An atlas of epithelial cell states and plasticity in lung adenocarcinoma.

Understanding the cellular processes that underlie early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) development is needed to devise intervention strategies1. Here we studied 246,102 single epithelial cells from 16 early-stage LUADs and 47 matched normal lung samples. Epithelial cells comprised diverse normal and cancer cell states, and diversity among cancer cells was strongly linked to LUAD-specific oncogenic drivers. KRAS mutant cancer cells showed distinct transcriptional features, reduced differentiation and low levels of aneuploidy. Non-malignant areas surrounding human LUAD samples were enriched with alveolar intermediate cells that displayed elevated KRT8 expression (termed KRT8+ alveolar intermediate cells (KACs) here), reduced differentiation, increased plasticity and driver KRAS mutations. Expression profiles of KACs were enriched in lung precancer cells and in LUAD cells and signified poor survival. In mice exposed to tobacco carcinogen, KACs emerged before lung tumours and persisted for months after cessation of carcinogen exposure. Moreover, they acquired Kras mutations and conveyed sensitivity to targeted KRAS inhibition in KAC-enriched organoids derived from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. Last, lineage-labelling of AT2 cells or KRT8+ cells following carcinogen exposure showed that KACs are possible intermediates in AT2-to-tumour cell transformation. This study provides new insights into epithelial cell states at the root of LUAD development, and such states could harbour potential targets for prevention or intervention.

Spatial PD-L1, immune-cell microenvironment, and genomic copy-number alteration patterns and drivers of invasive-disease transition in prospective oral precancer cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies of the immune landscape led to breakthrough trials of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors for recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma therapy. This study investigated the timing, influence of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs), and clinical implications of PD-L1 and immune-cell patterns in oral precancer (OPC). METHODS: The authors evaluated spatial CD3, CD3/8, and CD68 density (cells/mm2 ) and PD-L1 (membranous expression in cytokeratin-positive intraepithelial neoplastic cells and CD68) patterns by multiplex immunofluorescence in a 188-patient prospective OPC cohort, characterized by clinical, histologic, and SCNA risk factors and protocol-specified primary end point of invasive cancer. The authors used Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher exact tests, linear mixed effect models, mediation, and Cox regression and recursive-partitioning analyses. RESULTS: Epithelial, but not CD68 immune-cell, PD-L1 expression was detected in 28% of OPCs, correlated with immune-cell infiltration, 9p21.3 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and inferior oral cancer-free survival (OCFS), notably in OPCs with low CD3/8 cell density, dysplasia, and/or 9p21.3 LOH. High CD3/8 cell density in dysplastic lesions predicted better OCFS and eliminated the excess risk associated with prior oral cancer and dysplasia. PD-L1 and CD3/8 patterns revealed inferior OCFS in PD-L1 high intrinsic induction and dysplastic immune-cold subgroups. CONCLUSION: This report provides spatial insight into the immune landscape and drivers of OPCs, and a publicly available immunogenomic data set for future precancer interrogation. The data suggest that 9p21.3 LOH triggers an immune-hot inflammatory phenotype; whereas increased 9p deletion size encompassing CD274 at 9p24.1 may contribute to CD3/8 and PD-L1 depletion during invasive transition. The inferior OCFS in PD-L1-high, immune-cold OPCs support the development of T-cell recruitment strategies.

