Identification and Characterization of a Peptide from the Stony Coral Heliofungia actiniformis.

Marine organisms produce a diverse range of toxins and bioactive peptides to support predation, competition, and defense. The peptide repertoires of stony corals (order Scleractinia) remain relatively understudied despite the presence of tentacles used for predation and defense that are likely to contain a range of bioactive compounds. Here, we show that a tentacle extract from the mushroom coral, Heliofungia actiniformis, contains numerous peptides with a range of molecular weights analogous to venom profiles from species such as cone snails. Using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry we characterized a 12-residue peptide (Hact-1) with a new sequence (GCHYTPFGLICF) and well-defined ß-hairpin structure stabilized by a single disulfide bond. The sequence is encoded within the genome of the coral and expressed in the polyp body tissue. The structure present is common among toxins and venom peptides, but Hact-1 does not show activity against select examples of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or a range of ion channels, common properties of such peptides. Instead, it appears to have a limited effect on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but the ecological function of the peptide remains unknown. The discovery of this peptide from H. actiniformis is likely to be the first of many from this and related species.

Mollusk microbiota shift during Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata and the terrestrial slug Phillocaulis soleiformis.

In the present work, we reported for the first time the microbiome from Phyllocaulis soleiformis and Biomphalaria glabrata assessed using high-throughput DNA sequencing pre- and post-infection with the helminth parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis. B. glabrata and P. soleiformis were experimentally infected with A. cantonensis. Fecal DNAs from control and infected groups were extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing survey. No significant differences were found in the alpha diversity indexes in Phyllocaulis and Biomphalaria experiments independently. PCoA analysis using the unweighted UniFrac measures showed that both microbiotas behaved differently depending on the host. In Biomphalaria microbiota, control and infected groups were significantly different (p = 0.0219), while Phyllocaulis samples were not (p = 0.5190). The microbiome of P. soleiformis infected with A. cantonensis showed a significant decrease of Sphingobacterium and a substantial increase of Cellvibrio when compared to a control group. The microbiome of B. glabrata infected with A. cantonensis showed a significant decline in the abundance of Flavobacterium, Fluviicola, Nitrospira, Vogesella and an OTU belonging to the family Comamonadaceae, and a significant increase of Uliginosibacterium and an OTU belonging to the family Weeksellaceae when compared to a control group. Overall, the microbiome data reported here provided valuable information with regard to the diversity of bacterial communities that comprise the gut microbiome of gastropods. Furthermore, we report here the effect of the infection of the helminth A. cantonensis in the ratio and distribution of the fecal microbiome of the snails. Further studies are highly valuable in order to better understand those interactions by comparing different microbiome profiles and mollusk models. By now, we anticipate that ecological studies will take significant advantage of these advances, particularly concerning improving our understanding of helminth-microbiome-host interactions.

Differential Protein Expression Marks the Transition From Infection With Opisthorchis viverrini to Cholangiocarcinoma.

Parts of Southeast Asia have the highest incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the world because of infection by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov). Ov-associated CCA is the culmination of chronic Ov-infection, with the persistent production of the growth factors and cytokines associated with persistent inflammation, which can endure for years in Ov-infected individuals prior to transitioning to CCA. Isobaric labeling and tandem mass spectrometry of liver tissue from a hamster model of CCA was used to compare protein expression profiles from inflammed tissue (Ovinfected but not cancerous) versus cancerous tissue (Ov-induced CCA). Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to verify dysregulated proteins in the animal model and in human tissue. We identified 154 dysregulated proteins that marked the transition from Ov-infection to Ov-induced CCA, i.e. proteins dysregulated during carcinogenesis but not Ov-infection. The verification of dysregulated proteins in resected liver tissue from humans with Ov-associated CCA showed the numerous parallels in protein dysregulation between human and animal models of Ov-induced CCA. To identify potential circulating markers for CCA, dysregulated proteins were compared with proteins isolated from exosomes secreted by a human CCA cell line (KKU055) and 27 proteins were identified as dysregulated in CCA and present in exosomes. These data form the basis of potential diagnostic biomarkers for human Ov-associated CCA. The profile of protein dysregulation observed during chronic Ovinfection and then in Ov-induced CCA provides insight into the etiology of an infection-induced inflammation-related cancer.

