Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health among Iranian adult population: results from the PERSIAN cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequality in mental health in Iran is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health among Iranian adults. METHODS: The study used the baseline data of PERSIAN cohort study including 131,813 participants from 17 geographically distinct areas of Iran. The Erreygers Concentration index (E) was used to quantify the socioeconomic inequalities in poor mental health. Moreover, we decomposed the E to identify factors contributing to the observed socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health in Iran. RESULTS: The estimated E for poor mental health was - 0.012 (95% CI: - 0.0144, - 0.0089), indicating slightly higher concentration of mental health problem among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults in Iran. Socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health was mainly explained by gender (19.93%) and age (12.70%). Region, SES itself, and physical activity were other important factors that contributed to the concentration of poor mental health among adults with low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: There exists nearly equitable distribution in poor mental health among Iranian adults, but with important variations by gender, SES, and geography. These results suggested that interventional programs in Iran should focus on should focus more on socioeconomically disadvantaged people as a whole, with particular attention to the needs of women and those living in more socially disadvantaged regions.

Effectiveness of polypill for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial (PolyPars).

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of fixed-dose combination therapy (polypill) for primary and secondary prevention of major cardiovascular diseases in a typical rural setting. METHODS: The PolyPars Study is a two-arm pragmatic cluster-randomised trial nested within the PARS cohort study, including all residents aged over 50 years in the entire district in southern Iran. The 91 villages underwent random allocation into two arms: the control arm, encompassing 45 clusters, was subjected to non-pharmacological intervention (educational training on healthy lifestyle), whereas the intervention arm, comprising 46 clusters, received the non-pharmacological interventions in conjunction with a once-daily polypill tablet. This tablet comprised two antihypertensive agents, a statin and aspirin. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of major cardiovascular events defined as a composite of hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome (non-fatal myocardial infarction and unstable angina), fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal and fatal stroke, sudden death and heart failure. The Cox regression model, with shared frailty, was used to account for clustering effect. RESULTS: During December 2015-December 2016, a total of 4415 participants aged 50-75 years were recruited (2200 participants in the intervention arm and 2215 participants in the control arm). The overall median of follow-up duration was 4.6 years (interquartile interval 4.4-4.9). The achieved adherence rate to polypill in intervention arm was 86%. In the control group, 176 (8.0%) of 2215 participants developed primary outcome, compared with 88 (4.0%) of 2200 participants in the polypill group. We found substantial reduction in risk of primary outcome both in relative and absolute scales (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.65; absolute risk reduction 4.0%, 95% CI 2.5% to 5.3%). No difference in serious adverse events was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The fixed-dose combination therapy using polypill can safely halve the risk of major cardiovascular diseases at the population level. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03459560.

Early cryptococcosis infection in a liver transplant patient: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: In order to early diagnose and prevent the infection dissemination in both suspected solid organ donors and recipients after transplantation, pretransplantation screening tests for rare etiologies like Cryptococcus neoformans should be necessitated, as they can affect many vital organs, especially the brain, liver, and lungs. Abstract: Cryptococcosis is a systemic fungal infection mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. The infection is occasionally seen in 16-21 months after organ transplantation, while early involvement is uncommon within <30 days posttransplantation. In the present study, we reported an unusual case of cryptococcosis infection 21 days after transplantation, limited to the transplanted liver in a 60-year-old male. Treatment with an antifungal agent showed prompt improvement in his clinical condition.

Correction: Effectiveness of Polypill for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (PolyPars): Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This corrects the article "Effectiveness of polypill for prevention of cardiovascular disease (PolyPars): protocol of a randomized controlled trial" published on 2020: Volume 23, Issue 08, Pages 548-556. Correction to: Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(8):548-556. doi: 10.34172/aim.2020.58. In the original version of this article, the recruitment period was wrongly reported to last from December 2014 to December 2015 in abstract and methods sections of the article. This is corrected into "from December 2015 to December 2016" in the PDF and HTML versions of the article. Also the "PolyIran" is changed to "PolyPars" in the last paragraph of the discussion section in the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

Effectiveness of Polypill for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (PolyPars): Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Iran. A fixed-dose combination therapy (polypill) was proposed as a cost-effective strategy for CVD prevention, especially in lower-resource settings. We conducted the PolyPars trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of polypill for prevention of CVD. METHODS: The PolyPars trial is a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial nested within the Pars Cohort Study. Participants were randomized to an intervention arm and a control arm. Participants in the control arm received minimal non-pharmacological care, while those in the intervention arm received polypill in addition to minimal care. The polypill comprises hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 20 mg, and either enalapril 5 mg or valsartan 40 mg. The primary outcome of the study is defined as the first occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (non-fatal myocardial infarction and unstable angina), fatal myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, new-onset heart failure, coronary artery revascularization procedures, transient ischemic attack, cerebrovascular accidents (fatal or non-fatal), and hospitalization due to any of the mentioned conditions. The secondary outcomes of the study include adverse events, compliance, non-cardiovascular mortality, changes in blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and lipids after five years of follow-up. RESULTS: From December 2014 to December 2015, 4415 participants (91 clusters) were recruited. Of those, 2200 were in the polypill arm and 2215 in the minimal care arm. The study is ongoing. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03459560. CONCLUSION: Polypill may be effective for primary prevention of CVDs in developing countries.