Deciphering adiabatic rotating frame relaxometry in biological tissues.

PURPOSE: This work aims to unravel the intricacies of adiabatic rotating frame relaxometry in biological tissues. THEORY AND METHODS: The classical formalisms of dipolar relaxation R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ and R 2 ρ $$ {R}_{2\rho } $$ were systematically analyzed for water molecules reorienting on "fast" and "slow" timescales. These two timescales are, respectively, responsible for the absence and presence of R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ dispersion. A time-averaged R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ or R 2 ρ $$ {R}_{2\rho } $$ over an adiabatic pulse duration was recast into a sum of R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ and R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ , but with different weightings. These weightings depend on the specific modulations of adiabatic pulse waveforms. In this context, stretched hyperbolic secant ( HSn $$ HSn $$ ) pulses were characterized. Previously published H S 1 $$ HS1 $$ R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ , continuous-wave (CW) R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ , and R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ measures from 12 agarose phantoms were used to validate the theoretical predictions. A similar validation was also performed on previously published HSn $$ HSn $$ R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ ( n $$ n $$ =1, 4, 8) and HS 1 $$ HS1 $$ R 2 ρ $$ {R}_{2\rho } $$ from bovine cartilage specimens. RESULTS: Longitudinal relaxation weighting decreases for HSn $$ HSn $$ pulses as n $$ n $$ increases. Predicted CW R 1 ρ cal $$ {R}_{1\rho}^{cal} $$ values from agarose phantoms align well with the measured CW R 1 ρ exp $$ {R}_{1\rho}^{exp} $$ values, as indicated by a linear regression function: R 1 ρ cal = 1.04 * R 1 ρ exp - 1.96 $$ {R}_{1\rho}^{cal}={1.04}^{\ast }{R}_{1\rho}^{exp}-1.96 $$ . The predicted adiabatic R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ and R 2 ρ $$ {R}_{2\rho } $$ from cartilage specimens are consistent with those previously measured, as quantified by: R 1 ρ , 2 ρ cal = 1.10 * R 1 ρ , 2 ρ exp - 0.41 $$ {R}_{1\rho, 2\rho}^{cal}={1.10}^{\ast }{R}_{1\rho, 2\rho}^{exp}-0.41 $$ . CONCLUSION: This work has theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that adiabatic R 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ and R 2 ρ $$ {R}_{2\rho } $$ can be recast into a sum of R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ and R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ , with varying weightings. Therefore, any suggestions that adiabatic rotating frame relaxometry in biological tissues could provide more information than the standard R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ and R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ warrant closer scrutiny.

Phase-shifted transverse relaxation orientation dependences in human brain white matter.

This work aimed to demonstrate an essential phase shift ε 0 for better quantifying R 2 and R 2 * in human brain white matter (WM), and to further elucidate its origin related to the directional diffusivities from standard diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). ε 0 was integrated into a proposed generalized transverse relaxation model for characterizing previously published R 2 and R 2 * orientation dependence profiles in brain WM, and then comparisons were made with those without ε 0 . It was theorized that anisotropic diffusivity direction ε was collinear with an axon fiber subject to all eigenvalues and eigenvectors from an apparent diffusion tensor. To corroborate the origin of ε 0 , R 2 orientation dependences referenced by ε were compared with those referenced by the standard principal diffusivity direction Φ at b-values of 1000 and 2500 (s/mm2 ). These R 2 orientation dependences were obtained from T 2 -weighted images (b = 0) of ultrahigh-resolution Connectome DTI datasets in the public domain. A normalized root-mean-square error ( NRMSE % ) and an F -test were used for evaluating curve-fittings, and statistical significance was considered to be a p of 0.05 or less. A phase-shifted model resulted in significantly reduced NRMSE % compared with that without ε 0 in quantifying various R 2 and R 2 * profiles, both in vivo and ex vivo at multiple B 0 fields. The R 2 profiles based on Φ manifested a right-shifted phase ( ε 0 > 0 ) at two b-values, while those based on ε became free from ε 0 . For all phase-shifted R 2 and R 2 * profiles, ε 0 generally depended on the directional diffusivities by tan - 1 D ⊥ / D ∥ , as predicted. In summary, a ubiquitous phase shift ε 0 has been demonstrated as a prerequisite for better quantifying transverse relaxation orientation dependences in human brain WM. Furthermore, the origin of ε 0 associated with the directional diffusivities from DTI has been elucidated. These findings could have a significant impact on interpretations of prior R 2 and R 2 * datasets and on future research.