Analysis of Immune Intratumor Heterogeneity Highlights Immunoregulatory and Coinhibitory Lymphocytes as Hallmarks of Recurrence in Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying postsurgical recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rudimentary. Molecular and T cell repertoire intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) have been reported to be associated with postsurgical relapse; however, how ITH at the cellular level impacts survival is largely unknown. Here we report the analysis of 2880 multispectral images representing 14.2% to 27% of tumor areas from 33 patients with stage I NSCLC, including 17 cases (relapsed within 3 years after surgery) and 16 controls (without recurrence ≥5 years after surgery) using multiplex immunofluorescence. Spatial analysis was conducted to quantify the minimum distance between different cell types and immune cell infiltration around malignant cells. Immune ITH was defined as the variance of immune cells from 3 intratumor regions. We found that tumors from patients having relapsed display different immune biology compared with nonrecurrent tumors, with a higher percentage of tumor cells and macrophages expressing PD-L1 (P =.031 and P =.024, respectively), along with an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg) (P =.018), antigen-experienced T cells (P =.025), and effector-memory T cells (P =.041). Spatial analysis revealed that a higher level of infiltration of PD-L1+ macrophages (CD68+PD-L1+) or antigen-experienced cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+PD-1+) in the tumor was associated with poor overall survival (P =.021 and P =.006, respectively). A higher degree of Treg ITH was associated with inferior recurrence-free survival regardless of tumor mutational burden (P =.022), neoantigen burden (P =.021), genomic ITH (P =.012) and T cell repertoire ITH (P =.001). Using multiregion multiplex immunofluorescence, we characterized ITH at the immune cell level along with whole exome and T cell repertoire sequencing from the same tumor regions. This approach highlights the role of immunoregulatory and coinhibitory signals as well as their spatial distribution and ITH that define the hallmarks of tumor relapse of stage I NSCLC.

CD30 expression is frequently decreased in relapsed classic Hodgkin lymphoma after anti-CD30 CAR T-cell therapy.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells anti-CD30 is an innovative therapeutic option that has been used to treat cases of refractory/relapsed (R/R) classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). Limited data are available regarding the CD30 expression status of patients who relapsed after this therapy. This is the first study to show decreased CD30 expression in R/R CHL in patients (n = 5) who underwent CAR T-cell therapy in our institution between 2018 and 2022. Although conventional immunohistochemical assays showed decreased CD30 expression in neoplastic cells in all cases (8/8) the tyramide amplification assay and RNAScope in situ hybridisation detected CD30 expression at different levels in 100% (n = 8/8) and 75% (n = 3/4), respectively. Hence, our findings document that certain levels of CD30 expression are retained by the neoplastic cells. This is not only of biological interest but also diagnostically important, as detection of CD30 is an essential factor in establishing a diagnosis of CHL.

