The prognostic value of initial serum lactate for survival in postcardiac arrest patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the prognostic value of serum lactate on survival in patients postcardiac arrest. BACKGROUND: Patients who experience cardiac arrest, in- or out-of-hospital, may have a poor outcome. Initial electrocardiograms may suggest ischemia as an underlying cause and urgent referral for catheterization occurs. It remains unclear which of these patients may suffer a poor outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients at our institution taken for urgent catheterization after cardiac arrest between January 2014 and September 2018. Three hundred and eighty four patients were referred urgently to the cath lab during this period, 50 with prior arrest. RESULTS: Sixty six percent underwent coronary intervention. The mean age of the entire cohort was 57 years. Thirty four percent were female, 40% had a history of coronary artery disease, and 94% were intubated at the time of cardiac catheterization. Overall survival to discharge was 40%. Survival in patients who underwent coronary intervention compared with those who did not was similar (45.5 vs. 29.4%, p = .27). Mean lactate level in survivors versus nonsurvivors was 4.7 ± 3.8 and 9.8 ± 4.7 mmol/L, respectively (p < .05). When divided into tertiles by serum lactate (< 4.5, 4.5-9, 9 mmol/L), survival to discharge was 75, 29.4, and 17.6%, respectively (p < .05). Initial serum lactate and age were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing cardiac catheterization following cardiac arrest, routine measurement of serum lactate is a useful and available laboratory test that may help identify patients at risk for a poor outcome.

Radial Artery Versus Saphenous Vein Grafts in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: a Literature Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronary artery bypass grafting is a preferred strategy for complete coronary revascularization in patients who have multi-vessel coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction, and/or diabetes. Both arterial (internal thoracic artery/radial artery) and venous grafts are utilized to bypass the obstruction in native vessels. Despite having radial arterial grafts as a preferred second conduit for bypass, venous grafts are more commonly used. RECENT FINDINGS: We review the existing literature and report the preferred conduit based on a recently published meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials. The analysis concluded that radial artery grafts are associated with fewer adverse cardiac events and better graft patency at 5 years of follow-up. Although saphenous vein grafting is the most commonly used conduit in addition to ITA, current data suggests that total arterial bypass (using RA conduit in addition to ITA) may be the better strategy. Both the US and European consensus guidelines advocate for the use of arterial over SV grafting for most patients.

Therapeutic Options for In-Stent Restenosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a complex disease process that became apparent shortly after the introduction of stents into clinical practice. This review seeks to define in-stent restenosis (ISR) as well as to summarize the major treatment options that have been developed and studied over the past two decades. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent developments in drug-coated balloons and bioresorbable vascular scaffolds have added new potential treatments for ISR. Two recent network meta-analyses performed a head-to-head comparison of all the various treatment modalities in order to identify the best approach to management of ISR. Current data suggests that repeat stenting with second-generation drug-eluting stents is most likely to lead to the best angiographic and clinical outcomes. In situations where repeat stenting is not preferable, drug-coated balloon therapy seems to be a reasonably effective alternative.

Study design and rationale of the heterotopic implantation of the Edwards-Sapien XT transcatheter valve in the inferior VEna cava for the treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation (HOVER) trial.

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is an under treated disease. Although surgery for TR remains an effective therapy, many patients are considered to be at a high risk or otherwise inoperable. Caval valve implant (CAVI) offers an alternative to surgery in these patients. Trials assessing the safety and efficacy of caval valve implant are lacking. METHODS: The Heterotopic Implantation Of the Edwards-Sapien XT Transcatheter Valve in the Inferior VEna cava for the treatment of severe Tricuspid Regurgitation (HOVER) trial is an FDA approved, physician initiated, prospective, non-blinded (open label), non-randomized safety and feasibility study to determine the safety and efficacy of the heterotopic implantation of the Edwards-Sapien XT valve in the inferior vena cava for the treatment of severe TR in patients who are at high risk or inoperable. Patients with severe TR in the absence of severe pulmonary hypertension will be recruited. They will be evaluated by a multi-disciplinary team who will agree by consensus that the patients' symptoms are from TR. They will undergo imaging to assess the size of the inferior vena cava (IVC) to determine feasibility of the procedure. If patients meet the inclusion criteria and are free from exclusion criteria, after informed consent they will be eligible for enrollment in the study. A total of 30 patients will be enrolled. The primary objective of the study will be to demonstrate procedural success at 30-days and patient success at 1-year. CONCLUSION: Caval valve implant may present an alternative for patients who are at high risk or inoperable for tricuspid valve surgery (TVS) for TR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Clinical utility of central venous saturation for the calculation of cardiac index in cardiac patients.

