Semipermeable species boundaries create opportunities for gene flow and adaptive potential.

Hybridisation and gene flow can have both deleterious and adaptive consequences for natural populations and species. To better understand the extent of hybridisation in nature and the balance between its beneficial and deleterious outcomes in a changing environment, information on naturally hybridising nonmodel organisms is needed. This requires the characterisation of the structure and extent of natural hybrid zones. Here, we study natural populations of five keystone mound-building wood ant species in the Formica rufa group across Finland. No genomic studies across the species group exist, and the extent of hybridisation and genomic differentiation in sympatry is unknown. Combining genome-wide and morphological data, we demonstrate more extensive hybridisation than was previously detected between all five species in Finland. Specifically, we reveal a mosaic hybrid zone between Formica aquilonia, F. rufa and F. polyctena, comprising further generation hybrid populations. Despite this, we find that F. rufa, F. aquilonia, F. lugubris and F. pratensis form distinct gene pools in Finland. We also find that hybrids occupy warmer microhabitats than the nonadmixed populations of cold-adapted F. aquilonia, and suggest that warm winters and springs, in particular, may benefit hybrids over F. aquilonia, the most abundant F. rufa group species in Finland. In summary, our results indicate that extensive hybridisation may create adaptive potential that could promote wood ant persistence in a changing climate. Additionally, they highlight the potentially significant ecological and evolutionary consequences of extensive mosaic hybrid zones, within which independent hybrid populations face an array of ecological and intrinsic selection pressures.

Efficacy of quadruple treatment on different types of pre-operative anaemia: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

In patients with pre-operative anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery, combination treatment with intravenous iron, subcutaneous erythropoietin alpha, vitamin B12 and oral folic acid reduces allogeneic blood product transfusions. It is unclear if certain types of anaemia particularly benefit from this treatment. We performed a post-hoc analysis of anaemic patients from a randomised trial on the 'Effect of ultra-short-term treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery'. We used linear regression analyses to examine the efficacy of a combination anaemia treatment compared with placebo on the following deficiencies, each representing a part of the combination treatment: ferritin and transferrin saturation; endogenous erythropoietin; holotranscobalamine; and folic acid in erythrocytes. Efficacy was defined as change in reticulocyte count from baseline to the first, third and fifth postoperative days and represented erythropoietic activity in the immediate peri-operative recovery phase. In all 253 anaemic patients, iron deficiency was the most common cause of anaemia. Treatment significantly increased reticulocyte count in all regression analyses on postoperative days 1, 3 and 5 (all p < 0.001). Baseline ferritin and endogenous erythropoietin were negatively associated with change in reticulocyte count on postoperative day 5, with an unstandardised regression coefficient B of -0.08 (95%CI -0.14 to -0.02) and -0.14 (95%CI -0.23 to -0.06), respectively. Quadruple anaemia treatment was effective regardless of the cause of anaemia and its effect manifested early in the peri-operative recovery phase. The more pronounced a deficiency was, the stronger the subsequent boost to erythropoiesis may have been.