Gene expression profiling and multiplex immunofluorescence analysis of bullous pemphigoid immune-related adverse event reveal upregulation of toll-like receptor 4/complement-induced innate immune response and increased density of TH 1 T-cells.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based cancer therapies cause a variety of cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including immunobullous skin eruptions like bullous pemphigoid (BP). However, little is known about the underlying immunopathogenic drivers of these reactions, and understanding the unique gene expression profile and immune composition of BP-irAE remains a critical knowledge gap in the field of oncodermatology/oncodermatopathology. METHODS: BP-irAE (n = 8) and de novo BP control (n = 8) biopsy samples were subjected to gene expression profiling using the NanoString® Technologies nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) studies using markers for T-cells (CD3 and CD8), T helper 1 (TH 1) cells (Tbet), TH 2 cells (Gata3), TH 17 cells (RORγT), and regulatory T-cells (Tregs; FoxP3) were further evaluated using InForm® image analysis. RESULTS: Compared with de novo BP controls, BP-irAE samples exhibited upregulation of 30 mRNA transcripts (p < 0.025), including toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and genes associated with complement activation, and downregulation of 89 mRNA transcripts (p < 0.025), including genes associated with TH 2, TH 17, and B-cell immune response. BP-irAE demonstrated a greater density of Tbet+ (TH 1) cells in the dermis (p = 0.004) and fewer Tregs in the blister floor (p = 0.028) when compared with that of de novo control BP samples. CONCLUSIONS: BP-irAE exhibited activation of the TLR4/complement-driven classical innate immune response pathway, with dermal TH 1 immune cell polarization and decreased Tregs in the blister floor. TLR/complement signaling may underlie the immunopathogenesis of BP-irAE.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is terminal in most patients with locally advanced stage disease. We aimed to assess the antitumour activity and safety of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for resectable stage IIIA NSCLC. METHODS: This was an open-label, multicentre, single-arm phase 2 trial done at 18 hospitals in Spain. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with histologically or cytologically documented treatment-naive American Joint Committee on Cancer-defined stage IIIA NSCLC that was deemed locally to be surgically resectable by a multidisciplinary clinical team, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. Patients received neoadjuvant treatment with intravenous paclitaxel (200 mg/m2) and carboplatin (area under curve 6; 6 mg/mL per min) plus nivolumab (360 mg) on day 1 of each 21-day cycle, for three cycles before surgical resection, followed by adjuvant intravenous nivolumab monotherapy for 1 year (240 mg every 2 weeks for 4 months, followed by 480 mg every 4 weeks for 8 months). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 24 months, assessed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which included all patients who received neoadjuvant treatment, and in the per-protocol population, which included all patients who had tumour resection and received at least one cycle of adjuvant treatment. Safety was assessed in the modified intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03081689, and is ongoing but no longer recruiting patients. FINDINGS: Between April 26, 2017, and Aug 25, 2018, we screened 51 patients for eligibility, of whom 46 patients were enrolled and received neoadjuvant treatment. At the time of data cutoff (Jan 31, 2020), the median duration of follow-up was 24·0 months (IQR 21·4-28·1) and 35 of 41 patients who had tumour resection were progression free. At 24 months, progression-free survival was 77·1% (95% CI 59·9-87·7). 43 (93%) of 46 patients had treatment-related adverse events during neoadjuvant treatment, and 14 (30%) had treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or worse; however, none of the adverse events were associated with surgery delays or deaths. The most common grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events were increased lipase (three [7%]) and febrile neutropenia (three [7%]). INTERPRETATION: Our results support the addition of neoadjuvant nivolumab to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with resectable stage IIIA NSCLC. Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy could change the perception of locally advanced lung cancer as a potentially lethal disease to one that is curable. FUNDING: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography correlates with tumor immunometabolic phenotypes in resected lung cancer.

Enhanced tumor glycolytic activity is a mechanism by which tumors induce an immunosuppressive environment to resist adoptive T cell therapy; therefore, methods of assessing intratumoral glycolytic activity are of considerable clinical interest. In this study, we characterized the relationships among tumor 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) retention, tumor metabolic and immune phenotypes, and survival in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We retrospectively analyzed tumor preoperative positron emission tomography (PET) 18F-FDG uptake in 59 resected NSCLCs and investigated correlations between PET parameters (SUVMax, SUVTotal, SUVMean, TLG), tumor expression of glycolysis- and immune-related genes, and tumor-associated immune cell densities that were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Tumor glycolysis-associated immune gene signatures were analyzed for associations with survival outcomes. We found that each 18F-FDG PET parameter was positively correlated with tumor expression of glycolysis-related genes. Elevated 18F-FDG SUVMax was more discriminatory of glycolysis-associated changes in tumor immune phenotypes than other 18F-FDG PET parameters. Increased SUVMax was associated with multiple immune factors characteristic of an immunosuppressive and poorly immune infiltrated tumor microenvironment, including elevated PD-L1 expression, reduced CD57+ cell density, and increased T cell exhaustion gene signature. Elevated SUVMax identified immune-related transcriptomic signatures that were associated with enhanced tumor glycolytic gene expression and poor clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that 18F-FDG SUVMax has potential value as a noninvasive, clinical indicator of tumor immunometabolic phenotypes in patients with resectable NSCLC and warrants investigation as a potential predictor of therapeutic response to immune-based treatment strategies.

Morphometric analysis of thoracic ganglion neurons in subjects with and without primary palmar hyperhidrosis.

