégal sur la période 2021-2022. Un état des lieux des systèmes de production animale existants, ainsi que des principales priorités et questions en termes de santé animale au niveau national, a été dressé. Un atelier national rassemblant des représentants de l'administration des productions animales et du secteur académique a eu lieu à Dakar en juin 2022 avec pour objectif de construire l'étude de cas de manière concertée. Les participants ont donné la priorité aux systèmes d'élevage bovins pastoral et petits ruminants agropastoral pour l'application du programme GBADs. Par une série d'activités, les participants ont mis en évidence les enjeux sanitaires, environnementaux, économiques et socio-politiques autour de ces systèmes qui limitent leur contribution au bien-être des ménages d'éleveurs, de consommateurs et autres acteurs de la société. Si le Sénégal a accueilli par le passé un grand nombre de projets de recherche et de coopération portant sur les deux systèmes d'élevage, les participants ont fait remonter les difficultés à obtenir, centraliser et harmoniser les données existantes. Cette étude exploratoire a débouché sur le financement d'une étude de cas focalisée sur le secteur agropastoral des petits ruminants, réalisée en 2023 en partenariat avec des organisations nationales et internationales.

Senegal es un país de África occidental con sistemas de producción animal extensivos, representativos de las limitaciones ambientales, económicas y zoosanitarias propias de la región del Sahel, y una próspera producción comercial avícola y lechera. Entre 2021 y 2022, se llevó a cabo en Senegal un estudio exploratorio como paso previo a la realización de un estudio de caso en el marco del programa sobre el impacto global de las enfermedades animales (GBADs). Se elaboró una reseña de los sistemas de producción animal existentes, así como de las principales prioridades y cuestiones en materia de sanidad animal a escala nacional. En junio de 2022, se celebró en Dakar un taller nacional que reunió a representantes del sector de la producción ganadera y el sector académico con el objetivo de elaborar conjuntamente un estudio de caso. Los participantes priorizaron los sistemas de producción pastoral de ganado vacuno y los sistemas agropastorales de pequeños rumiantes para la aplicación del programa GBADs. A través de una serie de actividades, los participantes pusieron de relieve los retos sanitarios, ambientales, económicos y sociopolíticos en torno a dichos sistemas, que limitan su contribución al bienestar de los hogares pastorales, los consumidores y otras partes interesadas. Aunque Senegal ha acogido en el pasado un gran número de proyectos de investigación y cooperación sobre estos dos sistemas ganaderos, los participantes señalaron las dificultades para obtener, centralizar y armonizar los datos existentes. Este estudio exploratorio condujo a la financiación de un estudio de caso centrado en el sector agropastoril de pequeños rumiantes que se llevó a cabo en 2023 en colaboración con organizaciones nacionales e internacionales.

[Non-antiretroviral drugs uses among HIV-infected persons receiving antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: Costs and factors associated with prescription]. / Médicaments non antirétroviraux chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral au Sénégal : coûts et facteurs associés à la prescription.

BACKGROUND: In addition to antiretroviral therapy, non-antiretroviral drugs are necessary for the appropriate care of people living with HIV. The costs of such drugs are totally or partially supported by the people living with HIV. We aimed to evaluate the overall costs, the costs supported by the people living with HIV and factors associated with the prescription of non-antiretroviral drugs in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Senegal. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on 331 people living with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy between 2009 and 2011 and followed until March 2012. The costs of non-antiretroviral drugs were those of the national pharmacy for essential drugs; otherwise they were the lowest costs in the private pharmacies. Associated factors were identified through a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The study population was 61 % female. At baseline, 39 % of patients were classified at WHO clinical stage 3 and 40 % at WHO clinical stage 4. Median age, body mass index and CD4 cells count were 41 years, 18kg/m2 and 93 cells/µL, respectively. After a mean duration of 11.4 months of antiretroviral therapy, 85 % of patients received at least one prescription for a non-antiretroviral drug. Over the entire study period, the most frequently prescribed non-antiretroviral drugs were cotrimoxazole (78.9 % of patients), iron (33.2 %), vitamins (21.1 %) and antibiotics (19.6 %). The mean cost per patient was 34 Euros and the mean cost supported per patient was 14 Euros. The most expensive drugs per treated patient were antihypertensives (168 Euros), anti-ulcer agents (12 Euros), vitamins (8.5 Euros) and antihistamines (7 Euros). The prescription for a non-antiretroviral drug was associated with advanced clinical stage (WHO clinical stage 3/4 versus stage 1/2): OR=2.25; 95 % CI=1.11-4.57 and viral type (HIV-2 versus HIV-1/HIV-1+HIV-2): OR=0.36; 95 % CI=0.14-0.89. CONCLUSION: Non-antiretroviral drugs are frequently prescribed to people living with HIV in developing countries; mainly those infected with HIV-1 and those at an advanced clinical stage. Their costs can be a barrier to appropriate care and necessary efforts must made to make them available. However, early initiation of antiretroviral therapy and the registration of some non-antiretroviral drugs on the list of essential drugs, as well as social protection systems, should reduce their use and costs.