Factors associated with having an indication for surgery in adult spinal deformity: an international european multicentre study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors that distinguish between patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) with and without an indication for surgery, irrespective of their final treatment. METHODS: Baseline variables (demographics, medical history, outcome measures, coronal, sagittal and neurologic parameters) were evaluated in a multicentre, prospective cohort of patients with ASD. Multivariable analyses were carried out for idiopathic and degenerative patients separately with the dependent variable being "indication for surgery" and baseline parameters as independent variables. RESULTS: In total, 342 patients with degenerative ASD and 624 patients with idiopathic ASD were included in the multivariable models. In patients with degenerative ASD, the parameters associated with having an indication for surgery were greater self-rated disability on the Oswestry Disability Index [odds ratio (OR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.07] and a lower thoracic kyphosis (OR 0.97 95% CI 0.95-0.99), whereas in patients with idiopathic ASD, it was lower (worse) SRS self-image scores (OR 0.45 95% CI 0.32-0.64), a higher value for the major Cobb angle (OR 1.03 95% CI 1.01-1.05), lower age (OR 0.96 95% CI 0.95-0.98), prior decompression (OR 3.76 95% CI 1.00-14.08), prior infiltration (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.12-4.43), and the presence of rotatory subluxation (OR 1.98 95% CI 1.11-3.54) and sagittal subluxation (OR 4.38 95% CI 1.61-11.95). CONCLUSION: Specific sets of variables were found to be associated with an indication for surgery in patients with ASD. These should be investigated in relation to patient outcomes for their potential to guide the future development of decision aids in the treatment of ASD. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Using an animated patient avatar to improve perception of vital sign information by anaesthesia professionals.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining situation awareness of monitored patients can be challenging because care providers must continually read and integrate multiple waveforms and numerical vital sign values into a mental model of the patient's situation. We developed and evaluated a technology designed to improve perception of vital sign information by presenting patient status as an animated patient avatar. METHODS: After step-wise improvement of the avatar, anaesthesia professionals from two hospitals participated in a comparative study of conventional monitoring. Participants observed identical monitoring scenarios via the two technologies for brief time intervals and afterwards recalled patient status. RESULTS: Overall, 150 anaesthesia professionals participated in the validation process and 32 participated in the comparative study, completing 128 scenarios, which allowed for 64 direct comparisons. The avatar's inter-rater reliability was high, with Fleiss' kappa of 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.96-0.99, P<0.001). With the avatar, participants recalled almost twice as many vital signs correctly as with conventional monitoring (9 vs 5, P<0.001). Perceived confidence was improved (2=certain vs 1=uncertain, P<0.001) and perceived workload lowered (task load index 60 vs 76, P<0.001). Participants obtained these results only after watching an educational video explaining the avatar and suggesting quick learnability and potential for real-life usability. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical evidence that an animated avatar offers the opportunity to transmit vital sign information significantly more quickly than conventional monitoring and with improved confidence and reduced cognitive effort. This could help care providers gain situation awareness more efficiently.

Change of transfusion and treatment paradigm in major trauma patients.

Trauma promotes trauma-induced coagulopathy, which requires urgent treatment with fixed-ratio transfusions of red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrates, or goal-directed administration of coagulation factors based on viscoelastic testing. This retrospective observational study compared two time periods before (2005-2007) and after (2012-2014) the implementation of changes in trauma management protocols which included: use of goal-directed coagulation management; admission of patients to designated trauma centres; whole-body computed tomography scanning on admission; damage control surgery; permissive hypotension; restrictive fluid resuscitation; and administration of tranexamic acid. The incidence of massive transfusion (≥ 10 units of red blood cells from emergency department arrival until intensive care unit admission) was compared with the predicted incidence according to the trauma associated severe haemorrhage score. All adult (≥ 16 years) trauma patients primarily admitted to the University Hospital Zürich with an injury severity score ≥ 16 were included. In 2005-2007, the observed and trauma associated severe haemorrhage score that predicted the incidence of massive transfusion were identical, whereas in 2012-2014 the observed incidence was less than half that predicted (3.7% vs. 7.5%). Compared to 2005-2007, the proportion of patients transfused with red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma was significantly lower in 2012-2014 in both the emergency department (43% vs. 17%; 31% vs. 6%, respectively), and after 24 h (53% vs. 27%; 37% vs. 16%, respectively). The use of tranexamic acid and coagulation factor XIII also increased significantly in the 2012-2014 time period. Implementation of a revised trauma management strategy, which included goal-directed coagulation management, was associated with a reduced incidence of massive transfusion and a reduction in the transfusion of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma.

Prognostic relevance of lactate dehydrogenase and serum S100 levels in stage IV melanoma with known BRAF mutation status.

BACKGROUND: Activating mutations of BRAF provide an important treatment target in patients with melanoma. The prognostic role of several biochemical markers in relation to mutation status is not clear. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the prognostic significance of BRAF mutation in patients with melanoma and correlate it to different markers. METHODS: In total, 162 patients with stage IV melanoma and known BRAF mutation status were included. Clinical, histopathological and laboratory information was collected and compared between patients with BRAF mutant (BRAFm) and wild-type (BRAFwt) melanoma at the time of first distant metastasis. RESULTS: In total, 88 patients (54%) had BRAFm melanoma (V600E/V600K). At the first distant metastasis, S100B levels in BRAFm patients were more frequently elevated (P = 0·01) and significantly higher (P = 0·02). Median overall survival (mOS) was significantly longer in BRAFwt patients with normal compared with patients with elevated S100B levels (P < 0·01). In BRAFm melanoma, elevated S100B levels showed no prognostic influence (P = 0·18). Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels had a significantly negative impact on mOS in both groups. mOS was increased for BRAFm patients treated with a BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) compared with BRAFm patients not receiving BRAFi (P = 0·01). No difference in mOS between BRAFm patients who did not receive BRAFi treatment and BRAFwt patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Better mOS was observed in BRAFm patients treated with BRAFi. BRAFm patients not treated with BRAFi show similar survival curves to BRAFwt patients. Elevated LDH is a BRAF-independent prognostic parameter; S100B has prognostic significance in BRAFwt melanoma only.