BACKGROUND: Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a disease whose physiopathology remains poorly understood and that adversely affects quality of life. There is no morphologic study that includes an adequate control group that allows for comparison of the ganglion of HH to those of normal individuals. The purpose of study was to analyze morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the ganglion from patients with HH and normal individuals (organ donators). METHODS: This was a transversal study. The sympathetic thoracic ganglia were obtained from 2 groups of patients. Group PH (palmar hyperhidrosis), 40 patients with palmar HH submitted to surgery by video-assisted thoracoscopy, and group C (control group), 14 deceased individuals (control group of organ donators) without any history of HH. The third left sympathetic thoracic ganglion was resected in all patients. RESULTS: We observed higher number of cells in the PH group than in the control group (14.25 + 3.81 vs. 10.65 + 4.93) with P = 0.007; the mean percentage of ganglion cells stained by caspases-3 in the PH group was significantly greater than that of the C group (2.37 + 0.79 vs. 0.77 + 0.28) with P < 0.001; the mean value of area of collagen in the PH group was 0.80 IQ (0.08-1.87), and in the control group it was 2.36 IQ (0.49-5.98) with P = 0.061. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with primary palmar HH have a higher number of ganglion cells within the ganglion and a higher number of cells in apoptosis. Also, the subjects of PH group have less collagen in the sympathetic ganglion when compared with the control group, but not statistically significant.

First-in-human dose escalation trial to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of an anti-MAGEA1 autologous TCR-transgenic T cell therapy in relapsed and refractory solid tumors.

RATIONALE OF THE TRIAL: Although the use of engineered T cells in cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced the treatment of hematological malignancies, reaching meaningful clinical responses in the treatment of solid tumors is still challenging. We investigated the safety and tolerability of IMA202 in a first-in-human, dose escalation basket trial in human leucocyte antigen A*02:01 positive patients with melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGEA1)-positive advanced solid tumors. TRIAL DESIGN: The 2+2 trial design was an algorithmic design based on a maximally acceptable dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) rate of 25% and the sample size was driven by the algorithmic design with a maximum of 16 patients. IMA202 consists of autologous genetically modified cytotoxic CD8+ T cells expressing a T cell receptor (TCR), which is specific for a nine amino acid peptide derived from MAGEA1. Eligible patients underwent leukapheresis, T cells were isolated, transduced with lentiviral vector carrying MAGEA1-specific TCR and following lymphodepletion (fludarabine/cyclophosphamide), infused with a median of 1.4×109 specific T cells (range, 0.086×109-2.57×109) followed by interleukin 2. SAFETY OF IMA202: No DLT was observed. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were cytopenias, that is, neutropenia (81.3%), lymphopenia (75.0%), anemia (50.0%), thrombocytopenia (50.0%) and leukopenia (25.0%). 13 patients experienced cytokine release syndrome, including one grade 3 event. Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome was observed in two patients and was grade 1 in both. EFFICACY OF IMA202: Of the 16 patients dosed, 11 (68.8%) patients had stable disease (SD) as their best overall response (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1). Five patients had initial tumor shrinkage in target lesions and one patient with SD experienced continued shrinkage in target lesions for 3 months in total but had to be classified as progressive disease due to progressive non-target lesions. IMA202 T cells were persistent in peripheral blood for several weeks to months and were also detectable in tumor tissue. Peak persistence was higher in patients who received higher doses. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, IMA202 had a manageable safety profile, and it was associated with biological and potential clinical activity of MAGEA1-targeting genetically engineered TCR-T cells in a poor prognosis, multi-indication solid tumor cohort. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT04639245, NCT05430555.

A randomized, non-comparative phase 2 study of neoadjuvant immune-checkpoint blockade in retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma and extremity/truncal undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

Based on the demonstrated clinical activity of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) in advanced dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), we conducted a randomized, non-comparative phase 2 trial ( NCT03307616 ) of neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab/ipilimumab in patients with resectable retroperitoneal DDLPS (n = 17) and extremity/truncal UPS (+ concurrent nivolumab/radiation therapy; n = 10). The primary end point of pathologic response (percent hyalinization) was a median of 8.8% in DDLPS and 89% in UPS. Secondary end points were the changes in immune infiltrate, radiographic response, 12- and 24-month relapse-free survival and overall survival. Lower densities of regulatory T cells before treatment were associated with a major pathologic response (hyalinization > 30%). Tumor infiltration by B cells was increased following neoadjuvant treatment and was associated with overall survival in DDLPS. B cell infiltration was associated with higher densities of regulatory T cells before treatment, which was lost upon ICB treatment. Our data demonstrate that neoadjuvant ICB is associated with complex immune changes within the tumor microenvironment in DDLPS and UPS and that neoadjuvant ICB with concurrent radiotherapy has significant efficacy in UPS.

