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1.
J Virol ; 91(24)2017 12 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29021394

ABSTRACT

An important goal of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine design is identification of strategies that elicit effective antiviral humoral immunity. One novel approach comprises priming with DNA and boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing HIV-1 Env on virus-like particles. In this study, we evaluated whether the addition of a gp120 protein in alum or MVA-expressed secreted gp140 (MVAgp140) could improve immunogenicity of a DNA prime-MVA boost vaccine. Five rhesus macaques per group received two DNA primes at weeks 0 and 8 followed by three MVA boosts (with or without additional protein or MVAgp140) at weeks 18, 26, and 40. Both boost immunogens enhanced the breadth of HIV-1 gp120 and V1V2 responses, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and low-titer tier 1B and tier 2 neutralizing antibody responses. However, there were differences in antibody kinetics, linear epitope specificity, and CD4 T cell responses between the groups. The gp120 protein boost elicited earlier and higher peak responses, whereas the MVAgp140 boost resulted in improved antibody durability and comparable peak responses after the final immunization. Linear V3 specific IgG responses were particularly enhanced by the gp120 boost, whereas the MVAgp140 boost also enhanced responses to linear C5 and C2.2 epitopes. Interestingly, gp120, but not the MVAgp140 boost, increased peak CD4+ T cell responses. Thus, both gp120 and MVAgp140 can augment potential protection of a DNA/MVA vaccine by enhancing gp120 and V1/V2 antibody responses, whereas potential protection by gp120, but not MVAgp140 boosts, may be further impacted by increased CD4+ T cell responses.IMPORTANCE Prior immune correlate analyses with humans and nonhuman primates revealed the importance of antibody responses in preventing HIV-1 infection. A DNA prime-modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boost vaccine has proven to be potent in eliciting antibody responses. Here we explore the ability of boosts with recombinant gp120 protein or MVA-expressed gp140 to enhance antibody responses elicited by the GOVX-B11 DNA prime-MVA boost vaccine. We found that both types of immunogen boosts enhanced potentially protective antibody responses, whereas the gp120 protein boosts also increased CD4+ T cell responses. Our data provide important information for HIV vaccine designs that aim for effective and balanced humoral and T cell responses.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Glycoproteins/immunology , HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology , Immunization, Secondary , Immunogenicity, Vaccine , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology , Glycoproteins/genetics , HIV Antibodies/blood , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/chemistry , HIV-1/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Macaca mulatta , Vaccines, DNA/genetics , Vaccinia virus/growth & development , Vaccinia virus/immunology
2.
J Immunol ; 197(9): 3586-3596, 2016 11 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27683750

ABSTRACT

We tested, in rhesus macaques, the effects of a 500-fold range of an admixed recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing rhesus GM-CSF (MVA/GM-CSF) on the immunogenicity and protection elicited by an MVA/SIV macaque 239 vaccine. High doses of MVA/GM-CSF did not affect the levels of systemic envelope (Env)-specific Ab, but it did decrease the expression of the gut-homing receptor α4ß7 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p < 0.01) and the magnitudes of Env-specific IgA (p = 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05) in rectal secretions. The protective effect of the vaccine was evaluated using 12 weekly rectal challenges in rhesus macaques subgrouped by tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) genotypes that are restrictive or permissive for infection by the challenge virus SIVsmE660. Eight of nine TRIM5α-restrictive animals receiving no or the lowest dose (1 × 105 PFU) of MVA/GM-CSF resisted all 12 challenges. In the comparable TRIM5α-permissive group, only 1 of 12 animals resisted all 12 challenges. In the TRIM5α-restrictive animals, but not in the TRIM5α-permissive animals, the number of challenges to infection directly correlated with the magnitudes of Env-specific rectal IgG (r = +0.6) and IgA (r = +0.6), the avidity of Env-specific serum IgG (r = +0.5), and Ab dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (r = +0.6). Titers of neutralizing Ab did not correlate with protection. We conclude that 1) protection elicited by MVA/SIVmac239 is strongly dependent on the presence of TRIM5α restriction, 2) nonneutralizing Ab responses contribute to protection against SIVsmE660 in TRIM5α-restrictive animals, and 3) high doses of codelivered MVA/GM-CSF inhibit mucosal Ab responses and the protection elicited by MVA expressing noninfectious SIV macaque 239 virus-like particles.