A comparative proteomic analysis of bile for biomarkers of cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a primary malignant tumor of the bile duct epithelium. Cholangiocarcinoma is usually detected at an advanced stage when successful treatment is no longer possible. As the tumor originates from the bile duct epithelium, bile is an ideal source of tumor biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma. In this study, we used a quantitative proteomics approach to identify potential tumor-associated proteins in the bile fluid of six cholangiocarcinoma patients. Three different gross-appearance tumor types were used in the analysis: mass-forming type ( n = 2), periductal infiltrating type ( n = 2), and intraductal growth type ( n = 2). Two bile samples from non-cancerous patients were used as controls. Isobaric labeling, coupled with Tandem mass spectrometry, was used to quantify protein levels in the bile of cholangiocarcinoma and control patients. In all, 63 proteins were significantly increased in cholangiocarcinoma bile compared to normal bile. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was one of the overexpressed proteins that increased in cholangiocarcinoma bile samples. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that alpha-1-antitrypsin was detected in 177 (50%) of 354 cholangiocarcinoma tissues from our Tissue Bank. Immunoblotting of 54 cholangiocarcinoma bile samples showed that alpha-1-antitrypsin was positive in 38 (70%) samples. Fecal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that alpha-1-antitrypsin level was able to distinguish cholangiocarcinoma patients from normal individuals. In conclusion, alpha-1-antitrypsin is a potential marker for early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma.

Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Secretes Extracellular Vesicles That Promote Cholangiocytes to Adopt a Tumorigenic Phenotype.

BACKGROUND: Throughout Asia, there is an unprecedented link between cholangiocarcinoma and infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Multiple processes, including chronic inflammation and secretion of parasite proteins into the biliary epithelium, drive infection toward cancer. Until now, the mechanism and effects of parasite protein entry into cholangiocytes was unknown. METHODS: Various microscopy techniques were used to identify O. viverrini extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their internalization by human cholangiocytes. Using mass spectrometry we characterized the EV proteome and associated changes in cholangiocytes after EV uptake, and we detected EV proteins in bile of infected hamsters and humans. Cholangiocyte proliferation and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion was measured to assess the impact of EV internalization. RESULTS: EVs were identified in fluke culture medium and bile specimens from infected hosts. EVs internalized by cholangiocytes drove cell proliferation and IL-6 secretion and induced changes in protein expression associated with endocytosis, wound repair, and cancer. Antibodies to an O. viverrini tetraspanin blocked EV uptake and IL-6 secretion by cholangiocytes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first time that EVs from a multicellular pathogen have been identified in host tissues. Our findings imply a role for O. viverrini EVs in pathogenesis and highlight an approach to vaccine development for this infectious cancer.

Transcriptome and venom proteome of the box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri.

BACKGROUND: The box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, is the largest and most dangerous cubozoan jellyfish to humans. It produces potent and rapid-acting venom and its sting causes severe localized and systemic effects that are potentially life-threatening. In this study, a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach was used to identify C. fleckeri proteins that elicit toxic effects in envenoming. RESULTS: More than 40,000,000 Illumina reads were used to de novo assemble ∼ 34,000 contiguous cDNA sequences and ∼ 20,000 proteins were predicted based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology and biological pathway mapping. More than 170 potential toxin proteins were identified from the transcriptome on the basis of homology to known toxins in publicly available sequence databases. MS/MS analysis of C. fleckeri venom identified over 250 proteins, including a subset of the toxins predicted from analysis of the transcriptome. Potential toxins identified using MS/MS included metalloproteinases, an alpha-macroglobulin domain containing protein, two CRISP proteins and a turripeptide-like protease inhibitor. Nine novel examples of a taxonomically restricted family of potent cnidarian pore-forming toxins were also identified. Members of this toxin family are potently haemolytic and cause pain, inflammation, dermonecrosis, cardiovascular collapse and death in experimental animals, suggesting that these toxins are responsible for many of the symptoms of C. fleckeri envenomation. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first overview of a box jellyfish transcriptome which, coupled with venom proteomics data, enhances our current understanding of box jellyfish venom composition and the molecular structure and function of cnidarian toxins. The generated data represent a useful resource to guide future comparative studies, novel protein/peptide discovery and the development of more effective treatments for jellyfish stings in humans. (Length: 300).

