Effective CMV prophylaxis with high-dose valaciclovir in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell recipients at a high risk of CMV infection.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection increases mortality and morbidity following allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Universal antiviral prophylaxis with letermovir is effective but unsubsidized in Australia. Valaciclovir demonstrates anti-CMV activity in high doses, but few current real-world studies explore its use as primary prophylaxis in high-risk patients post-alloHSCT. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of alloHSCT recipients at high risk of clinically significant CMV infection (cs-CMVi), defined as a plasma CMV DNA viral load of >400 IU/ml requiring preemptive therapy, or CMV disease. High-risk recipients were CMV seropositive and underwent T-cell depleted, haploidentical or umbilical cord stem-cell transplants. Consecutive patients transplanted from July 2018 to January 2020, treated with valaciclovir 2 g TDS from day +7 to +100 (HD-VALA), were compared to a historical cohort (July 2017-June 2018) who only received preemptive CMV therapy, and standard valaciclovir (SD-VALA) for varicella/herpes prophylaxis. We compared incidence of and time to cs-CMVi. RESULTS: In the SD-VALA cohort (n = 27, median CMV follow-up duration 259 days), 23/27 (85%) developed cs-CMVi at a median of 39 days. For the HD-VALA cohort (n = 35, median CMV follow-up duration 216 days), 19/35 (54%) developed cs-CMVi, at a median of 68 days. Time to cs-CMVi was significantly longer in HD-VALA cohort (p < .0001). On multivariate analysis, HD VALA reduced the risk of cs-CMVi (HR 0.32, p = .0005). CONCLUSIONS: In alloHSCT recipients at high risk for cs-CMVi, HD-VALA resulted in lower cumulative reactivation, and delayed reactivation, reducing requirement for preemptive CMV therapy in the early post-engraftment period.

Survey of treatment practices for immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 in Australasia.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in immunocompromised patients can lead to severe and prolonged illness. Data are limited with regard to management of COVID-19 in this setting, particularly in persistent or recrudescent infection. The authors conducted an online survey among infectious diseases doctors to determine current approaches to treatment across Australasia. There was marked variability in responses relating to the diagnostic modalities and use of antiviral agents in patients with immunocompromise, highlighting the need for high-quality studies to guide treatment decisions in this group.

Microelimination of Hepatitis C Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection: Declining Incidence and Prevalence Accompanying a Multicenter Treatment Scale-up Trial.

BACKGROUND: Gay and bisexual men (GBM) are a key population affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. We aimed to measure HCV treatment effectiveness and to determine the population impact of treatment scale-up on HCV prevalence and incidence longitudinally among GBM. METHODS: The co-EC Study (Enhancing Care and Treatment Among HCV/HIV Coinfected Individuals to Eliminate Hepatitis C Transmission) was an implementation trial providing HCV direct-acting antiviral treatment in Melbourne, Australia, during 2016-2018. Individuals with HCV/HIV coinfection were prospectively enrolled from primary and tertiary care services. HCV viremic prevalence and HCV antibody/viremic incidence were measured using a statewide, linked, surveillance system. RESULTS: Among 200 participants recruited, 186 initiated treatment during the study period. Sustained virological response in primary care (98% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 93%-100%]) was not different to tertiary care (98% [95% CI, 86%-100%]). From 2012 to 2019, between 2434 and 3476 GBM with HIV infection attended our primary care sites annually, providing 13 801 person-years of follow-up; 50%-60% received an HCV test annually, and 10%-14% were anti-HCV positive. Among those anti-HCV positive, viremic prevalence declined 83% during the study (54% in 2016 to 9% in 2019). HCV incidence decreased 25% annually from 1.7/100 person-years in 2012 to 0.5/100 person-years in 2019 (incidence rate ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, .68-.83]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: High treatment effectiveness by nonspecialists demonstrates the feasibility of treatment scale-up in this population. Substantial declines in HCV incidence and prevalence among GBM provides proof-of-concept for HCV microelimination. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02786758.

