Matching actions to needs: shifting policy responses to the changing health needs of Chinese children and adolescents.

China is home to the second largest population of children and adolescents in the world. Yet demographic shifts mean that the government must manage the challenge of fewer children with the needs of an ageing population, while considering the delicate tension between economic growth and environmental sustainability. We mapped the health problems and risks of contemporary school-aged children and adolescents in China against current national health policies. We involved multidisciplinary experts, including young people, with the aim of identifying actionable strategies and specific recommendations to promote child and adolescent health and wellbeing. Notwithstanding major improvements in their health over the past few decades, contemporary Chinese children and adolescents face distinct social challenges, including high academic pressures and youth unemployment, and new health concerns including obesity, mental health issues, and sexually transmitted infections. Inequality by gender, geography, and ethnicity remains a feature of health risks and outcomes. We identified a mismatch between current health determinants, risks and outcomes, and government policies. To promote the health of children and adolescents in China, we recommend a set of strategies that target government-led initiatives across the health, education, and community sectors, which aim to build supportive and responsive families, safe communities, and engaging and respectful learning environments. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The forgotten girls: the state of evidence for health interventions for pregnant adolescents and their newborns in low-income and middle-income countries.

Every year, an estimated 21 million girls aged 15-19 years become pregnant in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Policy responses have focused on reducing the adolescent birth rate whereas efforts to support pregnant adolescents have developed more slowly. We did a systematic review of interventions addressing any health-related outcome for pregnant adolescents and their newborn babies in LMICs and mapped its results to a framework describing high-quality health systems for pregnant adolescents. Although we identified some promising interventions, such as micronutrient supplementation, conditional cash transfers, and well facilitated group care, most studies were at high risk of bias and there were substantial gaps in evidence. These included major gaps in delivery, abortion, and postnatal care, and mental health, violence, and substance misuse-related outcomes. We recommend that the fields of adolescent, maternal, and sexual and reproductive health collaborate to develop more adolescent-inclusive maternal health care and research, and specific interventions for pregnant adolescents. We outline steps to develop high-quality, evidence-based care for the millions of pregnant adolescents and their newborns who currently do not receive this.

Adolescence and the next generation.

Adolescent growth and social development shape the early development of offspring from preconception through to the post-partum period through distinct processes in males and females. At a time of great change in the forces shaping adolescence, including the timing of parenthood, investments in today's adolescents, the largest cohort in human history, will yield great dividends for future generations.

Publisher Correction: Adolescence and the next generation.

In Fig. 4a of this Analysis, owing to an error during the production process, the year in the header of the right column was '2016' rather than '2010'. In addition, in the HTML version of the Analysis, Table 1 was formatted incorrectly. These errors have been corrected online.

Assessing Psychological Remission in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: A Comparison of Patient and Parent Report.

OBJECTIVE: The definition and assessment of remission in anorexia nervosa (AN) needs greater consensus. Particularly in adolescents, the use of patient-reported composite indices (such as the Eating Disorder Examination [EDE] Global Score) as the sole measure of psychological remission has the potential to obscure patients' true clinical status, given developmental factors and the propensity towards symptom minimization in AN. METHOD: End of treatment (EOT) data from a randomized controlled trial comparing two formats of manualized family-based treatment for adolescents with AN (N = 106) were analyzed. Participants completed the EDE, and their parents completed a parent-as-informant version of the EDE (Parent Eating Disorder Examination; PEDE). Rates of remission were compared across indices (i.e., EDE Global Score vs. diagnostic item analysis) and informant (i.e., adolescent vs. parent), both independently and in combination with the achievement of a percent median body mass index (% mBMI) greater than or equal to 95%. RESULTS: For both adolescent and parent reports, there were higher rates of remission when defined by Global Score than when defined by EDE or PEDE diagnostic items. There were no significant differences in remission rates based on informant. DISCUSSION: In the assessment of remission in AN, the EDE Global Score may not detect some adolescents who continue to exhibit clinically significant psychological symptoms. This study supports a detailed, multidimensional approach to assessing remission in adolescent AN to optimize sensitivity to patients' diagnostic profile. Future research should explore whether parent-child concordance on measures of ED psychopathology varies over the course of treatment.