High-Temperature Sensing Based on GAWBS In Silica Single-Mode Fiber.

High temperature detection is a constant challenge for condition monitoring under harsh environments in optical fiber sensors research. In this study, the temperature response characteristics of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) spectra in silica single-mode fiber (SMF) up to 800 °C are experimentally investigated, demonstrating the feasibility of the method for high-temperature monitoring. With increasing temperature, the resonance frequency of GAWBS spectra increases in a nearly linear manner, with linearly fitted temperature-dependent frequency shift coefficients of 8.19 kHz/°C for TR2,7 mode and 16.74 kHz/°C for R0,4 mode. More importantly, the linewidth of the GAWBS spectra is observed to narrow down with increasing temperature with a linearly fitted rate of -6.91 × 10-4/°C for TR2,7 modes and -8.56 × 10-4/°C for R0,4 modes. The signal-to-noise ratio of the GAWBS spectra induced by both modes increase by more than 3 dB when the temperature rises from 22 °C to 800 °C, which indicates that the proposed sensing scheme has better performance in high-temperature environments, and are particularly suitable for sensing applications in extreme environments. This study confirms the potential of high-temperature sensing using only GAWBS in silica fibers without any complex micromachining process, which has the advantages of strong mechanical strength, simple structure, easy operation, and low cost.

Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review.

High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.

Characterization of anisotropic T2W signals from human knee femoral cartilage: The magic angle effect on a spherical surface.

The aim of the current study was to propose a generalized magic angle effect (gMAE) function for characterizing anisotropic T2W signals of human knee femoral cartilage with a spherical surface in clinical studies. A gMAE model function f(α, ε) was formulated for an orientation-dependent (ε) transverse T2 (i.e., 1/R2 ) relaxation in cartilage assuming an axially symmetric distribution (α) of collagen fibers. T2W sagittal images were acquired on an adult volunteer's healthy knee at 3 T, and ROI-based average signals S(ε) were extracted from angularly and radially segmented femoral cartilage. Compared with the standard MAE (sMAE) functions in the deep (DZ, α = 0°) and in the superficial (SZ, α = 90°) zones, a general form of R2 orientation-dependent function f(α, ε) was fitted to S(ε), including an isotropic R2 contribution (internal reference [REF]). Goodness of fit was evaluated by root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs). An F-test and a paired t-test were respectively used to assess significant differences between the observed variances and means, with statistical significance set to p less than .05. As a symmetric orientation-dependence function with a varying dynamic range, the proposed gMAE model outperformed the previous sMAE functions manifested by significantly reduced RMSDs in the DZ (0.239 ± 0.122 vs. 0.267 ± 0.097, p = .014) and in the SZ (0.183 ± 0.081 vs. 0.254 ± 0.085, p < .001). The fitted average angle α (38.5 ± 34.6° vs. 45.1 ± 30.1°, p < .43) and REF (5.092 ± 0.369 vs. 5.305 ± 0.440, p < .001) were smaller in the DZ than those in SZ, in good agreement with the reported collagen fibril microstructural configurations and the nonbound water contribution to R2 in articular cartilage. In conclusion, a general form of the magic angle effect function was proposed and demonstrated for better characterizing anisotropic T2W signals from human knee femoral cartilage at 3 T in clinical studies.

An efficient R1ρ dispersion imaging method for human knee cartilage using constant magnetization prepared turbo-FLASH.

This work aimed to develop an efficient R1ρ dispersion imaging method for clinical studies of human knee cartilage at 3 T. Eight constant magnetizations (Mprep ) were prepared by tailoring both the duration and amplitude (ω1 ) of a fully refocused spin-lock preparation pulse. The limited Mprep dynamic range was expanded by the measure, equivalent to that with ω1 = ∞, from the magic angle location in the deep femoral cartilage. The developed protocol with Mprep = 60% was demonstrated on one subject's bilateral and two subjects' unilateral asymptomatic knees. The repeatability of the proposed protocol was estimated by two repeated scans with a three-month gap for the last two subjects. The synthetic R1ρ and R2 derived from R1ρ dispersions were compared with the published references using state-of-the-art R1ρ and R2 mapping (MAPSS). The proposed protocol demonstrated good (<5%) repeatability quantified by the intra- and intersubject coefficients of variation in the femoral and tibial cartilage. The synthetic R1ρ (1/s) and the references were comparable in the femoral (23.0 ± 5.3 versus 24.1 ± 3.8, P = 0.67) and the tibial (29.1 ± 8.8 versus 27.1 ± 5.1, P = 0.62), but not the patellar (16.5 ± 4.9 versus 22.7 ± 1.6, P < 0.01) cartilage. The same trends were also observed for the current and the previous R2 . In conclusion, the developed R1ρ dispersion imaging scheme has been revealed to be not only efficient but also robust for clinical studies of human knee cartilage at 3 T.