Cytomegalovirus in primary immunodeficiency.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease are well described in the setting of secondary immunodeficiency. Less is known about CMV in the context of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), where inborn errors in one or more arms of the immune system result in variable degrees of CMV susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS: PID presents unique challenges in the diagnosis and management of CMV disease. The clinical presentation of CMV in PID is often severe, accelerated by underlying immune dysregulation and iatrogenic immunosuppression. Here we describe the clinical significance of CMV infection in PID, the key components of immune defence against CMV and how these are affected in specific PIDs. CMV disease is under-recognized as a complication of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). High rates of CMV end-organ disease, mortality, development of CMV resistance and prolonged antiviral use have been observed in individuals with CVID. SUMMARY: We recommend that clinicians tailor their approach to the individual based on their underlying immune deficit and maintain a high index of suspicion and low threshold for treatment. More research is required to improve stratification of CMV risk in PID, develop new diagnostic tools and manage end-organ disease in this cohort.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Australia: implications for screening and treatment.

We report four cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillus co-infection in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus were isolated, with early infection onset following ICU admission. Clinicians should be aware of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients with COVID-19 infection, particularly those receiving dexamethasone. We propose screening of these high-risk patients with twice-weekly fungal culture from tracheal aspirate and, if feasible, Aspergillus polymerase chain reaction. Diagnosis is challenging and antifungal treatment should be considered in critically ill patients who have new or worsening pulmonary changes on chest imaging and mycological evidence of infection.

Hepatitis B related dilemmas in the renal unit.

Testing for hepatitis B in dialysis patients is routine, but newer and more sensitive detection methods mean that there is sometimes confusion around viral loads and occult infection. There are frequently difficult choices surrounding isolation and treatment. Here we describe the use of HBV serology and DNA testing in decisions around patients with end-stage renal disease. We also suggest isolation decisions based on our current understanding of the virus and its infectivity.

The QuantiFERON Monitor® assay is predictive of infection post allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT), excessive immunosuppression can be complicated by infection, while inadequate immunosuppression can result in graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). An accurate method to assess overall immune status post HCT is lacking. The QuantiFERON Monitor® (QFM) assay measures interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release from whole blood following incubation with both innate (Toll-like receptor 7, TLR7) and adaptive (CD3 antibody) stimulants and may result in a more complete assessment of the immune system. METHODS: Whole blood samples were prospectively collected from alloHCT recipients at conditioning followed by days 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 post-transplant and assayed by the QFM test. IFN-γ levels were correlated to time post HCT and episodes of infection and GVHD. RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled in the study (68% male; median age 47 years; 58% matched related donors, 42% unrelated; 33% myeloablative). Post-stimulation IFN-γ levels rose steadily over the first 180 days post transplantation. IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in those with active infection compared to those without during the neutropenic period (P < .001). The assay was predictive of CMV reactivation (VL > 1000 copies/mL) post alloHCT (P = .001). CONCLUSION: This is a promising assay to demonstrate immune recovery and predict risk of infection after alloHCT and may allow tailoring of immunosuppression, antimicrobial treatment, and prophylaxis.

HBV, HCV, and HBV/HCV co-infection among HIV-positive patients in Hunan province, China: Regimen selection, hepatotoxicity, and antiretroviral therapy outcome.

Co-infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) is common among people living with HIV (PLHIV). This study investigates the impacts of hepatitis co-infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes and hepatotoxicity in PLHIV. The cohort study included 1984 PLHIV. Hepatotoxicity was defined by elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. ART outcomes were measured by CD4 cell counts, viral load, and mortality rate in patients. Among 1984 PLHIV, 184 (9.3%) were co-infected with HBV and 198 (10.0%) with HCV and 54 (2.7%) were co-infected with HBV and HCV. Of these patients, 156 (7.9%) had ALT elevation ≥ grade 1 at baseline. During the course of ART, the mortality rate and its adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) in PLHIV who were co-infected with HCV (2.6/100 person-years [py], AHR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.7) was higher than for patients with mono-infected HIV, as it was for those with an elevated ALT (4.4/100 py, AHR = 3.8, [1.7-8.2]) at baseline compared to those with normal ALT. After 6-12 months of ART, the incidence of hepatotoxicity among all the patients was 3.7/100 py. The risk of hepatotoxicity was higher in HCV co-infected (18.6/100 py, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 12.4, [8.1-18.2]) than HIV mono-infected patients, and for all regimens (nevirapine: 30.0/100 py, 34.2, 7.3-47.9; zidovudine/stavudine: 24.7/100 py, 22.1, 7.1-25.5; efavirenz: 14.5/100 py, 9.4, 3.5-19.2; lopinavir/ritonavir: 40.1/100 py, 52.2, 9.5-88.2) except tenofovir (4.3/100 py, 4.9, 0.8-9.5). Patients with HBV/HCV co-infected had high hepatotoxicity (10.0/100 py, 6.3, 1.2-23.3) over the same period. Patients with HCV co-infection and HBV/HCV co-infection demonstrated higher hepatotoxicity rate compared with HIV mono-infected patients in China.