Health-related quality of life and self-reported health status in adolescents with chronic health conditions before transfer of care to adult health care: an international cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Heath-related quality of life (HRQoL) is lower in adolescents with chronic health conditions compared to healthy peers. While there is evidence of some differences according to the underlying condition and gender, differences by measure and country are poorly understood. In this study we focus on the differences in HRQoL in adolescents with various chronic medical conditions in the year before transfer of care to adult health services. We also study the associations of two different HRQoL measurements to each other and to self-reported health. METHODS: We recruited 538 adolescents from New Children`s Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and the Royal Children`s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia in 2017-2020. We used two validated HRQoL measurement instruments, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and 16D, and a visual analog scale (VAS) for self-reported health status. RESULTS: In total, 512 adolescents (50.4% female, mean age 17.8 [SD 1.2] years), completed the survey measures. Higher HRQoL was reported in males than females in both countries (PedsQL 79.4 vs. 74.1; 16D 0.888 vs. 0.846), and in adolescents from Finland than Australia (80.6 vs. 72.2 and 0.905 vs. 0.825, p < 0.001 for all). Adolescents with diabetes, rheumatological, nephrological conditions and/or organ transplants had higher HRQoL than adolescents with neurological conditions or other disease syndromes (p < 0.001). PedsQL and 16D scores showed a strong correlation to each other (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.81). Using the 7-point VAS (1-7), 52% (248 of 479) considered their health status to be good (6-7) and 10% (48 of 479) rated it poor (1-2). Better self-reported health was associated with higher HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL of transition aged adolescents varies between genders, diagnostic groups, and countries of residence. The association between self-reported health and HRQoL suggests that brief assessment using the VAS could identify adolescents who may benefit from in-depth HRQoL evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration name The Bridge and registration number NCT04631965 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04631965 ).

Development and validation of the adolescent behavioural change Counselling Assessment Tool in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Primary care provides an important context to engage adolescents and their families in healthy lifestyles with the goal of reducing future behaviour-related health problems. Developing a valid tool to assess health professionals' skills in behavioural change counselling is integral to improving the quality of clinical care provided to adolescents in Indonesia. METHODS: This work was nested within a project to develop a training program to enhance the behaviour-change counselling of adolescents and their parents by Indonesian primary care professionals. Initial item development was based on the content of the training module and the domain structure of the Behavioral Change Counselling Index (BECCI), a commonly used tool to assess counselling quality in healthcare settings. Expert panels were used to test content validity, while face validity was assessed by a group of trained psychologists. Inter-rater agreement was calculated prior to tests of construct validity and reliability, which involved psychologists rating 125 audio-taped counselling sessions between the health professional and adolescent patients, together with a parent. RESULTS: An initial 13-item tool was developed using a 1-5 Likert scale. Validity and reliability testing resulted in the decision to use a 14-item tool with a 0-3 Likert scale. The scale was found to have a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.839 (internal consistency), and there was strong inter-rater agreement (0.931). CONCLUSION: The assessment tool known as the Adolescent Behavioural Change Counselling Assessment Tool, is a valid and reliable instrument to measure Indonesian health professionals' behavioural-change counselling skills with adolescent patients. The tool provides an evaluation framework for future interventions that aim to improve health professionals' skills in addressing adolescent behaviour-related health problems.

Improving health and social systems for all children in LMICs: structural innovations to deliver high-quality services.

Despite health gains over the past 30 years, children and adolescents are not reaching their health potential in many low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition to health systems, social systems, such as schools, communities, families, and digital platforms, can be used to promote health. We did a targeted literature review of how well health and social systems are meeting the needs of children in LMICs using the framework of The Lancet Global Health Commission on high-quality health systems and we reviewed evidence for structural reforms in health and social sectors. We found that quality of services for children is substandard across both health and social systems. Health systems have deficits in care competence (eg, diagnosis and management), system competence (eg, timeliness, continuity, and referral), user experience (eg, respect and usability), service provision for common and serious conditions (eg, cancer, trauma, and mental health), and service offerings for adolescents. Education and social services for child health are limited by low funding and poor coordination with other sectors. Structural reforms are more likely to improve service quality substantially and at scale than are micro-level efforts. Promising approaches include governing for quality (eg, leadership, expert management, and learning systems), redesigning service delivery to maximise outcomes, and empowering families to better care for children and to demand quality care from health and social systems. Additional research is needed on health needs across the life course, health system performance for children and families, and large-scale evaluation of promising health and social programmes.