Subject(s)
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology , Rectum/immunology , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibody Formation , Genotype , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/metabolism , Macaca mulatta , Proteins/genetics , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases , Vaccines, DNA , Vaccinia/immunology , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
3.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 112(34): 10780-5, 2015 Aug 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26261312

ABSTRACT

Although the correlates of immunological protection from human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus infection remain incompletely understood, it is generally believed that medium to high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the challenge virus will prevent infection. This paradigm is based on a series of studies in which passive transfer of HIV-specific nAbs protected rhesus macaques (RMs) from subsequent mucosal challenge with a chimeric human/simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown whether nAb titers define protection in the setting of active immunization. Here we determined serum nAb titers against breakthrough transmitted/founder (T/F) SIVsmE660-derived envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants from 14 RMs immunized with SIVmac239-based DNA-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara-boost vaccine regimens that included GM-CSF or CD40L adjuvants and conferred significant but incomplete protection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge. A single Env variant established infection in all RMs except one, with no identifiable genetic signature associated with vaccination breakthrough compared with T/F Envs from four unvaccinated monkeys. Breakthrough T/F Env pseudoviruses were potently neutralized in vitro by heterologous pooled serum from chronically SIVsmE660-infected monkeys at IC50 titers exceeding 1:1,000,000. Remarkably, the T/F Env pseudoviruses from 13 of 14 monkeys were also susceptible to neutralization by autologous prechallenge serum at in vitro IC50 titers ranging from 1:742-1:10,832. These titers were similar to those observed in vaccinated RMs that remained uninfected. These data suggest that the relationship between serum nAb titers and protection from mucosal SIV challenge in the setting of active immunization is more complex than previously recognized, warranting further studies into the balance between immune activation, target cell availability, and protective antibody responses.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Base Sequence , Gene Products, env/genetics , Gene Products, env/immunology , Genes, env , Immunity, Mucosal , Immunization, Secondary , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Macaca mulatta , Molecular Sequence Data , Neutralization Tests , Sequence Alignment , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Vaccination
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 110(8): 2975-80, 2013 Feb 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23359688

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that macaques vaccinated with DNA vectors expressing SIVmac239 antigens developed potent immune responses able to reduce viremia upon high-dose SIVmac251 challenge. To further improve vaccine-induced immunity and protection, we combined the SIVmac239 DNA vaccine with protein immunization using inactivated SIVmac239 viral particles as protein source. Twenty-six weeks after the last vaccination, the animals were challenged intrarectally at weekly intervals with a titrated dose of the heterologous SIVsmE660. Two of DNA-protein coimmunized macaques did not become infected after 14 challenges, but all controls were infected by 11 challenges. Vaccinated macaques showed modest protection from SIVsmE660 acquisition compared with naïve controls (P = 0.050; stratified for TRIM5α genotype). Vaccinees had significantly lower peak (1.6 log, P = 0.0048) and chronic phase viremia (P = 0.044), with 73% of the vaccinees suppressing viral replication to levels below assay detection during the 40-wk follow-up. Vaccine-induced immune responses associated significantly with virus control: binding antibody titers and the presence of rectal IgG to SIVsmE660 Env correlated with delayed SIVsmE660 acquisition; SIV-specific cytotoxic T cells, prechallenge CD4(+) effector memory, and postchallenge CD8(+) transitional memory cells correlated with control of viremia. Thus, SIVmac239 DNA and protein-based vaccine protocols were able to achieve high, persistent, broad, and effective cellular and humoral immune responses able to delay heterologous SIVsmE660 infection and to provide long-term control of viremia. These studies support a role of DNA and protein-based vaccines for development of an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine.


Subject(s)
DNA, Viral/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viremia/prevention & control , Virion/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , DNA, Viral/administration & dosage , Immunity, Cellular , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Macaca mulatta , Rectum/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/economics , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Viral Load , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
5.
J Virol ; 88(10): 5864-9, 2014 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24574408

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the results of a late boost and three additional series of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges in seven DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vaccinated rhesus macaques who resisted a first series of rectal challenges. During 29 additional challenges delivered over 2.3 years, all animals became infected. However, 13 blips of virus in six macaques and anamnestic Env-specific rectal IgA responses in three of the six suggested that local control of infections was occurring during the serial challenge.