The "pouch" of the Douglas's pouch.

Hernia is described as the protrusion of an organ into the wall of its normal containing cavity. Internal hernia (IH) involves protrusion of viscera through: a peritoneal or mesentery defect, a normal or abnormal compartment of the peritoneal cavity. Hernias occurring in the pelvis cavity are usually classified according to the fascial margins breached and include sciatic, obturator and those through the rectouterin pouch: elytrocele and enterocele. Those hernias are defined by the protrusion of a viscus through the wall of the pelvis due to weakness of the pelvic fascia and/or muscles. Pelvic hernia through the pouch of Douglas (PD) involves the genital tract in female (elytrocele and enterocele). Sometimes described in the literature as Douglas hernia, this type of hernia must be distinguished from the conventional IH. As defined before, the borders to be considered for IH is the peritoneal membrane, which is not a real solid wall but delimitates the peritoneal cavity; and there is no peritoneal defect in elytrocele or enterocele. A PubMed search for IH through a defect in the peritoneal PD revealed only five female cases, making this an extremely rare condition. To our knowledge, we have presented here the only published case in a male. This probably congenital and morphologic anomaly (defect) of pouch of Sir Douglas must be distinguished as the real "Douglas IH". Authors discuss the concept of a new and more detailed classification of IH.

[Adult-onset Still's disease: case report in Dakar, Senegal]. / Maladie de Still de l'adulte: une observation à Dakar (Sénégal).

Adult-onset Still's disease is a uncommon form of inflammatory rheumatism. It has rarely been reported in black Africa. The purpose of this report is to describe a case in a 49-year-old woman from Dakar, Senegal.

Study of the Phytochemical Composition, the Antioxidant and the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Two Sub-Saharan Plants: Piliostigma reticulatum and Piliostigma thonningii.

The aim of this study is to perform phytochemical screening of the leaves of Piliostigma reticulatum and Piliostigma thonningii, to determine the phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, and sugars content in their methanolic extracts, evaluate their antioxidant activity using the DPPH and the ABTS tests, and test their anti-inflammatory effect in vitro using the heat-induced albumin denaturation inhibition method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols and alkaloids in the leaves of both plants. Yields of the extracts in this study ranged from 7% to 18% for P. reticulatum and 4% to 16% for P. thonningii. The phenolic content in the methanolic extract of P. reticulatum is 74.66 ± 1.76 µg GAE/mL, which is significantly higher than that of P. thonningii (56.54 ± 1.24 µg GAE/mL). Both plants showed good antioxidant activity. In fact, for the DPPH test, the IC50 value is 8.88 ± 0.11 µg/mL for P. reticulatum and 17.64 ± 0.68 µg/mL for P. thonningii. For the ABTS assay, the IC50 values of the two plants are, respectively, 9.78 ± 1.83 µg/mL and 13.47 ± 2.62 µg/ml, statistically comparable and significantly higher than the IC50 of the standard 30.76 ± 0.18 µg/ml. Leaf extracts from both plants were effective against heat-induced denaturation of albumin. The activity of P. reticulatum is indeed comparable to that of the standard with an IC50 value of 121.43 ± 1.55 µg/mL and higher than that of P. thonningii with an IC50 value of 170.15 ± 1.09 µg/mL. These results show that both plants exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, their chemical compounds could have potential applications as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.

[First cases of squamous cell carcinoma associated with cosmetic use of bleaching compounds]. / Premiers cas de carcinomes épidermoïdes sur terrain de dépigmentation artificielle.