Lesions with unclear malignant potential (B3) after minimally invasive breast biopsy: evaluation of vacuum biopsies performed in Switzerland and recommended further management.

BACKGROUND: Histopathological B3 lesions after minimal invasive breast biopsy (VABB) are a particular challenge for the clinician, as there are currently no binding recommendations regarding the subsequent procedure. PURPOSE: To analyze all B3 lesions, diagnosed at VABB and captured in the national central Swiss MIBB database and to provide a data basis for further management in this subgroup of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All 9,153 stereotactically, sonographically, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsies, performed in Switzerland between 2009 and 2011, captured in a central database, were evaluated. The rate of B3 lesions and the definitive pathological findings in patients who underwent surgical resection were analyzed. RESULTS: The B3 rate was 17.0% (1532 of 9000 biopsies with B classification). Among the 521 lesions with a definitive postoperative diagnosis, the malignancy rate (invasive carcinoma or DCIS) was 21.5%. In patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia, papillary lesions, flat epithelial atypia, lobular neoplasia, and radial scar diagnosed by VABB, the malignancy rates were 25.9%, 3.1%, 18.3%, 26.4%, and 11.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: B3 lesions, comprising 17%, of all analyzed biopsies, were common and the proportion of malignancies in those lesions undergoing subsequent surgical excision was high (21.5%).

Donning devices (foot slips and frames) enable elderly people with severe chronic venous insufficiency to put on compression stockings.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Compression therapy is highly effective in the treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome and venous leg ulcer. On average, 50-60% of the patients cooperate with compression therapy. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the user-friendliness. This prospective study investigated whether the use of donning devices can contribute to improving user-friendliness. METHODS: Forty patients aged >65 years with severe chronic venous insufficiency (CVI; C4-C6) successively donned compression stockings in a randomized order: one 40 mmHg (CS40) or two superimposed 20 mmHg (CS20+20), each with open toe (CS-o-t) and closed toe (CS-c-t), using donning devices (three foot slips for CS-o-t; two foot slips and three frames for CS-c-t). The study endpoint was that the stocking was completely donned and correctly positioned on the patient's leg. The success rate and its association with age, sex, first time versus second time user, body mass index, abdominal circumference, ability to reach the forefoot with the hand, and hand grip strength were analyzed. Additionally, subjective evaluation by the patients was performed. RESULTS: Without donning devices, success with CS40-c-t was 60% (24/40 patients) and with CS20+20-c-t 70% (28/40 patients) (p = .220). Using donning devices increased success rates significantly. With CS40-o-t the success rate was 88% (35/40 patients; p = .001) and with CS40-c-t it was 90% (36/40 patients; p = .002). With CS20+20-o-t and CS20+20-c-t, the success rate was 88% (35/40 patients; p = .016). The proportion of patients who successfully used either CS40 or CS20+20 increased from 73% to 93%. Relevant for the patients' success was the ability to reach the forefoot with the hand, and hand grip strength. Subjectively, donning with a device was rated significantly better than without. CONCLUSION: Donning devices significantly improve the ability of elderly patients with CVI to don compression stockings successfully. However, there are differences in user-friendliness among the devices..