Education support services for improving school engagement and academic performance of children and adolescents with a chronic health condition.

BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions in children and adolescents can have profound impacts on education, well-being and health. They are described as non-communicable illnesses that are prolonged in duration, do not resolve spontaneously, and rarely cured completely. Due to variations in the definition of chronic health conditions and how they are measured prevalence estimates vary considerably and have been reported to be as high as 44% in children and adolescents. Of young people with a chronic health condition, an estimated 5% are affected by severe conditions characterised by limitations to daily activities impacting their ability to attend school. School attendance is important for academic and social skill development as well as well-being. When children and adolescents are absent from school due to a chronic health condition, school engagement can be affected. Disengagement from school is associated with poorer academic achievement, social-emotional functioning and career choices. Education support services for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions aim to prevent disengagement from school, education and learning during periods where their illness caused them to miss school. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of educational support interventions at improving school engagement and educational/learning outcomes for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions. OBJECTIVES: To describe the nature of educational support interventions for children and adolescents with a chronic health condition, and to examine the effectiveness of these interventions on school engagement and academic achievement. SEARCH METHODS: We searched eight electronic databases which span the health/medical, social sciences and education disciplines between 18 and 25 January 2021: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid). CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts: ASSIA (ProQuest), and PubMed (from 2019). We also searched five grey literature trials registers and databases between 8 and 12 February 2021 to identify additional published and unpublished studies, theses and conference abstracts, as well as snowballing reference lists of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-and-after studies and interrupted time series studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Other inclusion criteria were: participants - must include children or adolescents (aged four to 18 years) with a chronic health condition, intervention - must include educational support, outcomes - must report the primary outcomes (i.e. school engagement or academic achievement) or secondary outcomes (i.e. quality of life, transition to school/school re-entry, mental health or adverse outcomes). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two people independently screened titles and abstracts, and full-text articles, to identify included studies. Where disagreements arose between reviewers, the two reviewers discussed the discrepancy. If resolution was unable to be achieved, the issues were discussed with a senior reviewer to resolve the matter. We extracted study characteristic data and risk of bias data from the full texts of included studies using a data extraction form before entering the information into Review Manager 5.4.1. Two people independently extracted data, assessed risk of bias of individual studies and undertook GRADE assessments of the quality of the evidence. Meta-analysis was not possible due to the small number of studies for each outcome. Our synthesis, therefore, used vote-counting based on the direction of the effect/impact of the intervention. MAIN RESULTS: The database searches identified 14,202 titles and abstracts. Grey literature and reference list searches did not identify any additional studies that met the inclusion criteria. One hundred and twelve full-text studies were assessed for eligibility, of which four studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review. All studies were randomised controlled studies with a combined total of 359 participants. All included studies were disease-specific; three studies focused on children with cancer, and one study focused on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There was evidence that education support improved school engagement with three of four studies favouring the intervention. Three studies measured academic achievement but only two studies provided effect estimates. Based on the vote-counting method, we found contradictory results from the studies: one study showed a positive direction of effect and the other study showed a negative direction of effect. One study measured transition back to school and found a positive impact of education support favouring the intervention (SMD 0.18, 95% CI -0.46 to 0.96, no P value reported). The result came from a single study with a small sample size (n = 30), and produced a confidence interval that indicated the possibility of a very small or no effect. The overall certainty of evidence for these three outcomes was judged to be 'very low'. Two of four studies measured mental health (measured as self-esteem). Both studies reported a positive impact of education support interventions on mental health; this was the only outcome for which the overall certainty of evidence was judged to be 'low' rather than 'very low'. No studies measured or reported quality of life or adverse effects. Risk of bias (selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting and other bias) was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials (version 1). Overall risk of bias for all studies was assessed as 'high risk' because all studies had at least one domain at high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review has demonstrated the infancy of quality research on the effectiveness of education support interventions for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions. At best, we can say that we are uncertain whether education support interventions improve either academic achievement or school engagement. Of the secondary outcomes, we are also uncertain whether education support interventions improve transition back to school, or school re-entry. However, we suggest there is some evidence that education support may slightly improve mental health, measured as self-esteem. Given the current state of the evidence of the effectiveness of education support interventions for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions, we highlight some important implications for future research in this field to strengthen the evidence that can inform effective practice and policy.