An order parameter without magic angle effect (OPTIMA) derived from R1ρ dispersion in ordered tissue.

PURPOSE: MR R2 imaging of ordered tissue exhibits the magic angle effect, potentially masking subtle pathological changes in cartilage. This work aimed to develop an orientation-independent order parameter (S) exclusively sensitive to collagen degeneration. METHODS: A theory was developed based on R1ρ dispersion coupled with a simplified molecular motion model in which anisotropic R2a(θ) became directly proportional to correlation time τbθ and S could be derived. This new parameter was validated with ex vivo R1ρ dispersion reported on orientated (n = 4), enzymatically depleted bovine cartilage (n = 6), and osteoarthritic human knee specimens (n = 14) at 9.4 Tesla, which was further demonstrated on 1 healthy human knee in vivo at 3 Tesla. RESULTS: τbθ from orientation-dependent R1ρ dispersion revealed a significantly high average correlation (r = 0.89 ± 0.05, P < 0.05) with R2a (θ) on cartilage samples and a moderate correlation (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) for the human knee in vivo. The derived S (10-3 ) significantly decreased in advanced osteoarthritis (1.64 ± 0.03 vs. 2.30 ± 0.11, P < 0.001) and collagen-depleted samples (1.30 ± 0.11 vs. 2.12 ± 0.12, P < 0.001) when compared with early osteoarthritis and the control, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed order parameter could be a potentially useful orientation-independent MR biomarker for collagen alterations in cartilage and other highly structured tissues.

Lung T1 mapping magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of pulmonary disease in children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Assessment tools for early cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease are limited. Detecting early pulmonary disease is crucial to increasing life expectancy by starting interventions to slow the progression of the pulmonary disease with the many treatment options available. OBJECTIVE: To compare the utility of lung T1-mapping MRI with ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI in children with cystic fibrosis in detecting early stage lung disease and monitoring pulmonary exacerbations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study in 16 children between September 2017 and January 2018. In Phase 1, we compared five CF patients with normal spirometry (mean 11.2 years) to five age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. In Phase 2, we longitudinally evaluated six CF patients (median 11 years) in acute pulmonary exacerbation. All children had non-contrast lung T1-mapping and UTE MRI and spirometry testing. We compared the mean normalized T1 value and percentage lung volume without T1 value in CF patients and healthy subjects in Phase 1 and during treatment in Phase 2. We also performed cystic fibrosis MRI scoring. We evaluated differences in continuous variables using standard statistical tests. RESULTS: In Phase 1, mean normalized T1 values of the lung were significantly lower in CF patients in comparison to healthy controls (P=0.02) except in the right lower lobe (P=0.29). The percentage lung volume without T1 value was also significantly higher in CF patients (P=0.006). UTE MRI showed no significant differences between CF patients and healthy volunteers (P=0.11). In Phase 2, excluding one outlier case who developed systemic disease in the course of treatment, the whole-lung T1 value increased (P=0.001) and perfusion scoring improved (P=0.02) following therapy. We observed no other significant changes in the MRI scoring. CONCLUSION: Lung T1-mapping MRI can detect early regional pulmonary CF disease in children and might be helpful in the assessment of acute pulmonary exacerbations.

A unique anisotropic R2 of collagen degeneration (ARCADE) mapping as an efficient alternative to composite relaxation metric (R2 -R1ρ ) in human knee cartilage study.