Exploratory study of macrophage polarization and spatial distribution in colorectal cancer liver metastasis: a pilot study.

Background: The liver is the most typical site of metastatic disease for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and up to half the patients with CRC will develop colorectal liver metastasis (CLM). Studying the tumor microenvironment, particularly macrophages and their spatial distribution, can give us critical insight into treatment. Methods: Ten CLMs (five treatment-naïve and five post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy) were stained with multiplex immunofluorescence panels against cytokeratins, CD68, Arg1, CD206, CD86, CD163, PD-L1, and MRP8-14. Densities of cell phenotypes and their spatial distribution in the tumor center and the normal liver-tumor interface were correlated with clinicopathological variables. Results: M2 macrophages were the predominant subtype in both the tumor center and the periphery, with a relatively higher density at the periphery. The larger tumors, more than 3.9 cm, were associated with higher densities of total CD68+ macrophages and CD68+CD163+ CD206neg and CD68+CD206+ CD163neg M2 macrophage subtypes. Total macrophages in the tumor periphery demonstrated significantly greater proximity to malignant cells than did those in the tumor center (p=0.0371). The presence of higher than median CD68+MRP8-14+CD86neg M1 macrophages in the tumor center was associated with poor overall survival (median 2.34 years) compared to cases with lower than median M1 macrophages at the tumor center (median 6.41 years) in univariate analysis. Conclusion: The dominant polarization of the M2 macrophage subtype could drive new therapeutic approaches in CLM patients.

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with NAFLD.

The expression of immune- and cancer-related genes was measured in liver biopsies from 107 NAFLD patients. The strongest difference in overall gene expression was between liver fibrosis stages F3 and F4, with 162 cirrhosis-associated genes identified. Strong correlations with fibrosis progression from F1 to F4 were observed for 91 genes, including CCL21, CCL2, CXCL6, and CCL19. In addition, the expression of 21 genes was associated with fast progression to F3/F4 in an independent group of eight NAFLD patients. These included the four chemokines, SPP1, HAMP, CXCL2, and IL-8. A six-gene signature including SOX9, THY-1, and CD3D had the highest performance detecting the progressors among F1/F2 NAFLD patients. We also characterized immune cell changes using multiplex immunofluorescence platforms. Fibrotic areas were strongly enriched in CD3+ T cells compared to CD68+ macrophages. While the number of CD68+ macrophages increased with fibrosis severity, the increase in CD3+ T-cell density was more substantial and progressive from F1 to F4. The strongest correlation with fibrosis progression was observed for CD3+CD45R0+ memory T cells, while the most significant increase in density between F1/F2 and F3/F4 was for CD3+CD45RO+FOXP3+CD8- and CD3+CD45RO-FOXP3+CD8- regulatory T cells. A specific increase in the density of CD68+CD11b+ Kupffer cells with liver fibrosis progression was also observed.

PD-L1+ macrophages are associated with favorable features in primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma.

Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a rare, aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and has a complex inflammatory microenvironment. Although most patients can be cured with standard-of-care immunochemotherapy, patients who have disease relapse have an unfavorable prognosis. Pre-treatment prognostic biomarkers in PMBCL are needed. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the clinical features and outcomes of PMBCL patients and their association with immune cell subpopulations identified by multiplex immunofluorescence at initial diagnosis. Two different antibody panels were used to assess macrophages in tissue biopsy specimens collected before the initiation of induction therapy. Twelve PMBCL patients, including five patients who had disease relapse, were included in the analysis. At a median follow-up time of 32.2 months, the median progression-free and overall survival durations were not reached. Our findings suggest that a high density of PD-L1+ macrophages is associated with favorable features, such as early disease stage and the absence of B-symptoms, and indicate that a high percentage of PD-L1+ macrophages and high densities of CD30+PD-L1+ cells and CD30+ cells might be associated with a lower risk of relapse within 12 months of therapy initiation. Further studies are needed to develop a biomarker signature predictive of treatment response with therapeutic consequences for patients with newly diagnosed PMBCL.