A Qualitative Exploration of Parenting Adolescents in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how parents of Indonesian adolescents conceptualize adolescence and to identify the challenges faced in parenting adolescents, focusing on parents from different sociodemographic backgrounds. METHOD: Focus group discussions (FGD) were undertaken with parents of adolescents aged 10-18 years old from different sociodemographic backgrounds (urban high socioeconomic; urban low socioeconomic; rural low socioeconomic) using a semi-structured interview guide. Content and thematic analysis were assisted by Nvivo version 12.6.0. RESULTS: Forty-three parents participated in four FGD. All parents recognized that adolescence was a distinct developmental stage, reflected in changing behaviors, escalation of peer influences and sexual development. Parents from poor, rural backgrounds had relatively limited understanding of the emerging capabilities of adolescents and had a narrow repertoire of responses to challenging behaviors, with heavy reliance on religious rules and punishment. Parents from higher socioeconomic backgrounds displayed a wider range of warmer, more engaging approaches that they reported using to shape their children's behaviors. CONCLUSION FOR PRACTICE: These findings highlight opportunities to enhance parenting skills, which appear most warranted in parents of adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds. Embedding basic adolescent parenting information within community programs appears indicated, and enhancing religious leaders' understanding of different approaches to parenting could be helpful in more religious communities.

"What is already known on this subject? Parenting practices play an important role in adolescent health, development, and well-being. Parenting practices are influenced by socio-economic, demographic and cultural determinants. The evidence for how Indonesian parents conceptualize adolescence and how parenting practices might differ across diverse sociodemographic contexts is scarce."What this study adds? While parents from different sociodemographic groups had a common conceptual understanding of some aspects of adolescence, there were substantial differences in their approaches to parenting. There are opportunities to enhance parenting skills, especially in more disadvantaged regions.

When eating disorder attitudes and cognitions persist after weight restoration: An exploratory examination of non-cognitive responders to family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Family-based treatment (FBT) is a well-established intervention for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). Although FBT is efficacious in promoting weight gain and improvements in psychological symptoms, for some adolescents, cognitive/attitudinal recovery lags behind weight gain. This study conducted an exploratory post hoc analysis of outcomes of adolescents who achieved weight gain by the end of FBT but continued to experience elevated psychological symptoms post-treatment. METHODS: Data were drawn from two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) testing two forms of FBT (conjoint/whole family and parent-focussed). Descriptive statistics and generalised estimating equations were used to examine differences in treatment outcomes between non-cognitive responders (NCRs) (those who regained weight but continued to experience psychological symptoms) and full responders (FRs) (those who achieved both weight and cognitive restoration by the end of treatment) (n = 80; 83.7% female, Agemean [SD] = 14.66 [1.73]). RESULTS: By 12 months post-treatment, there were no differences in weight between NCRs and FRs. However, NCRs had a slower trajectory of weight gain than FRs and continued to have elevated levels of psychological symptoms throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: A subset of adolescents appear to continue to experience clinically significant levels of eating pathology up to 12 months after FBT even when weight restoration is achieved.

Pediatric Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Parent Acceptance Influences Recovery.