BACKGROUND: Mixed venous saturation (MVS) obtained from the distal pulmonary artery (PA) during Swan-Ganz catheterization is the criterion standard for calculating cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI) with the use of the Fick method. We think that calculating CI with the use of central venous saturation (CVS) instead of PA-MVS is both feasible and accurate. Earlier studies were small, enrolled heterogeneous patient populations, and resulted in inconsistent findings. METHODS: All patients undergoing right heart catheterization from January 2011 to January 2012 in our catheterization lab with simultaneous measurements of MVS obtained from the distal PA and CVS obtained from the superior vena cava (SVC) or right atrium (RA) were included. Out of the 902 patients enrolled, we excluded patients (n = 50) who had known cardiac shunt or dialysis fistula, had duplicate medical records, or were septic. We calculated the CI with the use of the assumed Fick method using both MVS (criterion standard) and CVS (SVC or RA saturations) in the remaining 852 patients. We measured the correlation and the agreement between the 2 methods with the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Totals of 112 patients with simultaneous PA and RA saturation measurements (group I) and 740 patients with simultaneous PA and SVC saturation measurements (group II) were included. We found an excellent linear correlation between SVC and PA saturation (r = 0.928) and between RA and PA saturation (r = 0.95). There was also an excellent correlation between CI calculated with the use of PA saturation and CI calculated with the use of SVC (r = 0.87) or RA (r = 0.93) saturation. The mean bias of CVS-derived CI compared with MVS-derived CI (criterion standard) was -0.1 (95% limits of agreement [LOA] -1 to +0.77) in the SVC group and -0.006 (LOA -0.68 to +0.69) in the RA group. Patients with low CI had stronger correlation and smaller bias between the 2 methods compared with those with normal or high CI. The presence of baseline hypoxemia, valvular heart disease, or acute coronary syndrome had no significant effect on the correlation or the bias between the 2 methods. CONCLUSIONS: In cardiac patients, CVS can be used as a surrogate to true MVS in the calculation of CI. This method is readily available in patients who have central venous access, and may aid in early goal-directed treatment when cardiogenic shock is suspected.

Complex atrial septal defect: percutaneous repair guided by three-dimensional echocardiography.

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) has been used to guide the percutaneous repair of simple atrial septal defects (ASDs). There has been limited experience in using this imaging modality to guide complex ASD repair. In this report, we describe how 3D TEE was used to guide the repair of a complex, multifenestrated ASD. In a single view, 3D TEE provides a superior anatomic definition when compared to the traditional two-dimensional echocardiography. We believe that this emerging technology will play a critical role as the number and complexity of percutaneous techniques treating structural heart disease continue to rise. (Echocardiography 2010;27:590-593).

Sex Differences in Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Revascularization: A Nationwide Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Women with coronary artery disease are less likely to be revascularized than men based on angiography alone. Recent studies have shown that female patients have higher fractional flow reserve (FFR) values for a given severity of coronary stenosis. However, gender differences in coronary revascularization rates following FFR assessment are unknown. METHODS: The nationwide inpatient sample database was used to identify all patients who underwent FFR in the United States between January 2009 and December 2010. We used propensity score matching to compare revascularization rates and in-hospital outcomes among men and women undergoing FFR measurements. RESULTS: Among 3712 patients who underwent FFR during the study period, 1235 matched pairs of men and women were identified. The overall revascularization rates were lower in women than men (40.1% vs. 52.8%, p < 0.01). Women were less likely to undergo either percutaneous (35.2% vs. 45.6%, p < 0.01) or surgical revascularization following FFR than men (5.2% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.03). Women had a nonsignificant trend toward higher in-hospital mortality (0.8% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.32) and significantly higher rates of access site hematoma formation (2.7% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.01) compared to men. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this large nationwide study reveals that coronary revascularization rates are significantly lower in women than in men even after functional assessment with FFR.

Pericardiocentesis Under Continuous Ultrasonographic Guidance Using a 7 cm Micropuncture Needle.