PURPOSE: Anisotropic transverse R2 (1/T2 ) relaxation of water proton is sensitive to cartilage degenerative changes. The purpose is to develop an efficient method to extract this relaxation metric in clinical studies. METHODS: Anisotropic R2 can be measured inefficiently by standard R2 mapping after removing an isotropic contribution obtained from R1ρ mapping. In the proposed method, named as a unique anisotropic R2 of collagen degeneration (ARCADE) mapping, an assumed uniform isotropic R2 was estimated at magic angle locations in the deep cartilage, and an anisotropic R2 was thus isolated in a single T2W sagittal image. Five human knees from 4 volunteers were studied with standard R2 and R1ρ mappings at 3T, and anisotropic R2 derived from ARCADE on the T2W (TE = 48.8 ms) image from R2 mapping was compared with the composite relaxation (R2 - R1ρ ) using statistical analysis including Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Anisotropic R2 (1/s) from ARCADE was highly positively correlated with but not significantly different from standard R2 - R1ρ (1/s) in the segmented deep (r = 0.83 ± 0.06; 8.3 ± 2.9 vs. 7.3 ± 1.9, P = .50) and the superficial (r = 0.82 ± 0.05; 3.5 ± 2.4 vs. 4.5 ± 1.6, P = .39) zones. However, after eliminating systematic errors by the normalization in terms of zonal contrast, anisotropic R2 was significantly higher (60.2 ± 18.5% vs. 38.4 ± 16.6%, P < .01) than R2 - R1ρ as predicted. CONCLUSION: The proposed anisotropic R2 mapping could be an efficient alternative to the conventional approach, holding great promise in providing both high-resolution morphological and more sensitive transverse relaxation imaging from a single T2W scan in a clinical setting.

Metal Artifact Reduction in Cardiovascular MRI for Accurate Myocardial Scar Assessment in Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.

OBJECTIVE. An important application of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MRI is accurate assessment of myocardial scar before ablation. However, this is often limited in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) because of metal device-induced artifacts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified wideband inversion recovery (IR) LGE MRI technique decreases artifact volume to allow the assessment of myocardial scar. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fifty patients (17 women and 33 men; mean age ± SD, 61 ± 12 years; mean ejection fraction ± SD, 35.9% ± 13.3%) with CIEDs underwent cardiac MRI using conventional and modified wideband IR LGE techniques before ablation. The volume of device-induced artifact was quantified and stratified by tertiles on mild, moderate, and severe. Ordinal logistic regression analysis assessed the association between artifact volume on conventional and wideband images adjusted for patients' demographics. RESULTS. Conventional LGE MRI resulted in device-induced hyperintense artifacts that obscured ventricular segments in 32 of 50 (64%) cases. Wideband LGE MRI significantly reduced severe artifact volume (p < 0.0001) and completely resolved all mild and most moderate artifacts. Overall, wideband techniques resulted in a 56% reduction in total artifact volume for the cohort (p < 0.0001). The wideband LGE MRI sequence minimized artifacts in the most commonly obscured segments on the conventional LGE MRI sequence, with persistent artifacts in seven, eight, and four of 32 cases at the basal anterior, midventricular anterior, and midventricular anteroseptal segments, respectively. CONCLUSION. The modified wideband IR technique completely resolves mild and moderate device-induced hyperintense artifacts and significantly reduces the volume of severe artifact to allow accurate identification of myocardial scar in patients with CIEDs before ablation.

Effect of Gadoxetate Disodium on Arterial Phase Respiratory Waveforms Using a Quantitative Fast Fourier Transformation-Based Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gadoxetate disodium administration on arterial phase respiratory waveforms. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From 2013 to 2015, 107 subjects undergoing liver MRI with either gadoxetate disodium (10 mL diluted 1:1 with saline; injection rate, 2 mL/s; n = 40) or gadobenate dimeglumine (0.2 mL/kg; maximum, 20 mL; injection rate, 2 mL/s; n = 67) were enrolled. Respiratory waveforms obtained during unenhanced and dynamic contrast-enhanced phases were filtered by a physicist, who was blinded to contrast agent and imaging phase, to eliminate electronic and cardiac noise using fast Fourier transformation. The average root-mean-square difference of two intrasubject control phases (unenhanced and late dynamic) was termed D1, and the root-mean-square deviation of the arterial phase referent to the control record mean was termed D2. D1, D2, and their difference were compared across agents with the Mann-Whitney U test. Bland-Altman plots were generated for D1 and D2 values. RESULTS: D1 values were similar for both agents (mean [± SD], 232 ± 203 for gadoxetate vs 201 ± 230 for gadobenate; p = 0.48), indicating similar intercohort baseline breath-holding capability. D2 was greater and more variable for the gadoxetate cohort (438 ± 381) than for the gadobenate cohort (167 ± 167; p < 0.001), indicating larger and more unpredictable respiratory waveform deviations isolated to the arterial phase (subject-level rate, 48% [19/40] for gadoxetate vs 1% [1/67] for gadobenate; p < 0.001). Aberrant respiratory waveform peaks in the arterial phase were usually associated with transient tachypnea (mean maximum arterial phase respiratory rate for the gadoxetate cohort, 27 breaths/min; range, 11-40 breaths/min). CONCLUSION: Fixed-dose gadoxetate disodium (10 mL; 1:1 dilution with 10 mL of saline; injection rate, 2 mL/s) transiently reduces breath-holding capacity during the arterial phase and is accompanied by brief transient tachypnea.