OBJECTIVES: To assess how clinicians discuss the diagnosis of somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs) in patients admitted to a children's hospital and explore the effect of parent and patient acceptance of the diagnosis on recovery. STUDY DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, we reviewed the electronic medical records of pediatric admissions diagnosed with SSRD over 18 months. All diagnostic discussions with patients and families were analysed to identify concepts used by clinicians within these discussions and the extent of parent and patient acceptance of the diagnosis. Recovery status up to 12 months after diagnosis was also identified. Acceptance and recovery were categorized as "full," "partial," or "none." RESULTS: Ninety-five of 123 (77.2%) patients (median age 14.3 years, range 7.3-18.3) had at least 1 diagnostic discussion recorded. Clinical explanations within the diagnostic discussion spanned a variety of concepts, with the most common being a description of somatization (62%). Full parent acceptance of the diagnosis of SSRD was more likely when discussions involved two parents (P = .002). Full acceptance of the diagnosis by at least 1 parent was associated with complete functional recovery in their children (OR 8.94, 95% CI 2.24, 35.9, P = .002). In contrast, there was no significant association between full acceptance by patients and their recovery. CONCLUSION: The influence of parent acceptance of the diagnosis of SSRD reinforces the importance of therapeutic engagement with families, as well as with children and adolescents.

The role of school connectedness in the prevention of youth depression and anxiety: a systematic review with youth consultation.

BACKGROUND: School connectedness reflects the quality of students' engagement with peers, teachers, and learning in the school environment. It has attracted attention from both the health and education sectors as a potentially modifiable protective factor for common mental health problems. However, the extent to which school connectedness may prevent the onset of youth depression or anxiety or promote their remission is unclear. This systematic review examined evidence for prospective relationships between school connectedness and depression and anxiety, and the effect of interventions to improve school connectedness on depression and anxiety. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ERIC electronic databases for peer-reviewed quantitative longitudinal, or intervention studies published from 2011-21 in English examining relationships between school connectedness and anxiety and/or depression. Participants were 14-24 years old when depression and anxiety outcomes were assessed in any education setting in any country. We partnered with five youth advisers (aged 16-21 years) with lived experience of mental health problems and/or the schooling system in Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to ensure that youth perspectives informed the review. RESULTS: Our search identified 3552 unique records from which 34 longitudinal and 2 intervention studies were ultimately included. Studies were primarily from the United States of America (69.4%). Depression and anxiety outcomes were first measured at 14 years old, on average. Most studies found a significant protective relationship between higher levels of school connectedness and depressive and/or anxiety symptoms; more measured depression than anxiety. A few studies found a non-significant relationship. Both intervention studies designed to increase school connectedness improved depression, one through improvements in self-esteem and one through improvements in relationships at school. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that school connectedness may be a novel target for the prevention of depression and anxiety. We were not able to determine whether improving school connectedness promotes remission in young people already experiencing depression and anxiety. More studies examining anxiety, diagnostic outcomes, and beyond North America are warranted, as well as intervention trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021270967.

The barriers of home environments for obesity prevention in Indonesian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and its related cardiovascular-metabolic diseases are growing public health concerns. Despite global attention to obesity, its prevalence is steeply increasing in developing countries, especially in children and adolescents. Eating behaviours and physical activity are modifiable risk factors for obesity that can variably be shaped by families. Eating behaviours and physical activity are especially important during adolescence, given its significance as a foundational period for developing healthy lifestyles. This qualitative study aimed to explore barriers and opportunities around creating healthy lifestyles among adolescents in Indonesia, focussing on family environments from diverse socio-demographic backgrounds. METHOD: In-depth interviews using a semi-structured guide were undertaken with consecutively recruited 10-18-year-old adolescents with overweight or obesity, and their parents, from three different sites: urban (Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia), peri-urban (West Java Province) and rural (Banten Province). Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns of meaning. RESULTS: Nineteen dyads were interviewed. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: limited knowledge of healthy lifestyles; healthy lifestyles not a concern of daily life; limited parenting skills, including inequity around gender roles; and aspects of availability and accessibility. These interconnected barriers influenced lifestyle practices at home within the context of daily preferences and decisions around food and activities. Gender role inequity and healthy food accessibility were more prominent in rural families than in those from urban or peri-urban settings. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy lifestyles in adolescence may be supported by strategies to enhance parenting skills, build individual motivation, and support the development of more enabling environments.

Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa presentations to an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital.