Subject(s)
Immunity, Mucosal , Rectum/immunology , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Animals , Drug Carriers , Macaca mulatta , SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage , Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Vaccinia virus/genetics
6.
J Virol ; 88(17): 9579-89, 2014 Sep 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24920805

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: It remains a challenge to develop a successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine that is capable of preventing infection. Here, we utilized the benefits of CD40L, a costimulatory molecule that can stimulate both dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, as an adjuvant for our simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques. We coexpressed the CD40L with our DNA/SIV vaccine such that the CD40L is anchored on the membrane of SIV virus-like particle (VLP). These CD40L containing SIV VLPs showed enhanced activation of DCs in vitro. We then tested the potential of DNA/SIV-CD40L vaccine to adjuvant the DNA prime of a DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine in rhesus macaques. Our results demonstrated that the CD40L adjuvant enhanced the functional quality of anti-Env antibody response and breadth of anti-SIV CD8 and CD4 T cell responses, significantly delayed the acquisition of heterologous mucosal SIV infection, and improved viral control. Notably, the CD40L adjuvant enhanced the control of viral replication in the gut at the site of challenge that was associated with lower mucosal CD8 immune activation, one of the strong predictors of disease progression. Collectively, our results highlight the benefits of CD40L adjuvant for enhancing antiviral humoral and cellular immunity, leading to enhanced protection against a pathogenic SIV. A single adjuvant that enhances both humoral and cellular immunity is rare and thus underlines the importance and practicality of CD40L as an adjuvant for vaccines against infectious diseases, including HIV-1. IMPORTANCE: Despite many advances in the field of AIDS research, an effective AIDS vaccine that can prevent infection remains elusive. CD40L is a key stimulator of dendritic cells and B cells and can therefore enhance T cell and antibody responses, but its overly potent nature can lead to adverse effects unless used in small doses. In order to modulate local expression of CD40L at relatively lower levels, we expressed CD40L in a membrane-bound form, along with SIV antigens, in a nucleic acid (DNA) vector. We tested the immunogenicity and efficacy of the CD40L-adjuvanted vaccine in macaques using a heterologous mucosal SIV infection. The CD40L-adjuvanted vaccine enhanced the functional quality of anti-Env antibody response and breadth of anti-SIV T cell responses and improved protection. These results demonstrate that VLP-membrane-bound CD40L serves as a novel adjuvant for an HIV vaccine.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , CD40 Ligand/administration & dosage , Immunity, Cellular , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Vaccination/methods , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics , Animals , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD40 Ligand/genetics , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Drug Carriers/administration & dosage , Immunity, Mucosal , Macaca mulatta , SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage , SAIDS Vaccines/genetics , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage , Vaccines, DNA/genetics , Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology , Vaccinia virus/genetics
7.
Nat Rev Immunol ; 2(4): 239-50, 2002 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12001995

ABSTRACT

The twenty-first century has begun with considerable success for new AIDS vaccines in macaque models. A common feature of these vaccines is their ability to induce high-frequency CD8+ T-cell responses that control, rather than prevent, infection with HIV. The new vaccines, which include DNA vaccines and live viral vectors, are based on technologies that have been developed since the start of the AIDS epidemic. The ultimate promise of these vaccines will be realized only when efficacy trials in humans are conducted.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , AIDS Vaccines/genetics , AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Animals , Clinical Trials as Topic , Drug Design , Forecasting , Genetic Vectors , Humans , Macaca , Vaccines, DNA/immunology
8.
J Infect Dis ; 210(1): 99-110, 2014 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24403557