Comparison of calculated and acquired high b value diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the performance of calculated high b value diffusion-weighted images (DWI) derived from regular lower b value DWI using exponential diffusion decay models (intravoxel incoherent motion = IVIM and diffusional kurtosis = DK) is comparable to acquired high b value DWI in prostate cancer detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred six patients underwent diagnostic multiparametric prostate MRI at 3T using an endorectal coil. Five b value (b = 0, 188, 375, 563, 750 s/mm(2)) DWI and high b value (b = 0, 1000 and 2000 s/mm(2)) DWI were acquired. Calculated high b value (b = 1000 s/mm(2) and b = 2000 s/mm(2)) DWI were derived from the DWI dataset using DK and IVIM models. Calculated and acquired high b value DWI images were compared for lesion visibility and image quality by two experienced radiologists (1 and 6 years of experience). GEE with Wald test was used to compare the image quality among the four calculated high b value DWI by comparing the proportion of lesions in each model which were comparable to the acquired images. This comparison was done for all lesions and by lesion location (PZ or CG; low apical/anterior or apical/mid/base) RESULTS: More lesions were visible on acquired b = 2000 s/mm(2) compared to b = 1000 s/mm(2) DWI. Calculated high b value DWI using the IVIM model had approximately the same number of lesions as acquired high b value DWI, whereas the DK model had fewer lesions than acquired images. The image quality of calculated high b value DWI was comparable to that of acquired images, and the highest quality images were obtained with b1000IVIM. The image quality of calculated b1000IVIM was the same as that of acquired DWI in apical/mid/base (98%) locations and comparable in low apical and anterior (95.4%) locations. The image quality of calculated b2000IVIM was inferior in both apical/mid/base (86.2%) locations and comparable in low apical and anterior (83.9%) locations. CONCLUSION: Calculated high b value DWI obtained using IVIM model has same lesion visibility as that of acquired DWI. The image quality of calculated high b value DWI relative to corresponding acquired DWI decreases with increase in b value.

Diffusion kurtosis imaging study of prostate cancer: preliminary findings.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences in parameters of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) between prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and benign peripheral zone (PZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four foci of prostate cancer, 41 BPH nodules (14 stromal and 27 nonstromal hyperplasia), and 20 benign PZ from 20 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were investigated. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was performed using 11 b-values (0-1500 s/mm(2) ). DKI model relates DWI signal decay to parameters that reflect non-Gaussian diffusion coefficient (D) and deviations from normal distribution (K). A mixed model analysis of variance and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the statistical significance of the metrics of DKI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). RESULTS: K was significantly higher in prostate cancer and stromal BPH than in benign PZ (1.19 ± 0.24 and 0.99 ± 0.28 versus 0.63 ± 0.23, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). K showed a trend toward higher levels in prostate cancer than in stromal BPH (1.19 ± 0.24 versus 0.99 ± 0.28, P = 0.051). On the ROC analyses, a significant difference in area under the curve was not observed between K and ADC, however, K showed the highest sensitivity among three parameters. CONCLUSION: DKI may contribute to the imaging diagnosis of prostate cancer, especially in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and BPH.

Prostate cancer: can multiparametric MR imaging help identify patients who are candidates for active surveillance?