Higher fibrinogen concentrations for reduction of transfusion requirements during major paediatric surgery: A prospective randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypofibrinogenaemia is one of the main reasons for development of perioperative coagulopathy during major paediatric surgery. The aim of this study was to assess whether prophylactic maintenance of higher fibrinogen concentrations through administration of fibrinogen concentrate would decrease the volume of transfused red blood cell (RBCs). METHODS: In this prospective, randomised, clinical trial, patients aged 6 months to 17 yr undergoing craniosynostosis and scoliosis surgery received fibrinogen concentrate (30 mg kg(-1)) at two predefined intraoperative fibrinogen concentrations [ROTEM(®) FIBTEM maximum clot firmness (MCF) of <8 mm (conventional) or <13 mm (early substitution)]. Total volume of transfused RBCs was recorded over 24 h after start of surgery. RESULTS: Thirty children who underwent craniosynostosis surgery and 19 children who underwent scoliosis surgery were treated per protocol. During craniosynostosis surgery, children in the early substitution group received significantly less RBCs (median, 28 ml kg(-1); IQR, 21 to 50 ml kg(-1)) compared with the conventional fibrinogen trigger of <8 mm (median, 56 ml kg(-1); IQR, 28 to 62 ml kg(-1)) (P=0.03). Calculated blood loss as per cent of estimated total blood volume decreased from a median of 160% (IQR, 110-190%) to a median of 90% (IQR, 78-110%) (P=0.017). No significant changes were observed in the scoliosis surgery population. No bleeding events requiring surgical intervention, postoperative transfusions of RBCs, or treatment-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative administration of fibrinogen concentrate using a FIBTEM MCF trigger level of <13 mm can be successfully used to significantly decrease bleeding, and transfusion requirements in the setting of craniosynostosis surgery, but not scoliosis. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01487837.

Exposure to moxifloxacin and cytomegalovirus replication is associated with skin squamous cell carcinoma development in lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Lung transplant recipients (LTR) are at increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC), but risk factors (RF) are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between exposure to certain medications and viral infections, and subsequent SCC development. METHODS: Retrospective study examining incidence and potential RF for SCC in LTR transplanted from 1992 to 2010 followed up at one centre. Cumulative incidence and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate RF in the first year post-transplant for SCC formation during the follow-up. RESULTS: In 205 analysed LTR, 46 patients were diagnosed with SCC during a median follow-up of 4.9 years. The cumulative incidences of first SCC were 16.7% and 34.1%, for 5 and 10 years post-transplantation respectively. Multivariable analysis identified CMV replication (HR 7.69, 95% CI 2.93-20.2, P < 0.001) and moxifloxacin exposure (HR 2.35, 95% CI 1.15-4.81, P = 0.020) during the first year post-transplantation as independent RF for SCC development during follow-up. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, moxifloxacin use and CMV replication during the first year post-transplantation were associated with increased risk for SCC. These two factors could be indicators of over-immunosuppression. Their role in SCC development requires investigations in larger cohorts and prospective studies.

Urodynamic investigations in patients with spinal cord injury: should the ice water test follow or precede the standard filling cystometry?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the ice water test (IWT) should be performed before or after the standard urodynamic investigation (UDI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two cohorts of patients suffering from neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) due to spinal cord injury (SCI) were matched by lesion level and age. The patients of cohort A (n=55, retrospective cohort) underwent the IWT before and the patients of cohort B (n=110, prospective cohort) after standard UDI. The IWT effect on urodynamic parameters has been compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples. UDI was performed according to good urodynamic practices recommended by the International Continence Society. RESULTS: The mean age of both cohorts was 49 years. Performing the IWT before versus after standard UDI resulted in a significantly lower maximum cystometric bladder capacity (P=0.01), lower incidence of detrusor overactivity (P=0.017) and lower maximum detrusor pressure during IWT (P=0.04). All other urodynamic parameters assessed demonstrated no significant difference (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in line with findings from animal studies demonstrating a bladder cooling-induced gating effect on the micturition reflex volume threshold on the level of sacral interneurons. Since the IWT is an unphysiological investigation that might significantly bias subsequent urodynamics, we suggest that the IWT should not precede more physiological standard UDI.