Bioclojure: a functional library for the manipulation of biological sequences.

MOTIVATION: BioClojure is an open-source library for the manipulation of biological sequence data written in the language Clojure. BioClojure aims to provide a functional framework for the processing of biological sequence data that provides simple mechanisms for concurrency and lazy evaluation of large datasets. RESULTS: BioClojure provides parsers and accessors for a range of biological sequence formats, including UniProtXML, Genbank XML, FASTA and FASTQ. In addition, it provides wrappers for key analysis programs, including BLAST, SignalP, TMHMM and InterProScan, and parsers for analyzing their output. All interfaces leverage Clojure's functional style and emphasize laziness and composability, so that BioClojure, and user-defined, functions can be chained into simple pipelines that are thread-safe and seamlessly integrate lazy evaluation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: BioClojure is distributed under the Lesser GPL, and the source code is freely available from GitHub (https://github.com/s312569/clj-biosequence).

A microRNA profile associated with Opisthorchis viverrini-induced cholangiocarcinoma in tissue and plasma.

BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly aggressive tumor of the bile duct, and a significant public health problem in East Asia, where it is associated with infection by the parasite Opisthorchis viverrini. ICC is often detected at an advanced stage and with a poor prognosis, making a biomarker for early detection a priority. METHODS: We have comprehensively profiled miRNA expression levels in ICC tumor tissue using small RNA-Seq and validated these profiles using quantitative PCR on matched plasma samples. RESULTS: Distinct miRNA profiles were associated with increasing histological differentiation of ICC tumor tissue. We also observed that histologically normal tissue adjacent to ICC tumor displayed miRNA expression profiles more similar to tumor than liver tissue from healthy donors. In plasma samples, an eight-miRNA signature associated with ICC, regardless of the degree of histological differentiation of its matched tissue, forming the basis of a circulating miRNA-based biomarker for ICC. CONCLUSIONS: The association of unique miRNA profiles with different ICC subtypes suggests the involvement of specific miRNAs during ICC tumor progression. In plasma, an eight-miRNA signature associated with ICC could form the foundation of an accessible (plasma-based) miRNA-based biomarker for the early detection of ICC.

Proteomic identification of the contents of small extracellular vesicles from in vivo Plasmodium yoelii infection.

Small extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are formed by the endocytic pathway and contain genetic and protein material which reflect the contents of their cells of origin. These contents have a role in vesicle-mediated information transfer, as well as physiological and pathological functions. Thus, these vesicles are of great interest as therapeutic targets, or as vehicles for immunomodulatory control. In Plasmodium spp. infections, vesicles derived from the parasite or parasite-infected cells have been shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory elements, which have been correlated with manifestations of clinical disease. Herein, we characterised the protein cargo of naturally occurring sEVs in the plasma of P. yoelii-infected mice. After in vivo infections, extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes were collected by sequential centrifugation/ultracentrifugation followed by isopycnic gradient separation. Analysis of the vesicles was performed by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, SDS-PAGE and flow cytometry. LC-MS analysis followed by bioinformatics analysis predicted parasite protein cargo associated with exosomes. Within these small extracellular vesicles, we identified proteins of interest as vaccine candidates, uncharacterized proteins which may be targets of T cell immunoreactivity, and proteins involved in metabolic processes, regulation, homeostasis and immunity. Importantly, the small extracellular vesicles studied in our work were obtained from in vivo infection rather than from the supernatant of in vitro cultures. These findings add to the growing interest in parasite small extracellular vesicles, further our understanding of the interactions between host and parasite, and identify novel proteins which may represent potential targets for vaccination against malaria.

ERK and mTORC1 Inhibitors Enhance the Anti-Cancer Capacity of the Octpep-1 Venom-Derived Peptide in Melanoma BRAF(V600E) Mutations.