OBJECTIVES: To compare procedural success and safety of pericardiocentesis using continuous ultrasonographic visualization of a long (7 cm) micropuncture needle to standard access with an 18 gauge needle without continuous ultrasound guidance. BACKGROUND: Current approaches to pericardiocentesis commonly utilize a large-bore 18 gauge needle for access without allowing for continuous visualization of needle entry into the pericardial space. METHODS: We included all consecutive patients at our institution who underwent pericardiocentesis between November 1, 2011 and March 3, 2016. A total of 21 patients (group 1) underwent pericardiocentesis using a 7 cm micropuncture needle inserted under continuous ultrasonographic guidance, while 51 patients (group 2) underwent pericardiocentesis, mostly with an 18 gauge needle (92%), following preprocedural echocardiography only. The primary endpoint was successful placement of a drain into the pericardial space. RESULTS: The primary endpoint was similar between group 1 and group 2 (100% vs 94%, respectively; P=.26). Successful drainage of pericardial fluid was achieved in 95% of patients in group 1 and in 98% in group 2 (P=.88). The amount of pericardial fluid drained in each group was similar (640 mL vs 557 mL, respectively; P=.26). No procedure-related complications occurred in group 1, compared with 2 cases of right ventricular perforation that occurred in group 2. In-hospital mortality and length of stay were similar. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that an ultrasound-mounted micropuncture needle allows for safe and effective pericardiocentesis. This technique may provide a safer alternative to the standard use of an 18 gauge needle.

Exercise-induced pulmonary artery hypertension in a patient with compensated cardiac disease: hemodynamic and functional response to sildenafil therapy.

We describe the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with exertional dyspnea and fatigue that had worsened over the preceding 2 years, despite a normally functioning bioprosthetic aortic valve and stable, mild left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction, 0.45). His symptoms could not be explained by physical examination, an extensive biochemical profile, or multiple cardiac and pulmonary investigations. However, abnormal cardiopulmonary exercise test results and a right heart catheterization-combined with the use of a symptom-limited, bedside bicycle ergometer-revealed that the patient's exercise-induced pulmonary artery hypertension was out of proportion to his compensated left heart disease. A trial of sildenafil therapy resulted in objective improvements in hemodynamic values and functional class.

Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome: an unusual complication of partial liver resection.

Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is a rare syndrome of severe hypoxemia upon assuming an upright position. It is classically described as shunting from the right atrium to the left atrium usually via a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Alterations in the intrathoracic anatomy after liver resection and regeneration may trigger this condition in patients with clinically silent PFO -a previously unreported cause of POS.

Left main coronary artery compression syndrome and spontaneous coronary artery dissection: coincidence or pathologic association?

Left main coronary artery compression syndrome (LMCS) in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an unusual, and often a missed cause of exertional angina. Spontaneous coronary dissection (SCD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome of unknown etiology, with predilection to women in the 20s-40s. Weather the co-presence of LMCS and SCD in certain patients is a coincidence or of pathological significance is not known. The optimal management strategy of each of these conditions remains controversial. We report a case of SCD in a patient with PAH and LMCS, successfully treated with conservative medical therapy.

Acute anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction and electrical storm secondary to nondominant right coronary artery occlusion.

A 42-year-old man emergently presented with chest pain and anterior ST elevation. Refractory ventricular arrhythmias and shock developed rapidly. A coronary angiogram revealed the acute occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery. After percutaneous coronary intervention, the anterior ST elevation and ventricular arrhythmias resolved. The electrocardiographic pattern was a result of isolated right ventricular infarction that in turn caused profound electrical and hemodynamic instability. We discuss the cause and pathophysiology of this patient's case, and we recommend that interventional and general cardiologists be aware that anterior ST elevation can be caused by the occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery.

Endovascular management of subclavian artery stenosis using balloon expandable covered stents.

Covered stents have primarily been used in coronary arteries for exclusion of perforations, aneurysms, and fistulas. The use of covered stents to treat occlusive disease of first-order aortic branches has been proposed as a method to reduce intimal hyperplasia and improve patency rates, since they exclude plaque and prevent luminal encroachment through open struts, but their selective use in subclavian artery stenosis has not been previously reported. We present three cases of subclavian artery stenosis that were successfully treated via a percutaneous approach with covered stents.

HIV disease in thrombocardiology.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affects multiple organs including the cardiovascular system. Postmortem studies have revealed multiple abnormalities including abnormal coronary artery pathology, arteriopathy/endothelial dysfunction, hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulability prior to the use of protease inhibitors. With the introduction of antiretroviral medications, specifically protease inhibitor therapy, patients with HIV have been further noted to have premature coronary artery disease, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, fat redistribution syndrome and increased tendency to myocardial infarction. In this article, we report on one patient with HIV disease on protease inhibitor therapy that presented with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, and was later found to have stent thrombosis. A review of the literature showed no other previous reports of stent thrombosis secondary to acquired hypercoagulability due to protease inhibitor therapy. Possible predictors of stent thrombosis and hypercoagulability are also discussed.