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Clade B DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines producing virus-like particles displaying trimeric membrane-bound envelope glycoprotein (Env) were tested in a phase 2a trial in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected adults for safety, immunogenicity, and 6-month durability of immune responses. METHODS: A total of 299 individuals received 2 doses of JS7 DNA vaccine and 2 doses of MVA/HIV62B at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively (the DDMM regimen); 3 doses of MVA/HIV62B at 0, 2, and 6 months (the MMM regimen); or placebo injections. RESULTS: At peak response, 93.2% of the DDMM group and 98.4% of the MMM group had binding antibodies for Env. These binding antibodies were more frequent and of higher magnitude for the transmembrane subunit (gp41) than the receptor-binding subunit (gp120) of Env. For both regimens, response rates were higher for CD4(+) T cells (66.4% in the DDMM group and 43.1% in the MMM group) than for CD8(+) T cells (21.8% in the DDMM group and 14.9% in the MMM group). Responding CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were biased toward Gag, and >70% produced 2 or 3 of the 4 cytokines evaluated (ie, interferon γ, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor α, and granzyme B). Six months after vaccination, the magnitudes of antibodies and T-cell responses had decreased by <3-fold. CONCLUSIONS: DDMM and MMM vaccinations with virus-like particle-expressing immunogens elicited durable antibody and T-cell responses.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Drug Carriers , HIV-1/immunology , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage , AIDS Vaccines/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Female , HIV Antibodies/blood , HIV-1/genetics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Placebos/administration & dosage , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Time Factors , Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Young Adult , env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
9.
J Immunol ; 185(12): 7262-73, 2010 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21076059

ABSTRACT

The influence of preexisting immunity to viral vectors is a major issue for the development of viral-vectored vaccines. In this study, we investigate the effect of preexisting vaccinia virus immunity on the immunogenicity and efficacy of a DNA/modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) SIV vaccine in rhesus macaques using a pathogenic intrarectal SIV251 challenge. Preexisting immunity decreased SIV-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses but preserved the SIV-specific humoral immunity. In addition, preexisting immunity did not diminish the control of an SIV challenge mediated by the DNA/MVA vaccine. The peak and set point viremia was 150- and 17-fold lower, respectively, in preimmune animals compared with those of control animals. The peak and set point viremia correlated directly with colorectal virus at 2 wk postchallenge suggesting that early control of virus replication at the site of viral challenge was critical for viral control. Factors that correlated with early colorectal viral control included 1) the presence of anti-SIV IgA in rectal secretions, 2) high-avidity binding Ab for the native form of Env, and 3) low magnitude of vaccine-elicited SIV-specific CD4 T cells displaying the CCR5 viral coreceptor. The frequency of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in blood and colorectal tissue at 2 wk postchallenge did not correlate with early colorectal viral control. These results suggest that preexisting vaccinia virus immunity may not limit the potential of recombinant MVA vaccines to elicit humoral immunity and highlight the importance of immunodeficiency virus vaccines achieving early control at the mucosal sites of challenge.


Subject(s)
Immunity, Cellular/immunology , Immunity, Humoral/immunology , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Vaccinia virus/immunology , AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Immunity, Cellular/drug effects , Immunity, Humoral/drug effects , Immunoglobulin A/immunology , Macaca mulatta , Receptors, CCR5/immunology , SAIDS Vaccines/pharmacology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology , Viremia/immunology , Virus Replication/drug effects , Virus Replication/immunology
10.
Nat Med ; 11(4 Suppl): S25-32, 2005 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15812486

ABSTRACT

Vaccination, or the deliberate induction of protective immunity by administering nonpathogenic forms of a microbe or its antigens to induce a memory immune response, is the world's most cost-effective medical procedure for preventing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious disease. Historically, most vaccines have worked by eliciting long-lived plasma cells. These cells produce antibodies that limit disease by neutralizing a toxin or blocking the spread of the infectious agent. For these 'B cell vaccines,' the immunological marker, or correlate, for protection is the titer of protective antibodies. With the discovery of HIV/AIDS, vaccine development has been confronted by an agent that is not easily blocked by antibody. To overcome this, researchers who are developing HIV/AIDS vaccines have turned to the elicitation of cellular immunity, or 'T cell vaccines,' which recognize and kill infected cells.