The Role of Primary Health Care in Hepatitis B Testing and Management: A Case Study.

Hepatitis B is a complex disease requiring lifelong management. Infection is linked to birth in high prevalence regions including Africa and Asia. Best practice guidelines identify who to test for hepatitis B, however, a significant proportion of Australians with hepatitis B have not been diagnosed, and are subsequently at risk of serious morbidity and mortality. This study sought to address the gap between current and optimal hepatitis B testing in a primary care clinic with a likely high population of undiagnosed hepatitis B. Between September 2015 and December 2016, four interventions aimed at enhancing general practitioner testing practices were implemented: staff education, quality improvement and patient-triggered activities. Compared to the baseline (2014) the following parameters all increased in 2016: the number of patients tested (15 tests per month in 2014, 24 tests per months in 2016), the correct ordering of the recommended tests (17% in 2014, 61% in 2016) and hepatitis B vaccine dose ordering (n = 35 in 2014, n = 110 in 2016). However, the proportion of patients born in Africa or Asia tested for hepatitis B did not increase. Distribution of a patient held-reminder led to the greatest number of tests being ordered (n = 54 tests ordered in 1 month). Within a single primary care clinic situated in a high hepatitis B prevalence area, an intervention designed to improve adherence to hepatitis B testing guidelines, increased testing levels. A systematic approach can assist general practitioners to improve their understanding of hepatitis B testing and prioritise people most at risk.

Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for 6 weeks is not effective among people with recent hepatitis C virus infection: The DARE-C II study.

While interferon-based therapy has excellent efficacy in acute and recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the side effect profile limits implementation. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for 12-24 weeks is safe and well tolerated in chronic HCV, with efficacy dependent on genotype and disease stage. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of sofosbuvir and ribavirin for 6 weeks in individuals with recent HCV infection. In this open-label study conducted in Australia and New Zealand, adults with recent HCV (duration of infection <12 months) received sofosbuvir 400 mg daily and weight-based ribavirin (<75 kg, 1,000 mg/day; ≥75 kg, 1,200 mg/day) for 6 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virological response at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12). Nineteen participants commenced sofosbuvir and ribavirin (89% male, 74% with human immunodeficiency virus, 68% genotype 1a). Four (21%) reported a symptomatic HCV seroconversion illness, including 2 with jaundice. At baseline, median HCV RNA was 5.4 log10 IU/mL (interquartile range 4.4-6.8) and median estimated duration of infection was 37 weeks (interquartile range 27-41). At the end of treatment, HCV RNA was nonquantifiable in 89% (n = 17). SVR4 and SVR12 were 42% (n = 8) and 32% (n = 6), respectively. Treatment failure was due to nonresponse (n = 2), posttreatment relapse (n = 9), reinfection (n = 1), and loss to follow-up (n = 1). The regimen was well tolerated with minimal hematological toxicity. SVR12 was related to baseline HCV RNA (≤6 log10 IU/mL, P = 0.018) and early on-treatment viral kinetics (HCV RNA below the level of quantitation at week 1, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Six weeks of sofosbuvir and ribavirin was safe and well tolerated, but efficacy was suboptimal; further research is needed to determine whether more potent interferon-free direct-acting antiviral regimens will allow treatment duration to be shortened in recent, predominantly asymptomatic HCV infection. (Hepatology 2016;64:1911-1921).