INTRODUCTION: We report two cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in two black women (phenotype VI) using bleaching compounds for cosmetic purposes over a period of 15 years. CASE REPORTS: Two women (aged 45 and 47 years) with a long history of cosmetic use of bleaching compounds consulted at a dermatology unit for skin tumours. A diagnosis of SCC was confirmed by histological examination of tumour biopsies. One patient was HIV-positive. Surgical treatment was performed in both cases: simple postoperative complications were seen in one patient but the other died at home following recurrence of carcinoma in the year following diagnosis. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, theses two cases represent the first description of SCC occurring after prolonged cosmetic use of bleaching compounds. Carcinoma occurred in both cases in skin exposed to sun. In our patients, the mechanism of carcinogenesis may have involved melanin destruction, solar exposure and corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression. A direct carcinogenic effect of hydroquinone or other unidentified compounds is another possibility; the carcinogenicity of hydroquinone is well established in rodents. While these observations do not provide formal proof of any implication of depigmentation products in SCC, they emphasize the need for monitoring of dark-skinned women using skin lighteners.

[Dermatomyositis and polymyositis: 21 cases in Senegal]. / Dermatomyosites et polymyosites: 21 cas au Sénégal.

Dermatopolymyositis (DPM) is a term describing a group of disorders comprising multiple distinct entities depending on interactions between genetic and environmental factor. There is a paucity of studies on DPM in black Africa. The purpose of this report is to describe epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic aspects of dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) observed at the Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. A retrospective review as conducted of patients hospitalized for DM and PM in Medical Departments of Principal Hospital. Diagnosis of DRM was based on the criteria of Bohan and Peter's in all cases. A series of 21 black African patients was compiled including 15 with DM and 6 with PM. Mean age was 52 years and the M/F sex ratio was 0.6. The mean delay for diagnosis was 6 weeks (range, 3 to 12 weeks). Initial signs were dermatological in 12 patients, pulmonary in one and muscular in the remaining cases. The most common dermatological sign was erythema characterized by a zebra-like aspect on the extended limbs. Erythema was frequently pruriginous with a flagellate aspect on the back. Muscular signs were observed in 18 patients and included pharyngeal manifestations in 10 patients. Amyopathic DM was not observed. Cardiac abnormalities included tachycardia (4 cases), AVB (1), ischemic lesion (1), relaxation disturbances (4), pericardial effusion (3), myocarditis (2) and pulmonary hypertension (1). The most common pulmonary manifestation was interstitial lung disease observed in 6 patients. Gastrointestinal signs were noted in 9 patients including endoscopic evidence of superficial erosion in 4 cases. Electromyography (EMG) tracings revealed myogenic disease in 14 cases including 2 associated with reduced peripheral nervous conduction speed. Severe lymphopenia was observed in 3 patients but HIV serology was negative in all cases. Paraneoplasic DM was observed in 3 cases. Death occurred in 5 cases due to the cancer-related, pulmonary and infectious complications. Based on the findings of this study, the three main features of DM and PM in Senegal are flagellated and often pruriginous erythema, cardiac and interstitial lung disease, and peripheral neural involvement.

Tenofovir-emtricitabine-efavirenz in HIV-I-infected adults in Senegal: a 96-week pilot trial in treatment-naive patients.

We report the results of a pilot open-label trial of a tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV) combination conducted in Dakar, Senegal. Forty HIV-1-infected patients, naive of antiretroviral treatment and without active opportunistic disease, were included and followed through 96 weeks. At weeks 48 and 96, respectively, 82.5% and 85% of patients had HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (72.5% and 77.5% with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL). Between baseline and week 96, the mean (SD) CD4 count increased from 126 (102) to 338 (155) cells/mm(3). The mean (SD) creatinine clearance decreased from 92 (36) to 73 (19) mL/min (P = .001). Treatment adherence was at least 94% at all scheduled visits. The efficacy and tolerability of a TDF/FTC/EFV combination were high and similar to those observed in Northern countries. This drug combination can be recommended in limited-resource countries, as did the World Health Organization (WHO) and should be made readily available as a fixed-dose combination.

[Quality control of antibiotics used in Senegal]. / Contrôle de la qualité de quelques molécules antibiotiques utilisées au Sénégal.

To slow the spread of bacterial resistance and promote safety in the use of medicines, development of quality control tools is indispensable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of several antibiotic agents used in Senegal and to assess the utility of the mini laboratory as a quality control tool. The mini laboratory and all materials necessary for this study were provided by the German Pharma Health Fund. A total of 34 antibiotic samples were submitted to a battery of tests including physical and visual inspection, disintegration, and thin layer chromatography designed for identification and semiquantitative evaluation. Non-conformities detected by physical and visual inspection were found mainly in products from the illicit sector (80%) but some non-conformities were also found in products from licit private sector (20%). Based on thin layer chromatography findings, non-conformities in product identity and dosage involved mainly erythromycin (45%) followed by amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin (22% each). Again this type of non-conformity was most frequent in products from the illicit sector (45%) but it was also observed in products from the private and public sectors (33% and 22% respectively). These findings show that follow-up is necessary to ensure the quality of medicines, especially antibiotics. In this study the mini laboratory was a highly useful quality control tool.