PURPOSE: To determine whether multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can help identify patients with prostate cancer who would most appropriately be candidates for active surveillance (AS) according to current guidelines and to compare the results with those of conventional clinical assessment scoring systems, including the D'Amico, Epstein, and Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) systems, on the basis of findings at prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This institutional review board-approved HIPAA-compliant retrospectively designed study included 133 patients (mean age, 59.3 years) with a mean prostate-specific antigen level of 6.73 ng/mL (median, 4.39 ng/mL) who underwent multiparametric MR imaging at 3.0 T before radical prostatectomy. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients were then retrospectively classified as to whether they would have met AS eligibility criteria or were better served by surgery. AS eligibility criteria for prostatectomy specimens were a dominant tumor smaller than 0.5 mL without Gleason 4 or 5 patterns or extracapsular or seminal vesicle invasion. Conventional clinical assessment scores (the D'Amico, Epstein, and CAPRA scoring systems) were compared with multiparametric MR imaging findings for predicting AS candidates. The level of significance of difference between scoring systems was determined by using the χ(2) test for categoric variables with the level of significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: Among 133 patients, 14 were eligible for AS on the basis of prostatectomy results. The sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and overall accuracy, respectively, were 93%, 25%, and 70% for the D'Amico system, 64%, 45%, and 88% for the Epstein criteria, and 93%, 20%, and 59% for the CAPRA scoring system for predicting AS candidates (P < .005 for all, χ(2) test), while multiparametric MR imaging had a sensitivity of 93%, a PPV of 57%, and an overall accuracy of 92% (P < .005). CONCLUSION: Multiparametric MR imaging provides useful additional information to existing clinicopathologic scoring systems of prostate cancer and improves the assignment of treatment (eg, AS or active treatment).

Intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging for prostate cancer: an evaluation of perfusion fraction and diffusion coefficient derived from different b-value combinations.

There has been a resurgent interest in intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MR imaging to obtain perfusion as well as diffusion information on lesions, in which the diffusion was modeled as Gaussian diffusion. However, it was observed that this diffusion deviated from expected monoexponential decay at high b-values and the reported perfusion in prostate is contrary to the findings in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI studies and angiogenesis. Thus, this work is to evaluate the effect of different b-values on IVIM perfusion fractions (f) and diffusion coefficients (D) for prostate cancer detection. The results show that both parameters depended heavily on the b-values, and those derived without the highest b-value correlated best with the results from DCE-MRI studies; specifically, f was significantly elevated (7.2% vs. 3.7%) in tumors when compared with normal tissues, in accordance with the volume transfer constant (K(trans); 0.39 vs. 0.18 min(-1)) and plasma fractional volume (v(p) ; 8.4% vs. 3.4%). In conclusion, it is critical to choose an appropriate range of b-values in studies or include the non-Gaussian diffusion contribution to obtain unbiased IVIM measurements. These measurements could eliminate the need for DCE-MRI, which is especially relevant in patients who cannot receive intravenous gadolinium-based contrast media.

Functional and molecular imaging of localized and recurrent prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among American men. Imaging of localized and recurrent prostate cancer is challenging since conventional imaging techniques are limited. New imaging techniques such as multiparametric MRI and PET with targeted tracers have been investigated extensively in the last decade. As a result, the role of novel imaging techniques for the detection of localized and recurrent prostate cancer has recently expanded. In this review, novel functional and molecular imaging techniques used in the management of localized and recurrent prostate cancer are discussed.

Orientation dependent proton transverse relaxation in human brain white matter: The magic angle effect on a cylindrical helix.

PURPOSE: To overcome some limitations of previous proton orientation-dependent transverse relaxation formalisms in the human brain white matter (WM) by a generalized magic angle effect function. METHODS: A cylindrical helix model was developed embracing anisotropic rotational and translational diffusion of restricted molecules in WM, with the former characterized by an axially symmetric system. Transverse relaxation rates R2 and R2∗ were divided into isotropic R2i and anisotropic parts, R2a ∗ f(α,Φ - Îµ0), with α denoting an open angle and ε0 an orientation (Φ) offset from DTI-derived primary diffusivity direction. The proposed framework (Fit A) was compared to prior models without ε0 on previously published water and methylene proton transverse relaxation rates from developing, healthy, and pathological WM at 3 T. Goodness of fit was represented by root-mean-square error (RMSE). F-test and linear correlation were used with statistical significance set to P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Fit A significantly (P < 0.01) outperformed prior models as demonstrated by reduced RMSEs, e.g., 0.349 vs. 0.724 in myelin water. Fitted ε0 was in good agreement with calculated ε0 from directional diffusivities. Compared with those from healthy adult, the fitted R2i, R2a, and α from neonates were substantially reduced but ε0 increased, consistent with developing myelination. Significant positive (R2i) and negative (α and R2a) correlations were found with aging (demyelination) in elderly. CONCLUSION: The developed framework can better characterize orientation dependences from a wide range of proton transverse relaxation measurements in the human brain WM, thus shedding new light on myelin microstructural alterations at the molecular level.