Toll-like Receptor Expression and Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Correlate With Clinical Outcomes in Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms by which spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C occurs are unclear. A critical role for the innate immune system and IFNL4 polymorphisms has been proposed. This study investigates whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and signaling during acute hepatitis C correlates with clinical outcomes. METHODS: Participants identified from the Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C and the Networks study were followed longitudinally from the time of diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma were collected at and 2 time points after diagnosis. At each time point, TLR2, TLR4, and CD86 expression on peripheral blood monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and NK T cells was measured, as well as the response of PBMCs to stimulation with TLR ligands. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured in stimulated PBMCs and plasma. RESULTS: We identified 20 participants with acute hepatitis C (10 with hepatitis C virus [HCV] monoinfection and 10 with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection). Eleven participants (55%) spontaneously cleared HCV. Acute hepatitis C and spontaneous clearance was associated with lower TLR4 expression on monocytes (P = .009) and NK cells (P = .029). Acute hepatitis C and spontaneous clearance was also associated with a reduced interferon γ response to TLR4 (P = .038) and TLR7/8 stimulation (P = .035), a reduced interleukin 6 response to TLR7/8 stimulation (P = .037), and reduced IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) response to TLR2 stimulation (P = .042). Lower plasma IP-10 levels were associated with spontaneous clearance (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate TLR4 signaling as playing a critical role in the outcome of acute hepatitis C.

Telaprevir-based therapy in patients coinfected with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and HIV: INSIGHT study.

OBJECTIVES: INSIGHT (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01513941) evaluated the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of telaprevir-based therapy and specific antiretroviral agents in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1)/HIV-1-coinfected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Open-label, Phase IIIb, multicentre study of telaprevir with pegylated-IFN (Peg-IFN) α2a and ribavirin in treatment-naive or -experienced HCV-1/HIV-1-coinfected patients on stable HIV HAART comprising efavirenz, atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, raltegravir, etravirine or rilpivirine with two nucleos(t)ide analogues. Patients received 750 mg telaprevir (1125 mg, if on efavirenz) every 8 h plus 180 µg/week Peg-IFNα2a and 800 mg/day ribavirin for 12 weeks, followed by Peg-IFNα2a and ribavirin alone for 12 weeks (HCV treatment naive and relapsers without cirrhosis, with extended rapid virological response) or 36 weeks (all others). RESULTS: Overall, 162 patients (median age of 46 years, 78% male, 92% Caucasian and mean CD4 count of 687 cells/mm(3)) were treated; 13% had cirrhosis. One-hundred-and-thirty-two patients (81%) completed telaprevir; 14 (9%) discontinued due to an adverse event (AE). Sustained virological response (SVR) 12 rates (<25 IU/mL HCV RNA 12 weeks after the last planned treatment dose) in treatment-naive patients, relapsers and non-responders were 64% (41 of 64), 62% (18 of 29) and 49% (34 of 69), respectively. SVR12 rates ranged from 51% (33 of 65) (patients receiving efavirenz) to 77% (13 of 17) (patients receiving raltegravir). Most frequently reported AEs during telaprevir treatment were pruritus (43%) and rash (34%) special search categories. Anaemia special search category occurred in 15% of patients; 6% of patients reported a serious AE. CONCLUSIONS: In treatment-naive/-experienced HCV-1/HIV-1 patients there were significantly higher SVR rates with telaprevir-based therapy compared with pre-specified historical controls, and safety comparable to that in HCV-monoinfected patients.

Clinical and virological predictors of hepatic flares in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND: Unique immunological changes occur during pregnancy; the impact of which, on virological and biochemical markers of hepatitis B infection is not well established. Rapid changes in the immunological profile post partum and consequent rebound of the inflammatory response may result in hepatic flares. METHODS: Women with chronic hepatitis B were recruited during pregnancy into this observational study. Demographic and clinical data were collected together with virological and biochemical parameters at two time points during pregnancy (early and late) and two time points post partum (between 6 weeks and 12 weeks and at 12 months). Outcomes analysed included changes in HBV DNA, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status and flares of hepatitis. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-six women were recruited. Twenty-seven women out of 108 with postpartum bloods (25%) met our definition of a postpartum flare (ALT range 38-1654). Using univariate analysis HBeAg status, younger age, gravida and parity were associated with a flare. On multivariate analysis HBeAg positivity at baseline fell just outside of statistical significance in predicting a postpartum flare (p=0.051). CONCLUSIONS: 25% of women with chronic hepatitis B will demonstrate increased liver inflammation in the postpartum period. This is usually asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously. This is more likely if the woman is HBeAg-positive at baseline (2.56 times the risk), although flares also commonly occur in HBeAg-negative women.

