Is Trichophyton simii endemic to the Indian subcontinent?

Trichophyton simii is considered to be prevalent only in the Indian subcontinent where it was isolated from soil, as well as from infections of humans and animals. We have investigated a case of onychomycosis caused by this exotic dermatophyte, not traceable to endemic areas. This case, as in others due to this fungus in man or animals, that have been previously and sporadically reported worldwide, suggests infections caused by T. simii might be underestimated, especially outside its primary geographic areas. Indeed, there are isolates that do not show species-specific morphology, as in our case isolate, and as a result may be misidentified by classical methods. By checking the identity of some strains preserved in the collection BCCM/IHEM, we found several that proved to be T. simii, originating from non-endemic areas (Belgium, France and Ivory Coast). Therefore, the natural distribution of T. simii is probably not as restricted as has previously been proposed.

The taxonomic status of Trichophyton quinckeanum and T. interdigitale revisited: a multigene phylogenetic approach.

Trichophyton quinckeanum, known as the causative agent of mouse favus, has been a subject of controversy since its discovery, 125 years ago. The purpose of this study was to examine the phylogenetic relationships between this fungus and related taxa. To achieve this objective, the ITS rDNA region, as well as actin and ß-tubulin gene regions of various isolates were sequenced. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses were conducted with T. rubrum as outgroup. Our study showed that strains identified as T. quinckeanum and others identified as T. schoenleinii are part of the complex T. mentagrophytes, and that their genotype cannot be confused with any other dermatophytes. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the choice of the neotype of T. mentagrophytes was inappropriate. The beta-tubulin topology also revealed that isolates of T. interdigitale form a genetically distinct population from the type strains of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. Therefore, contrary to what is generally accepted, the anthropophilic species T. interdigitale cannot be considered as the anamorph associated with the latter.

Molecular analysis and mating behaviour of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex.

Isolates of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex vary phenotypically. Whether the closely related zoophilic and anthropophilic anamorphs currently associated with Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii have to be considered as members of the same biological species remains an open question. In order to better delineate species in the T. mentagrophytes complex, we performed a mating analysis of freshly collected isolates from humans and animals with A. benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii reference strains, in comparison to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequencing. Mating experiments as well as ITS and 28S sequencing unambiguously allowed the distinction of A. benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii. We have also shown that all the isolates from tinea pedis and tinea unguium identified as T. interdigitale based on ITS sequences mated with A. vanbreuseghemii tester strains, but had lost their ability to give fertile cleistothecia. Therefore, T. interdigitale has to be considered as a humanized species derived from the sexual relative A. vanbreuseghemii.

Mould routine identification in the clinical laboratory by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: MALDI-TOF MS recently emerged as a valuable identification tool for bacteria and yeasts and revolutionized the daily clinical laboratory routine. But it has not been established for routine mould identification. This study aimed to validate a standardized procedure for MALDI-TOF MS-based mould identification in clinical laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, pre-extraction and extraction procedures were optimized. With this standardized procedure, a 143 mould strains reference spectra library was built. Then, the mould isolates cultured from sequential clinical samples were prospectively subjected to this MALDI-TOF MS based-identification assay. MALDI-TOF MS-based identification was considered correct if it was concordant with the phenotypic identification; otherwise, the gold standard was DNA sequence comparison-based identification. RESULTS: The optimized procedure comprised a culture on sabouraud-gentamicin-chloramphenicol agar followed by a chemical extraction of the fungal colonies with formic acid and acetonitril. The identification was done using a reference database built with references from at least four culture replicates. For five months, 197 clinical isolates were analyzed; 20 were excluded because they were not identified at the species level. MALDI-TOF MS-based approach correctly identified 87% (154/177) of the isolates analyzed in a routine clinical laboratory activity. It failed in 12% (21/177), whose species were not represented in the reference library. MALDI-TOF MS-based identification was correct in 154 out of the remaining 156 isolates. One Beauveria bassiana was not identified and one Rhizopus oryzae was misidentified as Mucor circinelloides. CONCLUSIONS: This work's seminal finding is that a standardized procedure can also be used for MALDI-TOF MS-based identification of a wide array of clinically relevant mould species. It thus makes it possible to identify moulds in the routine clinical laboratory setting and opens new avenues for the development of an integrated MALDI-TOF MS-based solution for the identification of any clinically relevant microorganism.