Black Skin Dermatology Online, from the project to the website: a needed collaboration between North and South.

BACKGROUND: Whereas teledermatology is an emerging discipline, to date, no teledermatology service has been developed, which is specifically dedicated to black skins. OBJECTIVES: To create and develop a teledermatology service that provides a complete range of communication, information, telediagnosis and teaching services. METHODS: A multilingual clinical description of the lesion was provided for each photograph using a five-level disease classification from the 10th revised International Classification of Diseases. In parallel, a usability study to assess and improve the functionality of the platform was also conducted. RESULTS: A web prototype has been developed which integrates image acquisition, submission, clinical description, translation as well as validation, security and data protection aspects and almost 2000 images were obtained from which 600 have been integrated in the 'store and forward' telemedicine system (http://www.black-skin.org). Initial usability tests with native French medical students show good perceived usefulness, perceived usability and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80 and 0.84). CONCLUSION: The Black Skin project (North and South collaboration project) offers possibilities for continuous medical education (pedagogical cases), teleteaching (educational quiz) or asking for a second opinion ('Ask a specialist' item).

[Prevalence of skin disorders in HIV patients in Senegal and relationship to degree of immunosuppression]. / Prévalence des manifestations dermatologiques chez les malades infectés par le VIH au Sénégal et association avec le degré d'immunodépression.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the association between dermatological findings in HIV-infected patients in Senegal and degree of immunosuppression and HIV stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All consecutive HIV infected patients followed up at three dermatology centres in Senegal from 01 January 2004 to 01 January 2006 were evaluated retrospectively regarding dermatological findings, CD4 cell count and HIV stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-nine patients with 331 skin diseases were evaluated. The most common forms of dermatosis were oral candidiasis (53%), herpes zoster (24%), prurigo (24%) and dermatophytosis (16%). An increasing number of skin diseases was significantly associated with CD4 counts of below 200 per cubic millimeter and Aids diagnosis. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between two types of dermatosis (oral candidiasis and chromonychia) and CD4 counts of below 200 per cubic millimeter and between four types of dermatosis (straightened hair, herpes, oral candidiasis and xerosis) and Aids diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Dermatological findings are of great diagnostic and prognostic significance. We found some features specific to black skin: longitudinal melanonychia and blue ungueal pigmentation potentially related to immunosuppression and straightened hair, associated with Aids, probably resulting from denutrition.

[Control of the quality of antiretroviral medicines used in Senegal]. / Controle de la qualite des medicaments antiretroviraux utilises au Senegal.

INTRODUCTION: Success of any program to fight AIDS passes through out quality of antiretroviral medicines. The control and follow-up of the quality of these medicines constitute essential levers to guarantee quality. Our study aims to evaluate the quality of antiretroviral medicines used in Senegal by means of a mini laboratory from the German Pharmaceutical Health Fund. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mini laboratory provides technical arsenal necessary for the analysis. To sum up, 43 samples of antiretroviral medicines have been submitted to three types of simple, quick and reliable tests which are physical and visual inspection, disintegration and thin layer chromatography. RESULTS: The obtained results give at physical and visual inspection, 9.3% of samples which are not similar. 30 samples out of 32 have a good disintegration time. About 11.6% of samples are not similar to thin layer chromatography. CONCLUSION: The control of the quality of antiretroviral medicines is necessary if we consider the number of no conform cases which are relatively important. The mini laboratory can constitute an interesting tool for technical control facilities in developing countries that suffer from a real lack of materials.

[Study of the contents in fat, in protein and in vitamin D of powdered milk varieties sold in Dakar]. / Etude des teneurs en matiere grasse, proteines et vitamine D de varietes de lait en poudre vendu a Dakar.