AIM: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increased concerns about adolescent mental health. This study aimed to determine the effect of the pandemic on adolescent eating disorders (EDs) by measuring changes in the number and severity of presentations to an Australian paediatric ED service that utilises a standardised approach to triage and assessment. METHODS: A 4-year retrospective chart review (2017-2020) of all patients (n = 457) presenting to the Royal Children's Hospital Eating Disorder Service, Melbourne, was undertaken. The incidence of each diagnosis and measures of condition severity were extracted from the database and patient medical records. Clinical comments relating to the impact of COVID-19, on both ED behaviours and treatment, were also noted. RESULTS: Annual presentations increased from a mean of 98.7 per annum from 2017 to 2019 to 161 in 2020 (63% increase). COVID-19 restrictions were reported to be a trigger for ED behaviours in 40.4% of adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa in 2020. There was no significant difference in severity across years despite increased cases. CONCLUSIONS: The dramatic increase in presentations has implications for primary health and paediatric care as well as specialist ED services. Increased support is needed for EDs during this time.

Gender-based clinical differences in evidence-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa: analysis of aggregated randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: Boys represent a small proportion of samples in randomized clinical trials (RCT) investigating evidence-based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). Consequently, knowledge of potential gender differences in clinical characteristics and treatment response in adolescents is considerably limited. METHODS: Secondary analyses of aggregated data from two RCTs were used to characterize baseline and end-of-treatment clinical features in male and female adolescents with AN (n = 228, 10.53% male). Mixed analyses of variance were used to investigate potential gender differences in treatment response relative to weight outcomes (% median BMI) and eating disorder cognitions (Eating Disorder Examination Global scores; EDE). RESULTS: There were no significant gender differences in prior inpatient care, illness duration, psychiatric comorbidity, or psychotropic medication use at baseline. Nor were there significant gender differences in binge eating, purging, or driven exercise at baseline or end-of-treatment. Girls reported elevated weight and shape concern compared to boys at baseline but overall reduction in EDE Global scores over the course of treatment did not differ according to gender. Boys gained more relative weight during treatment than girls, but this difference was statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION: Overall findings do not suggest significant differences in treatment outcome relative to weight or ED cognitions, by gender. Current evidence suggests that, with the exception of shape and weight concerns, boys present with cognitive and behavioral symptoms as severe as their female counterparts which underscores the need for increased accuracy in assessment of these disorders in boys and young men. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 1, secondary data analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Social networking and symptoms of depression and anxiety in early adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Use of social networking in later childhood and adolescence has risen quickly. The consequences of these changes for mental health are debated but require further empirical evaluation. METHODS: Using data from the Childhood to Adolescence Transition Study (n = 1,156), duration of social networking use was measured annually at four time points from 11.9 to 14.8 years of age (≥1 h/day indicating high use). Cross-sectional and prospective relationships between social networking use and depressive and anxiety symptoms were examined. RESULTS: In adjusted (age, socioeconomic status, prior mental health history) cross-sectional analyses, females with high social networking use had greater odds of depressive (odds ratio [OR]: 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-2.91) and anxiety symptoms (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.32-3.00) than those that used a few minutes at most, while males with high social networking use had 1.60 greater odds of reporting depressive symptoms (95% CI: 1.09-2.35). For females, an increased odds of depressive symptoms at age 14.8 was observed for high social networking use at one previous wave and at two or three previous waves, even after adjustment (OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.11-2.78; OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.27-3.37, respectively) compared to no wave of high use. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest weak to moderate increased odds of depression and anxiety in girls and boys with high social networking use versus low/normal use. These findings indicate that prevention programs for early mental health problems might benefit from targeting social networking use in early adolescence.

A consumer designed smartphone app for young people with asthma: pilot of engagement and acceptability.