Decision support system for localizing prostate cancer based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.

PURPOSE: There is a growing need to localize prostate cancers on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to facilitate the use of image guided biopsy, focal therapy, and active surveillance follow up. Our goal was to develop a decision support system (DSS) for detecting and localizing peripheral zone prostate cancers by using machine learning approach to calculate a cancer probability map from multiparametric MR images (MP-MRI). METHODS: This IRB approved Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant retrospective study consisted of 31 patients (mean age and serum prostate specific antigen of 60.4 and 6.62 ng∕ml, respectively) who had MP-MRI at 3 T followed by radical prostatectomy. Seven patients were excluded due to technical issues with their MP-MRI (e.g., motion artifact, failure to perform all sequences). Cancer and normal regions were identified in the peripheral zone by correlating them to whole mount histology slides of the excised prostatectomy specimens. To facilitate the correlation, tissue blocks matching the MR slices were obtained using a MR-based patient-specific mold. Segmented regions on the MP-MRI were correlated to histopathology and used as training sets for the learning system that generated the cancer probability maps. Leave-one-patient-out cross-validation on the cancer and normal regions was performed to determine the learning system's efficacy, an evolutionary strategies approach (also known as a genetic algorithm) was used to find the optimal values for a set of parameters, and finally a cancer probability map was generated. RESULTS: For the 24 patients that were used in the study, 225 cancer and 264 noncancerous regions were identified from the region maps. The efficacy of DSS was first determined without optimizing support vector machines (SVM) parameters, where a region having a cancer probability greater than or equal to 50% was considered as a correct classification. The nonoptimized system had an f-measure of 85% and the Kappa coefficient of 71% (Rater's agreement, where raters are DSS and ground truth histology). The efficacy of the DSS after optimizing SVM parameters using a genetic algorithm had an f-measure of 89% and a Kappa coefficient of 80%. Thus, after optimization of the DSS there was a 4% increase in the f-measure and a 9% increase in the Kappa coefficient. CONCLUSIONS: This DSS provides a cancer probability map for peripheral zone prostate tumors based on endorectal MP-MRI. These cancer probability maps can potentially aid radiologists in accurately localizing peripheral zone prostate cancers for planning targeted biopsies, focal therapy, and follow up for active surveillance.

A self-compensated spin-locking scheme for quantitative R1ρ dispersion MR imaging in ordered tissues.

PURPOSE: To propose a self-compensated spin-locking (SL) method for quantitative R1ρ dispersion imaging in ordered tissues. METHODS: Two pairs of antiphase rotary-echo SL pulses were proposed in a new scheme with each pairs sandwiching one refocusing RF pulse. This proposed SL method was evaluated by Bloch simulations and experimental studies relative to three prior schemes. Quantitative R1ρR dispersion imaging studies with constant SL duration (TSL = 40 ms) were carried out on an agarose (1-4% w/v) phantom and one in vivo human knee at 3 T, using six SL RF strengths ranging from 50 to 1000 Hz. The performances of these SL schemes were characterized with an average coefficient of variation (CV) of the signal intensities in agarose gels and the sum of squared errors (SSE) for quantifying in vivo R1ρ dispersion of the femoral and tibial cartilage. RESULTS: The simulations demonstrate that the proposed SL scheme was less prone to B0 and B1 field inhomogeneities. This theoretical prediction was supported by fewer image banding artifacts and less signal fluctuation signified by a reduced CV (%) on the phantom without R1ρ dispersion (i.e., 4.04 ± 1.36 vs. 18.87 ± 4.46 or 6.66 ± 2.92 or 5.71 ± 2.05 for others), and further by mostly decreased SSE (*10-3) for characterizing R1ρ dispersion of the femoral (i.e., 0.3 vs. 1.2 or 0.4 or 0.1) and tibial (i.e., 0.4 vs. 7.2 or 3.2 or 2.8) cartilage. CONCLUSION: The proposed SL scheme is less sensitive to B0 and B1 field artifacts for a wide range of SL RF strengths and thus more suitable for quantitative R1ρ dispersion imaging in ordered tissues.