Zeolite-based nanoparticles drug delivery systems in modern pharmaceutical research and environmental remediation.

This review explores the potential of zeolite-based nanoparticles in modern pharmaceutical research, focusing on their role in advanced drug delivery systems. Zeolites, integrated into polymeric materials, offer precise drug delivery capabilities due to their unique structural features, biocompatibility, and controllable properties. Additionally, zeolites demonstrate environmental remediation potential through ion exchange processes. Synthetic zeolites, with modified release mechanisms, possess distinctive optical and electronic properties, expanding their applications in various fields. The study details zeolites' significance across industrial and scientific domains, outlining synthesis methods and size control techniques. The review emphasizes successful encapsulation and functionalization strategies for drug delivery, highlighting their role in enhancing drug stability and enabling targeted delivery. Advanced characterization techniques contribute to a comprehensive understanding of zeolite-based drug delivery systems. Addressing potential carcinogenicity, the review discusses environmental impact and risk assessment, stressing the importance of safety considerations in nanoparticle research. In biomedical applications, zeolites play vital roles in antidiarrheal, antitumor, antibacterial, and MRI contrast agents. Clinical trials featuring zeolite-based interventions underscore zeolite's potential in addressing diverse medical challenges. In conclusion, zeolite-based nanoparticles emerge as promising tools for targeted drug delivery, showcasing diverse applications and therapeutic potentials. Despite challenges, their unique advantages position zeolites at the forefront of innovative drug delivery systems.

Nano-vaccination Strategies: Applications and Challenges for Intranasal Immunization.

The nasal route, a subgroup of mucosal delivery systems, constitutes a lucrative and encouraging substitute for administering drugs and vaccines. Over the years, a lot of research has been done in this area, and scientists have successfully explored this pathway using novel formulations to combat several infections. This review article aims to address the pathways of mucosal immunization, the dominance of the nasal route over other mucosal routes for immunization, and the mechanism of generation of immunogenic response via nasal route and nanotechnology-based approaches for intranasal vaccination. The immunotherapeutic and vaccinations for intranasal administration available in the market are also discussed, along with a brief overview of the products in the pipeline. It can also be assumed that such an approach can prove to be favorable in designing vaccinations for the current uncertain times. In spite of some dubious views on this.

Development and evaluation of novel krill oil-based clomiphene microemulsion as a therapeutic strategy for PCOS treatment.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is frequently diagnosed hormonal disorder with reproductive and metabolic complications. The most common symptoms include cyst in ovaries, anovulation, insulin resistance, and obesity. Clomiphene citrate, an ovulating agent, is the first-line drug used to treat PCOS. We hypothesized that clomiphene citrate, by stimulating ovarian function, with krill oil used as an oil phase to improve solubility, by addressing PCOS-associated symptoms might be effective in PCOS. Hence, our goal was to target hormonal imbalance along with PCOS-associated symptoms using a single formulation. The concentration of water (X1), oil (X2), and Smix (surfactant-cosurfactant mixture) (X3) were selected as independent variables, in a simplex lattice design, from microemulsion area derived from a pseuodoternary phase diagram while the globule size (Y1) was selected as a dependent parameter. The optimized microemulsion showed good sphericity having 41 nm globule size, 0.32 poly dispersibility index and + 31 mV zeta potential. The optimized microemulsion was further evaluated in-vivo using letrozole-induced PCOS rats. Formulation treated group reversed the effect of letrozole on body weight and estrus cycle in comparison to the disease control group (p < 0.001). The formulation was also effective in reducing insulin resistance, cholesterol and serum testosterone level (p < 0.001). The in vivo results were supported by histopathological studies where the formulation-treated group showed a marked decrease in the number of cystic follicles and a remarkable increase in the number of growing follicles at variable stages, similar to the normal control group. Thus, the results confirmed that novel krill oil-based clomiphene microemulsion may become a promising therapeutic choice for the treatment of PCOS.

Preparation and Optimization of Leuprolide Acetate Nanoparticles Using Response Surface Methodology: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation.