Objective: This pilot aimed to test the engagement, acceptability, and usefulness of a goal-setting smartphone app, Kiss myAsthma, in young people with asthma.Methods: Young people aged 15-24 years old were invited to trial a smartphone app for asthma management. A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative analysis of self-report questionnaires and app usage log data with qualitative thematic analysis of open-ended questions at baseline and six weeks after downloading the app. App log data (pages visited, frequency of use and content of participants interaction, e.g.goals set, symptoms recorded) were analyzed.Results: Nine of 12 participants completed both baseline and six-week questionnaires. Participants reported high satisfaction with app content and usability (median score 5 out of 6 [range 4-6]) and rated the app highly on "feeling confident in my ability to manage my asthma." At six weeks there was a clinically significant change in asthma quality of life (e.g. Emotional Function domain score baseline: 4.7 [2.7-6.3], follow-up: 5.7 [4.7-6.7]; p = 0.043). Participants logged information about asthma severity, flare-ups and mood and tracked their symptoms with the app's History functionality. Five participants (42%) nominated goals and strategies and 3 participants (25%) entered data in the Inspiration section, a tool to support intrinsic motivation to manage asthma. Qualitative data aligned with quantitative results.Conclusions: This six-week pilot of the Kiss myAsthma app showed its potential to support self-management, quality of life and health behavior change in young people with asthma.

Family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa: Outcomes of a stepped-care model.

OBJECTIVE: Stepped-care models of treatment are underexplored in eating disorders. To enhance treatment outcomes, and informed by literature about adaptations to family-based treatment (FBT), we developed an FBT-based stepped-care model for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) that was consistent with family preference (i.e., tailored) and responsive to adolescent needs (i.e., intensity). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this model in terms of remission at end-of-treatment. METHOD: Adolescents (N = 82), aged 12-18 years (M = 15.1, SD = 1.8) and meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition criteria for AN, were assessed at baseline, Weeks 24 and 48. FBT was tailored to family preference and clinical need, with 16-18 sessions by Week 24. This was followed by three FBT booster sessions or an extension of FBT plus booster sessions (Week 48). The primary outcome was defined as weight > 95% of %median body mass index plus within 1 SD of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) global score community norms. RESULTS: Remission rates were 45.1% and 52.4% at Weeks 24 and 48, respectively. Commensurable improvements were evident across secondary outcomes (e.g., EDE subscale scores). As a reference point, remission rates compared positively with results from a recent randomized clinical trial from the same center and at the same time points (Week 24:45.1% vs. 32.1% and Week 48:52.4% vs. 30.2%). Controlling for propensity score, no statistically significant differences were observed. DISCUSSION: This stepped-care model, designed to be responsive to the individual needs of adolescents and their families, achieved encouraging rates of remission. This study provides an important signal that supports future clinical trials of stepped-care models for adolescents with AN.

Somatic symptom and related disorders in a tertiary paediatric hospital: prevalence, reach and complexity.

Specialist paediatric services manage a variety of presentations of functional somatic symptoms. We aimed to describe the presentation and management of children and adolescents with somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs) requiring admission to a tertiary children's hospital with the objective of informing the development of a local clinical pathway. Patients admitted to any hospital department from May 2016 to November 2017 were identified through an electronic medical record (EMR)-linked diagnosis of SSRD. Each record was reviewed for demographic details and admission histories. The frequency of interspecialty consultations and multidisciplinary team (MDT) family meetings were recorded. One hundred twenty-three patients with SSRD were admitted on 203 occasions to 17 different departments. The median (range) age was 14.3 (7.3-18.3) years. Interspecialty consultations occurred in 84.6% of patients, and MDT family meetings occurred in 18.9% patients. SSRD was diagnosed as an inpatient in 79.9% patients, yet only 40.7% of patients, including those with multiple admissions, had SSRD recorded as a discharge diagnosis.Conclusion: Despite high rates of consultation with hospital teams, the frequency of MDT family meetings was low, and less than half the patients had SSRD documented at discharge. This affirms the value of developing a local clinical pathway. What is Known • Functional somatic symptoms are commonly seen in children and adolescents. • Few studies have explored the reach of functional somatic symptoms across a tertiary paediatric hospital; the majority of inpatient studies have focused on a limited set of disorders or cases referred to psychiatry departments. What is New • Symptoms that spanned multiple body systems were the most common presentation of SSRDs in admitted children and adolescents. • Somatic symptom disorders are less likely to be recorded as a discharge diagnosis compared with functional neurological symptom disorder.