[The populations attitudes to colorectal cancer screening in the Czech Republic]. / Prístup populace ke screeningu kolorektálního karcinomu v Ceské republice.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) is significant worldwide. There is good evidence for benefits of the CRC screening in mortality reduction. Since 2009, the population of the Czech Republic have had two CRC screening options from which to choose: a faecal occult blood test (FOBT) at the age of 50 to be repeated every two years or primary screening colonoscopy (PSC) at the age of 55. General practitioners play a crucial role in the CRC screening programme. The CRC screening adherence of the Czech population is poor and does not exceed 25%. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aims of the study were to analyse the reasons behind the low CRC screening adherence of the Czech population, to classify the populations attitudes, and to identify the barriers. A questionnaire survey was conducted in a Czech energy company with 13,000 employees in 2011-2012. The questionnaire was administered electronically by e-mail or directly at the workplace. RESULTS: The questionnaire response rate was 31.3% (4070). The pool of respondents consisted of 2804 (68.9%) females and 1266 (31.1%) males. Of the respondents, 1345 (33.1%) were aged over 50 years (73.5% women and 26.5% men). Of the cohort aged over 50, 68.65% of women and 63.2% of men took a FOBT. Ten percent of respondents aged over 50 years have never heard of CRC screening and 32.8% of this age category have never participated in CRC screening. The main reasons for not taking a FOBT were feeling well and having no health problems (38.8%) or FOBT not offered the by the general practitioner (27.8%). Other reasons were no time to do so, fear of the result, unsure of the procedure, unawareness of what FOBT is, or uncomfortable about the test procedure. On the other hand, 8.37% of the participants aged between 15 and 39 years and 20.7% of those aged between 40 and 49 years have already taken a FOBT. Overall, 15.4% of respondents prefer the new alternative, PSC, as the CRC screening option. Significant differences in CRC screening adherence are seen between administrative regions of the Czech Republic and between education levels. CONCLUSIONS: From the results, it follows that a considerable proportion of the population of the Czech Republic do not understand the principle of CRC screening and its methods. Enough room has been left to promote education on CRC screening for both the public and general practitioners. On the other hand, a large part of proactive individuals participate in CRC screening before the age of 50.

Intraoperative adverse events during laparoscopic colorectal resection--better laparoscopic treatment but unchanged incidence. Lessons learnt from a Swiss multi-institutional analysis of 3,928 patients.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative adverse events significantly influence morbidity and mortality of laparoscopic colorectal resections. Over an 11-year period, the changes of occurrence of such intraoperative adverse events were assessed in this study. METHODS: Analysis of 3,928 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal resection based on the prospective database of the Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery was performed. RESULTS: Overall, 377 intraoperative adverse events occurred in 329 patients (overall incidence of 8.4 %). Of 377 events, 163 (43 %) were surgical complications and 214 (57 %) were nonsurgical adverse events. Surgical complications were iatrogenic injury to solid organs (n = 63; incidence of 1.6 %), bleeding (n = 62; 1.6 %), lesion by puncture (n = 25; 0.6 %), and intraoperative anastomotic leakage (n = 13; 0.3 %). Of note, 11 % of intraoperative organ/puncture lesions requiring re-intervention were missed intraoperatively. Nonsurgical adverse events were problems with equipment (n = 127; 3.2 %), anesthetic problems (n = 30; 0.8 %), and various (n = 57; 1.5 %). Over time, the rate of intraoperative adverse events decreased, but not significantly. Bleeding complications significantly decreased (p = 0.015), and equipment problems increased (p = 0.036). However, the rate of adverse events requiring conversion significantly decreased with time (p < 0.001). Patients with an intraoperative adverse event had a significantly higher rate of postoperative local and general morbidity (41.2 and 32.9 % vs. 18.0 and 17.2 %, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative surgical complications and adverse events in laparoscopic colorectal resections did not change significantly over time and are associated with an increased postoperative morbidity.

[Results of the Czech National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme - colonoscopy examinations]. / Výsledky Národního programu screeningu kolorektálního karcinomu v Ceské republice - kolonoskopická vysetrení