Melanoma is the main cause of skin cancer deaths, with special emphasis in those cases carrying BRAF mutations that trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling and unrestrained cell proliferation in the absence of mitogens. Current therapies targeting MAPK are hindered by drug resistance and relapse that rely on metabolic rewiring and Akt activation. To identify new drug candidates against melanoma, we investigated the molecular mechanism of action of the Octopus Kaurna-derived peptide, Octpep-1, in human BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells using proteomics and RNAseq coupled with metabolic analysis. Fluorescence microscopy verified that Octpep-1 tagged with fluorescein enters MM96L and NFF cells and distributes preferentially in the perinuclear area of MM96L cells. Proteomics and RNAseq revealed that Octpep-1 targets PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in MM96L cells. In addition, Octpep-1 combined with rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) or LY3214996 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) augmented the cytotoxicity against BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells in comparison with the inhibitors or Octpep-1 alone. Octpep-1-treated MM96L cells displayed reduced glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration when combined with LY3214996. Altogether these data support Octpep-1 as an optimal candidate in combination therapies for melanoma BRAF(V600E) mutations.

The pathology of Chironex fleckeri venom and known biological mechanisms.

The large box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri is found in northern Australian waters. A sting from this cubozoan species can kill within minutes. From clinical and animal studies, symptoms comprise severe pain, welts, scarring, hypotension, vasospasms, cardiac irregularities and cardiac arrest. At present, there is no cure and opioids are used to manage pain. Antivenom is available but controversy exists over its effectiveness. Experimental and combination therapies performed in vitro and in vivo have shown varied efficacy. These inconsistent results are likely a consequence of the different methods used to extract venom. Recent omics analysis has shed light on the systems of C. fleckeri venom action, including new toxin classes that use pore formation, cell membrane collapse and ion channel modulation. This review covers what is known on C. fleckeri pathomechanisms and highlights current gaps in knowledge. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms of C. fleckeri venom-induced pathology may lead to novel treatments and possibly, the discovery of novel cell pathways, novel drug scaffolds and novel drug targets for human disease.

Venom of the Red-Bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus Shows Immunosuppressive Potential.

Venoms act with remarkable specificity upon a broad diversity of physiological targets. Venoms are composed of proteins, peptides, and small molecules, providing the foundation for the development of novel therapeutics. This study assessed the effect of venom from the red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) on human primary leukocytes using bead-based flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and cell viability assays. We show that venom treatment had a significant immunosuppressive effect, inhibiting the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from purified human T cells by 90% or greater following stimulation with mitogen (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin) or via cluster of differentiation (CD) receptors, CD3/CD28. In contrast, venom treatment did not inhibit TNF or IL-6 release from antigen-presenting cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The reduced cytokine release from T cells was not associated with inhibition of T cell proliferation or reduction of cell viability, consistent with an anti-inflammatory mechanism unrelated to the cell cycle. Deconvolution of the venom using reverse-phase HPLC identified four fractions responsible for the observed immunosuppressive activity. These data suggest that compounds from P. porphyriacus venom may be potential drug leads for T cell-associated conditions such as graft versus host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

A primary human T-cell spectral library to facilitate large scale quantitative T-cell proteomics.

Data independent analysis (DIA) exemplified by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) provides robust quantitative proteomics data, but the lack of a public primary human T-cell spectral library is a current resource gap. Here, we report the generation of a high-quality spectral library containing data for 4,833 distinct proteins from human T-cells across genetically unrelated donors, covering ~24% proteins of the UniProt/SwissProt reviewed human proteome. SWATH-MS analysis of 18 primary T-cell samples using the new human T-cell spectral library reliably identified and quantified 2,850 proteins at 1% false discovery rate (FDR). In comparison, the larger Pan-human spectral library identified and quantified 2,794 T-cell proteins in the same dataset. As the libraries identified an overlapping set of proteins, combining the two libraries resulted in quantification of 4,078 human T-cell proteins. Collectively, this large data archive will be a useful public resource for human T-cell proteomic studies. The human T-cell library is available at SWATHAtlas and the data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD019446 and PXD019542) and PeptideAtlas (PASS01587).