To B or not to B: how the hepatitis B surveillance case definition can misdirect public health actions.

Abstract: Surveillance case definitions are utilised to understand the epidemiology of communicable diseases and to inform public health actions. We report a case of hepatitis B infection that meets the case definition for newly acquired infection. However, further investigation revealed that this was most likely past resolved hepatitis B infection with subsequent reactivation secondary to immunosuppression, rather than a newly acquired infection. This case highlights the importance of thorough case and clinician interviews, in combination with detailed assessment of pathology results in collaboration with treating clinicians, to determine the most appropriate public health actions.

Predictors of liver disease progression in people living with HIV-HBV co-infection on antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: In people living with HIV-HBV, liver fibrosis progression can occur even with suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the relationship between liver fibrosis and biomarkers of inflammation, apoptosis, and microbial translocation. METHODS: In this observational cohort study adults living with HIV-HBV already on effective ART were recruited in Australia and Thailand and followed for 3 years including 6 monthly clinical review and blood tests and annual transient elastography. Differences in clinical and laboratory predictors of liver fibrosis progression were tested followed by regression analysis adjusted for CD4+ T-cells at study entry. A linear mixed model was fitted to longitudinal data to explore changes over time. FINDINGS: 67 participants (85% male, median age 49 y) were followed for 175 person-years. Median duration of ART was 10 years (interquartile range (IQR) 8-16 years). We found 11/59 (19%) participants during 3-years follow-up (6/100 person-years) met the primary endpoint of liver disease progression, defined as increased Metavir stage from baseline to final scan. In regression analysis, progressors compared to non-progressors had higher levels of high mobility group box 1 protein (HGMB1), (median (IQR) 3.7 (2.6-5.0) and 2.4 ng/mL (1.5-3.4) respectively, adjusted relative risk 1.47, 95% CI [1.00, 2.17]) and lower nadir CD4+ T-cell percentage (median 4% (IQR 2-8) and 11% (4-15) respectively (relative risk 0.93, 95% CI [0.88, 0.98]). INTERPRETATION: Progression in liver fibrosis occurs in people with HIV-HBV on suppressive ART. Fibrosis progression was associated with higher HMGB1 and lower percentage nadir CD4+ T-cell count, highlighting the importance of early initiation of HBV-active ART. FUNDING: This work was supported by NHMRC project grant 1101836; NHMRC practitioner fellowship 1138581 and NHMRC program grant 1149990. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, writing of this manuscript or decision to submit for publication.

Patterns and causes of suboptimal response to tenofovir-based therapy in individuals coinfected with HIV and hepatitis B virus.

BACKGROUND: Tenofovir (TDF) is effective for treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; however, some individuals have ongoing HBV viremia, the reasons for which are unclear. We determined the patterns and factors associated with detectable HBV DNA in HIV-HBV-coinfected subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS: One hundred sixty-five HIV-HBV-coinfected individuals from the United States, Australia, and Thailand, the majority of whom were on HAART at study entry, were prospectively followed semiannually for a median of 2.8 years. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with detectable HBV DNA. RESULTS: Anti-HBV regimens were TDF/emtricitabine (57%), lamivudine or emtricitabine (19%), or TDF monotherapy (13%). During follow-up, HBV DNA was detected at 21% of study visits and was independently associated with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HAART <2 years, CD4 <200 cells/mm(3), detectable HIV RNA, reporting <95% adherence, and anti-HBV regimen. TDF/emtricitabine was less likely to be associated with detectable HBV than other regimens, including TDF monotherapy (odds ratio, 2.79; P = .02). In subjects on optimal anti-HBV therapy (TDF/emtricitabine) and with undetectable HIV RNA, HBeAg, CD4 <200 mm(3), and reporting <95% adherence remained associated with detectable HBV DNA. Three main patterns of HBV viremia were observed: persistent HBV viremia, viral rebound (>1 log from nadir), and viral blips. No TDF resistance was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Tenofovir/emtricitabine was superior to other anti-HBV regimens in long-term HBV suppression. HBV viremia on therapy was identified in 1 of 3 main patterns. Suboptimal adherence was associated with detectable HBV DNA during therapy, even when HIV was undetectable.