Subject(s)
T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Immunity, Cellular , Immunologic Memory , Virus Diseases/prevention & control
11.
J Infect Dis ; 204(1): 164-73, 2011 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21628671

ABSTRACT

A simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine coexpressing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) prevented infection in 71% of macaques that received 12 rectal challenges. The SIVsmE660 challenge had the tropism of incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and a similar genetic distance from the SIV239 vaccine as intraclade HIV isolates. The heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimen used recombinant DNA for priming and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara for boosting. Co-expression of GM-CSF in the DNA prime enhanced the avidity of elicited immunoglobulin G for SIV envelope glycoproteins, the titers of neutralizing antibody for easy-to-neutralize SIV isolates, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Impressively, the co-expressed GM-CSF increased vaccine-induced prevention of infection from 25% in the non-GM-CSF co-expressing vaccine group to 71% in the GM-CSF co-expressing vaccine group. The prevention of infection showed a strong correlation with the avidity of the elicited Env-specific antibody for the Env of the SIVsmE660 challenge virus (r = 0.9; P < .0001).


Subject(s)
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic , Genetic Vectors , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics , Immunization, Secondary/methods , Macaca mulatta , Male , Neutralization Tests , SAIDS Vaccines/genetics , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity , Vaccination/methods , Vaccines, DNA/genetics , Vaccinia virus/genetics
12.
J Infect Dis ; 203(5): 610-9, 2011 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21282192

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Recombinant DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vaccines represent a promising approach to an HIV/AIDS vaccine. This Phase 1 clinical trial compared the safety and immunogenicity of a rMVA vaccine administered with and without DNA vaccine priming METHODS: GeoVax pGA2/JS7 DNA (D) and MVA/HIV62 (M) vaccines encode noninfectious virus-like particles. Intramuscular needle injections were used to deliver placebo, 2 doses of DNA followed by 2 doses of rMVA (DDMM), one dose of DNA followed by 2 doses of rMVA (DMM), or 3 doses of rMVA (MMM) to HIV-seronegative participants. RESULTS: Local and systemic symptoms were mild or moderate. Immune response rates for CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were highest in the DDMM group and lowest in the MMM group (77% vs 43% CD4 + and 42% vs 17% CD8 +). In contrast, response rates for Env binding and neutralizing Ab were highest in the MMM group. The DMM group had intermediate response rates. A 1/10th-dose DDMM regimen induced similar T cell but reduced Ab response rates compared with the full-dose DDMM. CONCLUSIONS: MVA62 was well tolerated and elicited different patterns of T cell and Ab responses when administered alone or in combination with the JS7 DNA vaccine.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Vaccinia virus/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Double-Blind Method , Drug Administration Schedule , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Genetic Vectors , HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis , HIV Antibodies/blood , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Placebos , United States , Vaccines, DNA/standards , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Young Adult
13.
Vaccine ; 39(33): 4641-4650, 2021 07 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34229888

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Eliciting durable humoral immunity with sufficient breadth and magnitude is important for HIV-1 vaccine design. The HVTN 114 vaccine trial evaluated different boost regimens administered after a 7-year rest period in participants previously enrolled in HVTN 205, who received either three MVA/HIV62B (MMM) or two DNA and two MVA/HIV62B (DDMM) injections; both vaccines expressed multiple HIV-1 antigens in non-infectious virus-like-particles. The primary objective of HVTN 114 was to assess the impact of a heterologous gp120 protein AIDSVAX B/E boost on the magnitude, breadth and durability of vaccine-induced immune responses. METHODS: We enrolled 27 participants from HVTN 205 into five groups. Eight participants who previously received MMM were randomized and boosted with either MVA/HIV62B alone (T1; n = 4) or MVA/HIV62B and AIDSVAX B/E (T2; n = 4). Nineteen participants who received DDMM were randomized and boosted with MVA/HIV62B alone (T3; n = 6), MVA/HIV62B and AIDSVAX B/E (T4; n = 6), or AIDSVAX B/E alone (T5; n = 7). Boosts were at months 0 and 4. Participants were followed for safety and immunogenicity for 10 months and were pooled for analysis based on the regimen: MVA-only (T1 + T3), MVA + AIDSVAX (T2 + T4), and AIDSVAX-only (T5). RESULTS: All regimens were safe and well-tolerated. Prior to the boost vaccination, binding antibody and CD4+T-cell responses were observed 7 years after HVTN 205 vaccinations. Late boosting with AIDSVAX, with or without MVA, resulted in high binding antibody responses to gp120 and V1V2 epitopes, with increased magnitude and breadth compared to those observed in HVTN 205. Late boosting with MVA, with or without AIDSVAX, resulted in increased gp140 and gp41 antibody responses and higher CD4+T-cell responses to Env and Gag. CONCLUSIONS: Late boosting with AIDSVAX, alone or in combination with MVA, can broaden binding antibody responses and increase T-cell responses even years following the original MVA/HIV62B with or without DNA-priming vaccine.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines , HIV Infections , HIV-1 , Vaccines, DNA , HIV Antibodies , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Immunization, Secondary
14.
NPJ Vaccines ; 6(1): 56, 2021 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33859204

