Efficacy of indapamide SR compared with enalapril in elderly hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure control is the main influential variable in reducing microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this subanalysis of the Natrilix SR versus Enalapril Study in hypertensive Type 2 diabetics with micrOalbuminuRia (NESTOR) study, we have compared the effectiveness of indapamide sustained release (SR) and enalapril in reducing blood pressure and microalbuminuria in patients > or =65 years of age. METHODS: Of the 570 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and persistent microalbuminuria in the NESTOR study, 187 (33%) individuals > or =65 years of age were included in this analysis. Of these, 95 patients received indapamide SR 1.5 mg and 92 patients received enalapril 10 mg, taken once daily in both cases. Adjunctive amlodipine and/or atenolol was added if required. RESULTS: The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio decreased by 46% in the indapamide SR group and 47% in the enalapril group. Noninferiority of indapamide SR over enalapril was demonstrated (P = .0236; 35% limit of noninferiority) with a ratio of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.68, 1.34). Mean arterial pressure decreased by 18 mm Hg and 15 mm Hg in the indapamide SR and the enalapril groups, respectively (P = .1136). The effects of both treatments seen in these elderly patients were similar to those observed in the main population, although the extent of the reduction in microalbuminuria was slightly higher. Both treatments were well tolerated, and no difference between groups was observed regarding glucose or lipid profiles. CONCLUSION: Indapamide SR is not less effective than enalapril in reducing microalbuminuria and blood pressure in patients aged >65 years of age with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study.

OBJECTIVES: To test whether microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension is primarily dependent on the severity of hypertension, and to compare the effectiveness of two antihypertensive drugs with opposite effects on the renin-angiotensin system [the diuretic, indapamide sustained release (SR), and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril] in reducing microalbuminuria. DESIGN: A multinational, multicentre, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, two-parallel-groups study over 1 year. METHODS: After a 4-week placebo run-in period, 570 patients (ages 60.0 +/- 9.9 years, 64% men) with type 2 diabetes, essential hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140-180 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 110 mmHg], and persistent microalbuminuria (20-200 microg/min) were allocated randomly to groups to receive indapamide SR 1.5 mg (n = 284) or enalapril 10 mg (n = 286) once a day. Amlodipine, atenolol, or both were added, if necessary, to achieve the target blood pressure of 140/85 mmHg. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the urinary albumin : creatinine ratio. Mean reductions were 35% [95% confidence interval (CI) 24 to 43] and 39% (95% CI 30 to 47%) in the indapamide SR and enalapril groups, respectively. Equivalence was demonstrated between the two groups [1.08 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.31%); P = 0.01]. The reductions in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were 16.6 +/- 9.0 mmHg for the indapamide SR group and 15.0 +/- 9.1 mmHg for the enalapril group (NS); the reduction in SBP was significantly greater (P = 0.0245 ) with indapamide SR. More than 50% of patients in each group required additional antihypertensive therapy, with no differences between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Indapamide-SR-based therapy is equivalent to enalapril-based therapy in reducing microalbuminuria with effective blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

[Anticoagulation in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: from the guidelines to the daily medical practice]. / Terapêutica anti trombótica no idoso com fibrilhação auricular: das guidelines à prática clínica.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common medical problem with increasing prevalence among the elderly. Warfarin is effective in the prevention of AF-related-stroke but is often underutilized, especially in high-risk populations, like the elderly. OBJECTIVES: To determine, in a group of elderly patients with AF, if those treated in-line with the clinical recommendations differ from patients who were not, regarding morbidity and mortality and also to determine independent predictors of mortality. A second objective was to verify if the CHADS2 score is a good predictor of thromboembolic risk in the elderly. POPULATION AND METHODS: A total of 161 consecutive elderly patients with AF admitted in a single centre were evaluated. Clinical follow-up was available for 88.4%, with a mean duration of 9 months. RESULTS: Mean age was 80.9 ± 6.6 years; 96.3% of the patients had permanent AF, with controlled ventricular rate in 56.4%. Previous stroke was verified in 30.4%. Only 37.3% had oral anticoagulation at hospital discharge, despite 87.6% had guideline recommendation. Cumulative mortality rate in follow-up was 48.4% and the thromboembolism rate was 8.1%. We verified that CHADS2 score was a good predictor of thromboembolic risk in this population (c-statistic=0.742). Clinical follow-up showed that patients treated according with the clinical recommendations were more likely to survive (33.33% vs 53.93%; p=0.048). Multivariate analysis showed that age >80 years, renal disease, neoplasm and neuropsychic disease as independent predictors of mortality (c-statistic=0.83). CONCLUSION: A gap of 50% existed between the guideline recommendations and actual practice. The use of risk stratification scores can help guide the decision to use anticoagulation in older patients with AF. Elderly patients treated according with the clinical recommendations had a better prognosis.