New Insights into Macrophage Polarization and its Prognostic Role in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis.

Background: As liver metastasis is the most common cause of mortality in patients with colorectal cancer, studying colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CLM) microenvironment is essential for improved understanding of tumor biology and to identify novel therapeutic targets. Methods: We used multiplex immunofluorescence platform to study tumor associated macrophage (TAM) polarization and adaptive T cell subtypes in tumor samples from 105 CLM patients (49 without and 56 with preoperative chemotherapy). Results: CLM exhibited M2 macrophage polarization, and helper T cells were the prevalent adaptive T cell subtype. The density of total, M2 and TGFß-expressing macrophages, and regulatory T cells was lower in CLM treated with preoperative chemotherapy. CLM with right-sided primary demonstrated enrichment of TGFß-expressing macrophages, and with left-sided primary had higher densities of helper and cytotoxic T cells. In multivariate analysis, high density of M2 macrophages correlated with longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the entire cohort [hazard ratio (HR) 0.425, 95% CI 0.219-0.825, p=0.011) and in patients without preoperative chemotherapy (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.221-0.932, p=0.032). High pSMAD3-expressing macrophages were associated with shorter RFS in CLM after preoperative chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our results highlight the significance of a multi-marker approach to define the macrophage subtypes and identify M2 macrophages as a predictor of favorable prognosis in CLM.

Phase II trial of neoadjuvant sitravatinib plus nivolumab in patients undergoing nephrectomy for locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Sitravatinib is an immunomodulatory tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can augment responses when combined with programmed death-1 inhibitors such as nivolumab. We report a single-arm, interventional, phase 2 study of neoadjuvant sitravatinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) prior to curative nephrectomy (NCT03680521). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) prior to surgery with a null hypothesis ORR = 5% and the alternative hypothesis set at ORR = 30%. Secondary endpoints were safety; pharmacokinetics (PK) of sitravatinib; immune effects, including changes in programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression; time-to-surgery; and disease-free survival (DFS). Twenty patients were evaluable for safety and 17 for efficacy. The ORR was 11.8%, and 24-month DFS probability was 88·0% (95% CI 61.0 to 97.0). There were no grade 4/5 treatment-related adverse events. Sitravatinib PK did not change following the addition of nivolumab. Correlative blood and tissue analyses showed changes in the tumour microenvironment resulting in an immunologically active tumour by the time of surgery (median time-to-surgery: 50 days). The primary endpoint of this study was not met as short-term neoadjuvant sitravatinib and nivolumab did not substantially increase ORR.

Prolonged cytopenia following CD19 CAR T cell therapy is linked with bone marrow infiltration of clonally expanded IFNγ-expressing CD8 T cells.

Autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy is highly effective in relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphoma (rrLBCL) but is associated with toxicities that delay recovery. While the biological mechanisms of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity have been investigated, the pathophysiology is poorly understood for prolonged cytopenia, defined as grade ≥3 cytopenia lasting beyond 30 days after CAR T infusion. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow samples from healthy donors and rrLBCL patients with or without prolonged cytopenia and identified significantly increased frequencies of clonally expanded CX3CR1hi cytotoxic T cells, expressing high interferon (IFN)-γ and cytokine signaling gene sets, associated with prolonged cytopenia. In line with this, we found that hematopoietic stem cells from these patients expressed IFN-γ response signatures. IFN-γ deregulates hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation and can be targeted with thrombopoietin agonists or IFN-γ-neutralizing antibodies, highlighting a potential mechanism-based approach for the treatment of CAR T-associated prolonged cytopenia.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: the phase 2 platform NEOSTAR trial.