ABSTRACT

We studied mucosal immune responses in six HIV-1 vaccine trials investigating different envelope (Env)-containing immunogens. Regimens were classified into four categories: DNA/vector, DNA/vector plus protein, protein alone, and vector alone. We measured HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA in secretions from cervical (n = 111) and rectal swabs (n = 154), saliva (n = 141), and seminal plasma (n = 124) and compared to corresponding blood levels. Protein-containing regimens had up to 100% response rates and the highest Env-specific IgG response rates. DNA/vector groups elicited mucosal Env-specific IgG response rates of up to 67% that varied across specimen types. Little to no mucosal IgA responses were observed. Overall, gp41- and gp140-specific antibodies dominated gp120 mucosal responses. In one trial, prior vaccination with a protein-containing immunogen maintained durability of cervical and rectal IgG for up to 17 years. Mucosal IgG responses were boosted after revaccination. These findings highlight a role for protein immunization in eliciting HIV-1-specific mucosal antibodies and the ability of HIV-1 vaccines to elicit durable HIV-1-specific mucosal IgG.

15.
J Virol ; 83(9): 4102-11, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19224993

ABSTRACT

A major challenge for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS vaccines is the elicitation of anti-Env antibodies (Ab) capable of neutralizing the diversity of isolates in the pandemic. Here, we show that high-avidity, but nonneutralizing, Abs can have an inverse correlation with peak postchallenge viremia for a heterologous challenge. Vaccine studies were conducted in rhesus macaques using DNA priming followed by modified vaccinia Ankara boosting with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) immunogens that express virus-like particles displaying CCR5-tropic clade B (strain ADA) or clade C (IN98012) Envs. Rhesus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was used as an adjuvant for enhancing the avidity of anti-Env Ab responses. Challenge was with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-162P3, a CCR5-tropic clade B chimera of SIV and HIV-1. Within the groups receiving the clade B vaccine, a strong inverse correlation was found between the avidity of anti-Env Abs and peak postchallenge viremia. This correlation required the use of native but not gp120 or gp140 forms of Env for avidity assays. The high-avidity Ab elicited by the ADA Env had excellent breadth for the Envs of incident clade B but not clade C isolates, whereas the high-avidity Ab elicited by the IN98012 Env had excellent breadth for incident clade C but not clade B isolates. High-avidity Ab elicited by a SHIV vaccine with a dual-tropic clade B Env (89.6) had limited breadth for incident isolates. Our results suggest that certain Envs can elicit nonneutralizing but high-avidity Ab with broad potential for blunting incident infections of the same clade.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Gene Products, env/immunology , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , Viremia/immunology , Animals , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Gene Products, gag/immunology , HIV Antibodies/pharmacology , Humans , Macaca mulatta , Male , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Titrimetry
16.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 13031, 2020 08 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32747654

ABSTRACT

Efficacious HIV-1 vaccination requires elicitation of long-lived antibody responses. However, our understanding of how different vaccine types elicit durable antibody responses is lacking. To assess the impact of vaccine type on antibody responses, we measured IgG isotypes against four consensus HIV antigens from 2 weeks to 10 years post HIV-1 vaccination and used mixed effects models to estimate half-life of responses in four human clinical trials. Compared to protein-boosted regimens, half-lives of gp120-specific antibodies were longer but peak magnitudes were lower in Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-boosted regimens. Furthermore, gp120-specific B cell transcriptomics from MVA-boosted and protein-boosted vaccines revealed a distinct signature at a peak (2 weeks after last vaccination) including CD19, CD40, and FCRL2-5 activation along with increased B cell receptor signaling. Additional analysis revealed contributions of RIG-I-like receptor pathway and genes such as SMAD5 and IL-32 to antibody durability. Thus, this study provides novel insights into vaccine induced antibody durability and B-cell receptor signaling.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Gene Expression Profiling , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV Infections/genetics , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , Antibody Formation/immunology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Gene Expression Regulation , Half-Life , Humans , Immunization, Secondary , Linear Models , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Vaccination , Vaccinia virus/immunology
17.
J Virol ; 82(8): 4149-53, 2008 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18234787