Identification, recombinant protein production, and functional analysis of a M60-like metallopeptidase, secreted by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini.

The carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) is endemic in Thailand and neighboring countries including Laos PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia. Infections with O. viverrini lead to hepatobiliary abnormalities including bile duct cancer-cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Despite decades of extensive studies, the underlying mechanisms of how this parasite survives in the bile duct and causes disease are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to identify and characterize the most abundant protein secreted by the parasite. Proteomics and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the most abundant secretory protein is a metallopeptidase, named Ov-M60-like-1. This protein contains an N-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain and a C-terminal M60-like domain with a zinc metallopeptidase HEXXH motif. Further analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that Ov-M60-like-1 is N-glycosylated. Recombinant Ov-M60-like-1 (rOv-M60-like-1) expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) was able to digest bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM). The mucinase activity was inhibited by the ion chelating agent EDTA, confirming its metallopeptidase identity. The enzyme was active at temperatures ranging 25-37 °C in a broad pH range (pH 2-10). The identification of Ov-M60-like-1 mucinase as the major secretory protein of O. viverrini worms warrants further research into the role of this glycoprotein in the pathology induced by this carcinogenic worm.

Qualitative and quantitative proteomic analyses of Schistosoma japonicum eggs and egg-derived secretory-excretory proteins.

BACKGROUND: Schistosome parasites lay up to a thousand eggs per day inside the veins of their mammalian hosts. The immature eggs deposited by females against endothelia of venules will embryonate within days. Approximately 30% of the eggs will migrate to the lumen of the intestine to continue the parasite life-cycle. Many eggs, however, are trapped in the liver and intestine causing the main pathology associated with schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica, the liver granulomatous response. Excretory-secretory egg proteins drive much of egg-induced pathogenesis of schistosomiasis mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum induce a markedly distinct granulomatous response to that of S. mansoni. METHODS: To explore the basis of variations in this responsiveness, we investigated the proteome of eggs of S. japonicum. Using mass spectrometry qualitative and quantitative (SWATH) analyses, we describe the protein composition of S. japonicum eggs secretory proteins (ESP), and the differential expression of proteins by fully mature and immature eggs, isolated from faeces and ex vivo adults. RESULTS: Of 957 egg-related proteins identified, 95 were exclusively found in S. japonicum ESP which imply that they are accessible to host immune system effector elements. An in-silico analysis implies that ESP are able of stimulating the innate and adaptive immune system through several different pathways. While quantitative SWATH analysis revealed 124 proteins that are differentially expressed by mature and immature S. japonicum eggs, illuminating some important aspects of eggs biology and infection, we also show that mature eggs are more likely than immature eggs to stimulate host immune responses. CONCLUSIONS: Here we present a list of potential targets that can be used to develop better strategies to avoid severe morbidity during S. japonicum infection, as well as improving diagnosis, treatment and control of schistosomiasis japonica.

Kunitz type protease inhibitor EgKI-1 from the canine tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus as a promising therapeutic against breast cancer.

EgKI-1, a member of the Kunitz type protease inhibitor family, is highly expressed by the oncosphere of the canine tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, the stage that is infectious to humans and ungulates, giving rise to a hydatid cyst localized to the liver and other organs. Larval protoscoleces, which develop within the hydatid cyst, have been shown to possess anti-cancer properties, although the precise molecules involved have not been identified. We show that recombinant EgKI-1 inhibits the growth and migration of a range of human cancers including breast, melanoma and cervical cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner in vitro without affecting normal cell growth. Furthermore, EgKI-1 treatment arrested the cancer cell growth by disrupting the cell cycle and induced apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro. An in vivo model of triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) in BALB/c nude mice showed significant tumor growth reduction in EgKI-1-treated mice compared with controls. These findings indicate that EgKI-1 shows promise for future development as an anti-cancer therapeutic.

Discovering proteins for chemoprevention and chemotherapy by curcumin in liver fluke infection-induced bile duct cancer.