INTRODUCTION: The powdered milk is a much appreciated food in Senegal. However no particular control is realized by authorities on the various marks of milk imported before their marketing. In the concern to protect the health of the consumers, but especially in front of the very big variety of the sources of supply in this product we determined the contents in fat, in protein and in vitamin D main variety show of marketed powdered milk Dakar. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chemical methods were operated to determine the fat contents and in proteins. The liquid chromatography in high performance was used to identify and measure the vitamin D. RESULTS: The obtained results profits showed that all the studied samples of milk had contents in fat included between 25 and 31 g %, those in proteins were included between 23 and 25 g %. As regards the dosage of the vitamin D, a single sample had content weaker than that mentioned on the packaging by the manufacturer. CONCLUSION: The results of this study allowed to notice most of the variety varieties of powdered milk marketed in Dakar were in accordance with the standards established for this food and are consequently good quality.

[Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in dermatology in Dakar: 11 case report]. / Syndrome des anticorps antiphospholipides en dermatologie à Dakar: a propos de 11 cas.

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to report the cutaneous features of antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in Dermatology in Dakar. METHODS: Our study was retrospective from January 2000 to December 2001. All patients were diagnosed according to the criteria of the international consensus statement in 1999 on the antiphospholipid antibodies. RESULTS: Eleven cases (all female) were collected with a median age of 28 years. A systemic lupus was associated in 7 cases, a scleroderma in 1 case and mix connectivity in 1 case. The dermatological manifestations found in all patients were necrosis of the extremities (4 cases), purpuric lesions (4), cutaneous ulcers (3), acrocyanosis (2), livedo (1) and subungual splinter hemorrhage (1). The obstetrical incidents were noted in 82% of cases; there were precocious and repeated abortions (in 5 cases), foetal loss (in 4 patients), precocious delivery (in 2 cases), lateness of growth in uterus (in 1 case). It was an arterial thrombosis in 2 cases. The mean level of anticardiolipin antibodies was 60 UGPL and a dissociation of the syphilitic serology was present in 9 patients. A severe thrombopenia in 1 case was observed. The evolution was favorable in 7 patients. In other cases, we noted foetal loss in 2 cases and distal necrosis relapse in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: Cutaneous manifestations are diverse. They can be lupus involvements or microcirculatory thrombosis and they make the diagnostic easy.

[Elephantiasic pretibial myxoedema: study of five cases]. / Myxoedème prétibial eléphantiasique: une etude de cinq cas.

INTRODUCTION: Elephantiasic myxoedema is very rare. We report 5 pretibial myxoedema cases observed in the Dermatological department of Le Dantec hospital in Dakar. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our 5 cases were 3 women (age: 52, 45 and 18 years) and 2 men (age: 54 and 32 years). RESULTS: All the cases were enormous, multinodular pachydermic, bilateral, elephantiasis in the low leg and associated to Graves 'disease. The duration was 4 month to 12 year. In 3 cases there was a Diamond syndrome which is a severe form. The cutaneous lesions were not influenced by medical treatment of thyroid disease. Systemic steroids achieved improvement of the elephantiasis in 1 case. CONCLUSION: Elephantiasis is a very unusual presentation of pretibial myxoedema and its occurrence doesn't depend to the intensity of thyrotoxicosis and its evolution. However in our cases, it was a severity indicator factor, like Diamond syndrome. Local and systemic steroids give very rarely improvement.

[Sarcoidosis in Dakar: 30 case reports]. / La sarcoidose a Dakar: etude retrospective de 30 cas.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis cases had been rarely reported in Senegal in spite of the high frequency of sarcoidosis in black people. The purpose of this work was to determine the epidemiological, clinical and evaluative profile of sarcoidosis in Dakar. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a multicentric retrospective trial in order to characterise sarcoidosis cases in Senegal from 1968 to 2004. RESULTS: Twenty cases (21 females and 9 men) were observed. The average age was 40 years. Duration before first medical attention was up to one year in 20 cases. Ten patients received an anti tuberculosis treatment before sarcoidosis diagnosis. Sarcoidosis was a systemic disease in 76% of cases and only cutaneous in 24%. Cutaneous lesions were found in 66,66% of cases. Presenting features were cutaneous (46%), general (30%), rheumatoid, (16,6%), Lofgren syndrome (3 cases). The cutaneous lesions were specific in 94% of cases as small nodules (50%), placards (20%), great nodules (15%) and scars sarcoidosis (10%). Extra cutaneous involvement were pulmonary (73,33%), lymphadenopathy (66,66%), and rheumatoid (20%). Pulmonary tuberculosis was associated in 4 cases. DISCUSSION: Our data confirmed rarity of sarcoidosis in Senegal opposite to the high reported frequency in other black population in developed country. Clinical features were polymorph and the systemic forms predominant. Tuberculosis may be rule out in order to avoid miss diagnosis.