ABSTRACT

In this study, we monitored the temporal breadths, frequencies, and functions of antiviral CD4 and CD8 T cells in 2 of 22 DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vaccinated macaques that lost control of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6P challenge by 196 weeks postchallenge. Our results show that both mutation and exhaustion contributed to escape. With the reappearance of viremia, responding CD8 and CD4 T cells underwent an initial increase and then loss of breadth and frequency. Antiviral gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)- and interleukin 2-coproducing cells were lost before IFN-gamma-producing cells and CD4 cells before CD8 cells. At euthanasia, all CD8, but no CD4, Gag epitopes detected during long-term control contained mutations.


Subject(s)
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Mutation/immunology , SAIDS Vaccines/immunology , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology , Amino Acid Substitution/genetics , Animals , Epitopes/genetics , HIV/genetics , HIV/immunology , Humans , Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis , Interleukin-2/biosynthesis , Macaca , RNA, Viral/blood , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viremia
18.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ; 104(6): 1062-1073, 2018 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30099743

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected 76 million people and killed an estimated 35 million. During its 40-year history, remarkable progress has been made on antiretroviral drugs. Progress toward a vaccine has also been made, although this has yet to deliver a licensed product. In 2007, I wrote a review, HIV AIDS Vaccines: 2007. This review, HIV AIDS Vaccines: 2018, focuses on the progress in the past 11 years. I begin with key challenges for the development of an AIDS vaccine and the lessons learned from the six completed efficacy trials, only one of which has met with some success.


Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic/methods , Drug Development/methods , HIV Antigens/immunology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/immunology , Research Design , AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects , AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Genotype , HIV Antibodies/immunology , HIV Antigens/genetics , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/genetics , HIV-1/pathogenicity , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Mutation , Phenotype
19.
Hum Gene Ther ; 29(9): 966-970, 2018 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30129778

ABSTRACT

DNA vaccines were pioneered by several groups in the early 1990s. This article presents the reflections of one of these groups on their work with retroviral vectors in chickens that contributed to the discovery and early development of DNA vaccines. Although the findings were initially met with skepticism, the work presented here combined with that of others founded a new method of vaccination: the direct inoculation of purified DNA encoding the target antigen.


Subject(s)
Immunization, Secondary , Vaccination/trends , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Animals , Chickens/immunology , Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology , Vaccination/history , Vaccines, DNA/genetics
20.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 864, 2018 01 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29339750

ABSTRACT

Ebola virus (EBOV), isolate Makona, was the causative agent of the West African epidemic devastating predominantly Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone from 2013-2016. While several experimental vaccine and treatment approaches have been accelerated through human clinical trials, there is still no approved countermeasure available against this disease. Here, we report the construction and preclinical efficacy testing of a novel recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine expressing the EBOV-Makona glycoprotein GP and matrix protein VP40 (MVA-EBOV). GP and VP40 form EBOV-like particles and elicit protective immune responses. In this study, we report 100% protection against lethal EBOV infection in guinea pigs after prime/boost vaccination with MVA-EBOV. Furthermore, this MVA-EBOV protected macaques from lethal disease after a single dose or prime/boost vaccination. The vaccine elicited a variety of antibody responses to both antigens, including neutralizing antibodies and antibodies with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity specific for GP. This is the first report that a replication-deficient MVA vector can confer full protection against lethal EBOV challenge after a single dose vaccination in macaques.


Subject(s)
Ebolavirus/immunology , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology , Vaccinia/genetics , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Ebolavirus/genetics , Ebolavirus/pathogenicity , Female , Guinea Pigs , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/mortality , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/veterinary , Macaca , Male , Nucleoproteins/genetics , Survival Rate , Vaccination , Viral Core Proteins/genetics , Viral Load
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