Modulation or prevention of protein changes during the cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) process induced by Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) infection may become a key strategy for prevention and treatment of CCA. Monitoring of such changes could lead to discovery of protein targets for CCA treatment. Curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-CCA activities partly through its protein-modulatory ability. To support the potential use of curcumin and to discover novel target molecules for CCA treatment, we used a quantitative proteomic approach to investigate the effects of curcumin on protein changes in an Ov-induced CCA-harboring hamster model. Isobaric labelling and tandem mass spectrometry were used to compare the protein expression profiles of liver tissues from CCA hamsters with or without curcumin dietary supplementation. Among the dysregulated proteins, five were upregulated in liver tissues of CCA hamsters but markedly downregulated in the CCA hamsters supplemented with curcumin: S100A6, lumican, plastin-2, 14-3-3 zeta/delta and vimentin. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses also showed similar expression patterns of these proteins in liver tissues of hamsters in the CCA and CCA + curcumin groups. Proteins such as clusterin and S100A10, involved in the NF-κB signaling pathway, an important signaling cascade involved in CCA genesis, were also upregulated in CCA hamsters and were then suppressed by curcumin treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate the important changes in the proteome during the genesis of O. viverrini-induced CCA and provide an insight into the possible protein targets for prevention and treatment of this cancer.

A modified FASP protocol for high-throughput preparation of protein samples for mass spectrometry.

To facilitate high-throughput proteomic analyses we have developed a modified FASP protocol which improves the rate at which protein samples can be processed prior to mass spectrometry. Adapting the original FASP protocol to a 96-well format necessitates extended spin times for buffer exchange due to the low centrifugation speeds tolerated by these devices. However, by using 96-well plates with a more robust polyethersulfone molecular weight cutoff membrane, instead of the cellulose membranes typically used in these devices, we could use isopropanol as a wetting agent, decreasing spin times required for buffer exchange from an hour to 30 minutes. In a typical work flow used in our laboratory this equates to a reduction of 3 hours per plate, providing processing times similar to FASP for the processing of up to 96 samples per plate. To test whether our modified protocol produced similar results to FASP and other FASP-like protocols we compared the performance of our modified protocol to the original FASP and the more recently described eFASP and MStern-blot. We show that all FASP-like methods, including our modified protocol, display similar performance in terms of proteins identified and reproducibility. Our results show that our modified FASP protocol is an efficient method for the high-throughput processing of protein samples for mass spectral analysis.

Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis.

Different reports have highlighted the potential use of helminths and their secretions in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) conditions; however, no reports have investigated their effects at a proteome level. Herein, we characterise the protein expression changes that occur in lamina propria (LP) and the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) of mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis treated with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory (ES) products using a quantitative proteomic approach. We have shown how parasite products can significantly alter the expression of proteins involved in immune responses, cell death and with an antioxidant activity. Interestingly, significant changes in the expression levels of different mucins were observed in this study. MUC13, a mucin implicated in gastrointestinal homeostasis, was upregulated in the LP of mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with ES, while MUC2, a major component of mucus, was upregulated in the IEC. In addition, A. caninum proteins have an important effect on proteins with antioxidant functions and proteins involved in intestinal homeostasis and tissue integrity and regeneration. Understanding how parasites can ameliorate IBD pathogenesis can help us design novel treatments for autoimmune diseases.

Unique molecular profile of exosomes derived from primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells under diseased conditions.

Human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) of the kidney are known to respond to and mediate the disease process in a wide range of kidney diseases, yet their exosomal production and exosome molecular cargo remain a mystery. Here we investigate, for the first time, the production and molecular content of exosomes derived from primary human PTEC cultured under normal and diseased conditions representing a spectrum of in vivo disease severity from early inflammation, experienced in multiple initial kidney disease states, through to hypoxia, frequently seen in late stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to fibrosis and vascular compromise. We demonstrate a rapid reproducible methodology for the purification of PTEC-derived exosomes, identify increased numbers of exosomes from disease-state cultures and identify differential expression levels of both known and unique miRNA and protein species from exosomes derived from different disease-culture conditions. The validity of our approach is supported by the identification of miRNA, proteins and pathways with known CKD associations, providing a rationale to further evaluate these novel and known pathways as targets for therapeutic intervention.