[Current aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dakar. About 74 cases]. / Aspects actuels du lupus erythemateux systemique a Dakar. A propos de 74 observations.

INTRODUCTION: previously reported studies on systemic lupus erythematosus in Senegal were more then ten years old and reported few cases of patients. Our objectives were to update epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and evolutive aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus throughout a study of 74 patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we conducted a retrospective study in the internal medicine and the dermatology units of the university teaching hospital Aristide Le Dantec from January 1993 to December 2002. All patients with systemic lupus erythematosus according to the ACR criteria were included. Those who didn't meet ACR criteria were excluded. RESULTS: we included 74 patients; their mean age was 32 years and the sex ratio 0.1 (male to female). At the entry general symptoms were constants, and cutaneous signs were found in 96% of cases, joints signs in 58.1% and renal sign in 56.8%. Haematological and immunologic abnormalities were nearly constant. All the patients received corticosteroids and in 35.71% they had in addition immunosuppressive drugs. Shorts term evolution was satisfactory. At the medium term 27.02% of the patients were lost and 10.81% of them died. CONCLUSION: currents aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dakar are improved by the early diagnosis when the disease is pauci-symptomatic and by the use immunosuppressive drugs in association with corticosteroids.

[Lupus nephritis in Senegal: study of 42 cases]. / La néphropathie lupique au Sénégal: a propos de 42 cas.

INTRODUCTION: Renal involvement determines the prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. The aims of this study were to precise clinical, laboratory, therapeutic and evolutive aspects of lupus nephritis in Senegal in order to improve its management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: According to ACR criteria we included all patients presenting a systemic lupus erythematosus followed in internal medicine and in the dermatology services of university teaching hospital Aristide le Dantec of Dakar from January 1993 to December 2002. All the patients who didn't have a lupus nephritis defined by the existence of more than 0.5 g/24 h of proteinuria and or hematuria were excluded. RESULTS: The prevalence of lupus nephritis was 56.75% among 74 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mean age was 29.6 years and sex ratio 0.13 (male to female). There was a nephritic syndrome in 45.23% of the cases and renal insufficiency in 37.71%. Renal biopsy performed in 52.38% of cases showed predominantly WHO classes IV and V. The key treatment was corticotherapy while immunosuppressive were used in 35.71%. The short term evolution was favourable but in the medium term, many patients were lost or followed up irregularly. CONCLUSION: To improve the management and the prognosis of lupus nephritis in Senegal it is necessary to make patients with a systemic lupus erythematosus sensitive to it and to make systematically urine tests aiming the screening for an early diagnosis of lupus nephritis. In addition we should have aggressive policies in order to lower the costs of immunosuppressive therapy and haemodialysis.

Environmental lead exposure and its relationship to traffic density among Senegalese children: a cross-sectional study.

Leaded-gasoline is probably the primary source of lead (Pb) exposure in Dakar (Senegal). The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the levels of Pb in Senegalese children and to present helpful data on the relationship between Pb levels and changes in biological markers of heme biosynthesis and oxidative stress. A total of 330 children, living since birth either in rural or urban areas (ie, Khombole (n = 162) and Dakar (n = 168), respectively) were included. During this cross-sectional study, the mean blood (B)-Pb level in all children was 7.32 +/- 5.33 microg/dL, and was influenced by the area of residence and gender. In rural children, 27 subjects (16.7%), 18 boys (19.6%) and nine girls (12.9%), had a B-Pb level > 10 microg Pb/dL, whereas 99 urban children (58.9%), respectively, 66 boys (71.8%) and 33 girls (43.4%), had alarmingly high B-Pb levels. Accordingly, urine delta-aminolevulinic acid levels were higher in children living in the urban area than in the rural areas (P < 0.001), and closely correlated with the B-Pb levels (P < 0.01). Moreover, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, selenium (Se) level, glutathione reductase (GR) activity, and glutathione status were significantly influenced by area of residence and/or by gender. GPx activity and Se level were not only negatively correlated with B-Pb levels, but also positively correlated together (P < 0.01). Taken together, the present results allow us to conclude that urban children have higher B-Pb levels than rural children, and that of these children, boys have higher B-Pb levels than girls, leading thereby to alterations of heme biosynthesis and pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. We also suggest that exposure to Pb and the Pb-induced adverse effects merits attention and that the development of preventive actions are of increasing importance in Senegal.