ABSTRACT
Unlike conventional αß T cells, γδ T cells typically recognize nonpeptide ligands independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. Accordingly, the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) can potentially recognize a wide array of ligands; however, few ligands have been described to date. While there is a growing appreciation of the molecular bases underpinning variable (V)δ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ TCR-mediated ligand recognition, the mode of Vδ3+ TCR ligand engagement is unknown. MHC class I-related protein, MR1, presents vitamin B metabolites to αß T cells known as mucosal-associated invariant T cells, diverse MR1-restricted T cells, and a subset of human γδ T cells. Here, we identify Vδ1/2- γδ T cells in the blood and duodenal biopsy specimens of children that showed metabolite-independent binding of MR1 tetramers. Characterization of one Vδ3Vγ8 TCR clone showed MR1 reactivity was independent of the presented antigen. Determination of two Vδ3Vγ8 TCR-MR1-antigen complex structures revealed a recognition mechanism by the Vδ3 TCR chain that mediated specific contacts to the side of the MR1 antigen-binding groove, representing a previously uncharacterized MR1 docking topology. The binding of the Vδ3+ TCR to MR1 did not involve contacts with the presented antigen, providing a basis for understanding its inherent MR1 autoreactivity. We provide molecular insight into antigen-independent recognition of MR1 by a Vδ3+ γδ TCR that strengthens an emerging paradigm of antibody-like ligand engagement by γδ TCRs.
Subject(s)
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism , Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology , Adult , Antigen Presentation , Female , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology , Humans , Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/physiology , Ligands , Male , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/physiology , Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiologyABSTRACT
In this article, we discuss recent advances into the structural analyses of immunoglobulin M complexes, which are enabling comprehensive characterization of these enigmatic antibodies, to reveal central tenets of immunoglobulin M immunobiology and inform their immunotherapeutic use.
Subject(s)
Biology , Immunoglobulin M , Cryoelectron MicroscopyABSTRACT
T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and MHC class I-like molecules. We describe a diverse population of human γδ T cells isolated from peripheral blood and tissues that exhibit autoreactivity to the monomorphic MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). The crystal structure of a γδTCR-MR1-antigen complex starkly contrasts with all other TCR-MHC and TCR-MHC-I-like complex structures. Namely, the γδTCR binds underneath the MR1 antigen-binding cleft, where contacts are dominated by the MR1 α3 domain. A similar pattern of reactivity was observed for diverse MR1-restricted γδTCRs from multiple individuals. Accordingly, we simultaneously report MR1 as a ligand for human γδ T cells and redefine the parameters for TCR recognition.