This study aims to develop optimized leuprolide acetate (LA) nanoparticles (NPs) for intranasal delivery in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize LA polylactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs. The independent variables chosen were PLGA concentration, surfactant concentration, and the ratio of water to oil phase, whereas the dependent variables were particle size and % entrapment efficiency. The optimized NPs were evaluated by in vitro drug release study, ex vivo diffusion study, histopathology study, hemolytic stability study, and stability in simulated nasal fluid (SNF). The optimized NPs had particle size of 182.6 ± 1.5 nm, polydispersity index (0.3), % entrapment efficiency (77.3 ± 0.6), and zeta potential (-5.6 mv ±0.2). The in vitro drug release indicated 96% of pure drug release in 6 h, whereas only 66.35% of the drug was released from the optimized formulation at 48 h. The ex vivo diffusion study indicated an apparent permeability coefficient of 5.0 + 0.3 × 104 for drug-containing NPs, which was higher than for plain drug solution (2.0 + 0.2 × 104). Sheep nasal toxicity and hemolytic study proved the safety of formulation. The optimized NPs were found to be stable in SNF. Thus, nanoparticulate formulation of LA was optimized by quality by design approach.

Development of Biodegradable Injectable In situ Forming Implants for Sustained Release of Lornoxicam.

OBJECTIVE: The focus of this study was to develop in situ injectable implants of Lornoxicam which could provide sustained drug release. METHODS: Biodegradable in situ injectable implants were prepared by polymer precipitation method using polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). An optimized formulation was obtained on the basis of drug entrapment efficiency, gelling behavior and in vitro drug release. The compatibility of the formulation ingredients were tested by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC). SEM study was performed to characterize in vivo behavior of in situ implant. Pharmacokinetic study and in vivo gelling study of the optimized formulation were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats. Stability testing of optimized formulation was also performed. RESULTS: The drug entrapment efficiency increased and burst release decreased with an increase in the polymer concentration. Sustained drug release was obtained up to five days. SEM photomicrographs indicated uniform gel formation. Chemical interaction between the components of the formulation was not observed by FT-IR and DSC study. Pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation revealed that the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to achieve Cmax (Tmax) and area under plasma concentration curve (AUC) were significantly higher than the marketed intramuscular injection of lornoxicam. Stability study of optimized batch showed no change in physical and chemical characteristics. CONCLUSION: Lornoxicam can be successfully formulated as in situ injectable implant that provides long-term management of inflammatory disorders with improved patient compliance.

Development and Optimization of Dispersible Tablet of Bacopa monnieri with Improved Functionality for Memory Enhancement.

INTRODUCTION: The Bacopa monnieri is traditional Ayurvedic medicine, and reported for memory-enhancing effects. The Bacoside is poorly soluble, bitter in taste and responsible for the memory enhancement action. Memory enhancer is commonly prescribed for children or elder people. OBJECTIVE: Poor solubility, patient compliance and bitterness were a major driving force to develop taste masked ß-cyclodextrin complex and dispersible tablets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The inclusion complex of Bacopa monnieri and ß-cyclodextrin was prepared in different molar ratios of Bacopa monnieri by Co-precipitation method. Phase solubility study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ß-cyclodextrin on aqueous solubility of Bacoside A. The characterization was determined by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction study (XRD).Crospovidone and croscarmallose sodium were used as super disintigrant. The 32 full factorial design was adopted to investigate the influence of two superdisintegrants on the wetting time and disntegration time of the tablets. CONCLUSION: The result revels that molar ratio (1:4) of inclusion complex enhance 3-fold solubility. Full factorial design was successfully employed for the optimization of dispersible tablet of B. monnieri. The short-term accelerated stability study confirmed that high stability of B. monnieri in inclusion complex.

Inhalable liposomal dry powder of gemcitabine-HCl: Formulation, in vitro characterization and in vivo studies.

Pulmonary drug delivery system facilitates local instillation of anticancer drugs to lungs which has proven to be pioneering approach for treatment of lung cancer. This approach led the groundwork for delivering liposomal formulation directly to lungs. Gemcitabine-HCl is currently considered as most effective drug for management of lung cancer. However, its application is limited owing to its metabolism by enzymes present in plasma resulting in reduced efficacy and higher toxicity. In present study, lyophilisation technique was used to convert liposomes into dry powder inhaler, which was formulated using emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The physicochemical properties including size, morphology, entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency etc. of formulated liposomes were evaluated. The prepared liposomal DPI (LDPI) formulations were then examined for solid state characteristics and aerosol performance using cascade impactor. From all the formulations prepared, the LDPI formulated using trehalose as cryoprotectant presented required properties along with desirable deposition pattern. Finally, the optimized formulation was selected for in vitro cell line studies; in vivo studies and stability study. This formulated inhalable particles offers a promising approach for the management of lung cancer through regional chemotherapy.