HIV replication is associated with increased severity of liver biopsy changes in HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV co-infection.

Histological parameters were assessed in liver biopsies (n = 48) performed in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) in order to evaluate factors which were associated with significant liver disease. Necroinflammation and fibrosis was scored by the Ishak classification system, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess HIV and antiretroviral-related determinants of necroinflammation and fibrosis. A total of 46 biopsies were included; 33 were from HIV-positive patients co-infected with HCV and 15 biopsies were from HIV-positive patients co-infected with HBV. One HIV-positive patient was co-infected with HBV and HCV. Median biopsy inflammatory grade for the cohort was 8.5 (IQR 6-10), the median fibrosis Stage 2 (IQR 1.8-4), and the median steatosis score was 1 (IQR 0-2). At the univariate level, HIV-related variables that were significantly associated with more severe biopsy changes were higher HIV RNA at the time of biopsy (associated with inflammatory Grade 10+; P = 0.018) and any exposure to didanasine (ddI) or stavudine (D4T; associated with fibrosis Stage 3+; P = 0.022). HIV RNA at the time of biopsy remained significant at the multivariate level. Patients with HIV hepatitis co-infection in this cohort had surprisingly mild changes in liver histology, and there were no statistically significant differences between biopsy results in HBV compared to HCV co-infection. The association between HIV RNA and necroinflammation supports current recommendations for earlier initiation of HAART in patients with HIV-hepatitis co-infection.

Hepatitis C treatment outcomes in Australian clinics.

OBJECTIVE: To determine hepatitis C (HCV) treatment effectiveness and predictors of response in the "real-world" Australian clinic setting. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients with chronic HCV, who were HCV-treatment-naive at enrolment, and were then treated with standard therapy (pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin), were recruited prospectively through a national network of 24 HCV clinics between April 2008 and December 2009. Patients were interviewed and a medical record review was conducted at enrolment and at routine follow-up clinic visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients achieving a sustained virological response (SVR), predictors of SVR, and impact of treatment on biochemical markers of liver disease (alanine aminotransferase levels and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index scores). RESULTS: The SVR by intention to treat was 60% (327/550). Infection with HCV genotype 2 or 3 (compared with genotype 1) was an independent predictor of SVR (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% CI, 1.70-3.52), while HIV coinfection (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.10-0.82), cirrhosis (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.81), and increased body mass index for ≥ 30 kg/m(2) v ≤ 25 kg/m(2) (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.96) were independently associated with lower SVR. There was a significant improvement in biochemical markers of liver disease following SVR (P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are similar to those seen in clinical trials, despite the inclusion of patients with a broad range of comorbid conditions such as injecting drug and alcohol use and psychiatric illness. They suggest that, with appropriate patient and infrastructure support, expansion of treatment services to the broader HCV-infected community is warranted.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 risk for frontline health care workers.

To determine whether frontline health care workers (HCWs) are at greater risk for contracting pandemic (H1N1) 2009 than nonclinical staff, we conducted a study of 231 HCWs and 215 controls. Overall, 79 (17.7%) of 446 had a positive antibody titer by hemagglutination inhibition, with 46 (19.9%) of 231 HCWs and 33 (15.3%) of 215 controls positive (OR 1.37, 95% confidence interval 0.84-2.22). Of 87 participants who provided a second serum sample, 1 showed a 4-fold rise in antibody titer; of 45 patients who had a nose swab sample taken during a respiratory illness, 7 had positive results. Higher numbers of children in a participant's family and working in an intensive care unit were risk factors for infection; increasing age, working at hospital 2, and wearing gloves were protective factors. This highly exposed group of frontline HCWs was no more likely to contract pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza infection than nonclinical staff, which suggests that personal protective measures were adequate in preventing transmission.