Identification, synthesis, and characterization of an unprecedented N-(2-carboxyethyl) adduct impurity in an injectable ganirelix formulation.

Ganirelix, a peptide-based drug used to treat female infertility, has been in high market demand, which attracted generic formulation. A hitherto unknown impurity of ganirelix was observed in our formulation process, which reached ~0.3% in 6 months and led to a detailed investigation of its structure. In-depth analysis of ESI-MS/MS data of this impurity coupled with an artificial intelligence prediction tool led to a highly unusual putative structure, that is, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-ganirelix (NCE-GA), which was authenticated by chemical synthesis from ganirelix and NMR analysis and via corroborated HPLC and MS/MS data with the formulation-derived impurity.

On-resin synthesis of Lanreotide epimers and studies of their structure-activity relationships.

Peptide drugs often accompany epimeric impurities (isomers). Therefore, efficient chemical synthesis of epimers is critical to identify them correctly and investigate their biological activities. Here, we report the rapid synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of eight possible epimers of a somatostatin synthetic analog (SSA), lanreotide (LAN). SPPS and the subsequent on-resin rapid disulfide closure method offered >90% conversion yield for all epimers (P1-P8). Further, we developed an analytical method to separate these epimers, which enabled the profiling of five epimeric impurities in the API, purchased for Somatuline generic formulations. In SAR studies, most LAN epimers revealed compromised antiproliferative activity, while the P7 epimer retained antiproliferative activity similar to LAN API, as supported by in silico SAR studies in detail. Additionally, P7 showed serum stability nearly identical to LAN, suggesting that drug epimers could be a potential API. Current studies will further encourage the development of novel SSA scaffolds.