Neoadjuvant ipilimumab + nivolumab (Ipi+Nivo) and nivolumab + chemotherapy (Nivo+CT) induce greater pathologic response rates than CT alone in patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The impact of adding ipilimumab to neoadjuvant Nivo+CT is unknown. Here we report the results and correlates of two arms of the phase 2 platform NEOSTAR trial testing neoadjuvant Nivo+CT and Ipi+Nivo+CT with major pathologic response (MPR) as the primary endpoint. MPR rates were 32.1% (7/22, 80% confidence interval (CI) 18.7-43.1%) in the Nivo+CT arm and 50% (11/22, 80% CI 34.6-61.1%) in the Ipi+Nivo+CT arm; the primary endpoint was met in both arms. In patients without known tumor EGFR/ALK alterations, MPR rates were 41.2% (7/17) and 62.5% (10/16) in the Nivo+CT and Ipi+Nivo+CT groups, respectively. No new safety signals were observed in either arm. Single-cell sequencing and multi-platform immune profiling (exploratory endpoints) underscored immune cell populations and phenotypes, including effector memory CD8+ T, B and myeloid cells and markers of tertiary lymphoid structures, that were preferentially increased in the Ipi+Nivo+CT cohort. Baseline fecal microbiota in patients with MPR were enriched with beneficial taxa, such as Akkermansia, and displayed reduced abundance of pro-inflammatory and pathogenic microbes. Neoadjuvant Ipi+Nivo+CT enhances pathologic responses and warrants further study in operable NSCLC. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03158129 .).

Enhanced T-Cell Priming and Improved Anti-Tumor Immunity through Lymphatic Delivery of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy.

An infusion of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) has revolutionized cancer treatments for some patients, but the majority of patients experience disappointing responses. Because adaptive immune responses are mounted by the concentrated assembly of antigens, immune cells, and mediators in the secluded and protective environment of draining lymph nodes (dLNs), we hypothesize that lymphatic delivery of CBI (αCTLA-4 and αPD-1) to tumor dLNs (tdLNs) improves anti-tumor responses over intravenous (i.v.) administration, and that vaccination against tumor associated antigen (TAA) further enhances these responses. Mono- and combination CBI were administered i.v. or through image-guided intradermal (i.d.) injection to reach tdLNs in vaccinated and unvaccinated animals bearing either primary or orthotopically metastasizing B16F10 melanoma. Vaccination and boost against TAA, Melan-A, was accomplished with virus-like particles (VLP) directed to tdLNs followed by VLP boost after CBI administration. Lymphatic delivery of CBIs reduced primary tumor size and metastatic tumor burden, alleviated the pro-tumorigenic immune environment, and improved survival over systemic administration of CBIs. Animals receiving CBIs lymphatically exhibited significantly enhanced survival over those receiving therapies administered partially or completely through systemic routes. By combining vaccination and CBI for effective T-cell priming in the protected environment of dLNs, anti-tumor responses may be improved.

Urinary T cells are detected in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated immune nephritis that are clonotypically identical to kidney T cell infiltrates.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in ~20% of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy; however, only 2-5% will develop ICI-mediated immune nephritis. Conventional tests are nonspecific in diagnosing disease pathology and invasive procedures (i.e. kidney biopsy) may not be feasible. In other autoimmune renal diseases, urinary immune cells correlated with the pathology or were predictive of disease activity. Corresponding evidence and analysis are absent for ICI-mediated immune nephritis. We report the first investigation analyzing immune cell profiles of matched kidney biopsies and urine of patients with ICI-AKI. We demonstrated the presence of urinary T cells in patients with immune nephritis by flow cytometry analysis. Clonotype analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences confirmed enrichment of kidney TCRs in urine. As ICI therapies become standard of care for more cancers, noninvasively assessing urinary immune cells of ICI therapy recipients can facilitate clinical management and an opportunity to tailor ICI-nephritis treatment.