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers, and the Central European countries have the highest CRC burden worldwide. CRC screening has repeatedly been proven capable of decreasing CRC mortality and incidence rates. The nationwide Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme in the Czech Republic involves the colonoscopic examination as a diagnostic method (for patients with a positive FOBT result -  screening colonoscopy -  SC), or as a screening method (primary screening colonoscopy -  PSC). The aim of this article is to present the results of colonoscopic examinations performed as part of the Czech screening programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the purpose of quality assurance, the Czech programme has been equipped since 2006 with an information system called the Colorectal Cancer Screening Registry, which collects and evaluates data on preventive colonoscopies performed in the colonoscopy screening centres. Performance indicators, as specified in the European Guidelines (and adapted for the Czech programme), are employed to assess preventive colonoscopies performed in the Czech Republic. RESULTS: Since 2006, more than 110,000 SCs and almost 20,000 PSCs were recorded. Approximately 95% of SCs and almost 98% of PSC were classified as total, i.e. examining the entire colonic mucosa up to the caecum. The positive predictive value of FOBT for adenomas has increased slightly and continuously over time, and was 39.7% in 2013. In PSC, the adenoma detection rate (ADR) has recently increased compared to previous years, and was 27.3% in 2013. CRC was detected in 3.7% of individuals undergoing an SC examination and in 1.0% of individuals undergoing a PSC examination. The programme safety is controlled based on the monitoring of complications during colonoscopies; these can occur either during diagnostic colonoscopy (perforation in 0.03% of cases since 2006) or during endoscopic polypectomy (perforation in 0.12% of cases, bleeding in 0.73% of cases since 2006). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that the quality of colonoscopic examinations corresponds to the international standards and that this is not an obstacle to a positive impact of CRC screening on the Czech population, which has a high colorectal cancer burden.

[Results of the Czech National Colorectal Cancer screening programme -  faecal occult blood tests]. / Výsledky Národního programu screeningu kolorektálního karcinomu v Ceské republice -  testy na okultní krvácení do stolice.

INTRODUCTION: The nationwide Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme was introduced in the Czech Republic in 2000. The aim of this article is to describe the employment of faecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) by the Czech population within the screening programme, and to provide information on the latest results of the programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on the development of the colorectal cancer (CRC) burden in the Czech population is obtained from the Czech National Cancer Registry, a database required by the Czech law that has been collecting comprehensive data on cancer patients since 1977. Data on FOBT employment can be obtained from health care payers, and was provided by the Czech National Reference Centre. RESULTS: Around 8,000 patients are diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the Czech Republic each year, and the number of CRC deaths is about 4,000. Despite the ongoing screening programme, significant improvements in the proportional representation of cancer stages (i.e., improvements in early detection of CRC cases) have yet to be seen. Although the number of FOBTs performed in the Czech Republic has significantly grown in the long term (which is accompanied by an increase in coverage by this screening test), the total coverage of the Czech population aged over 50 was only 25.5% in 2012. The Olomouc Region, the Zlin region, and the Usti nad Labem region had the highest coverage rates by CRC screening based on FOBT (over 28%), while the Capital of Prague had the lowest coverage rate (18%). Since 2008, FOBT positivity rates have seen a continuous and significant increase, reaching 6.9% in 2012. Between 13 to 14% of FOBTs in women are performed by practical gynaecologists. CONCLUSION: Despite a significant increase in the participation rate in recent years, which was partially improved by the involvement of practical gynaecologists, the programme unfortunately still covers only a quarter of the eligible population. Implementation of effective measures aimed at getting people interested in preventive examinations (including the recently introduced programme of personalized invitations) is therefore essential; otherwise, the screening programme will not be successful on the population level.

[New European Information and Communication Platform Striving for Improved Care for Colorectal Cancer Patients - www.crcprevention.eu]. / Nová evropská konferencní a informacní platforma usilující o zlepsení péce o pacienty s kolorektálním karcinomem -  www.crcprevention.eu.

The article introduces a new information and communication platform that focuses on the promotion of colorectal cancer prevention and on the improvement of care for colorectal cancer patients. In addition to the platforms objectives, the article also presents the conclusions of the first year of the "European Colorectal Cancer Days" international conference held annually in Brno since 2012. Further information and news are available at www.crcprevention.eu.

[Approach to population-based screening in the Czech Republic, methodology and first results of the personalised invitation of citizens to cancer screening programmes]. / Koncepce populacního screeningu v Ceské republice, metodika a první výsledky adresného zvaní obcanu do preventivních onkologických programu

In January 2014, a programme of personalised invitations was launched in the Czech Republic, with the objective of inviting insured persons to cancer screening programmes; namely breast cancer screening and cervical cancer screening in women, and colorectal cancer screening both in women and men. This programme aims at strengthening the current cancer prevention programmes, and to increase the currently inadequate participation of the target population in these programmes; therefore, personalised invitations are sent to citizens who have not participated in these programmes for several years and therefore at risk of developing a serious disease. The project is coordinated by the Czech Ministry of Health in cooperation with the expert medical societies involved (gynaecology, gastroenterology, gastrointestinal oncology, diagnostic radiology, general practice), representatives of health care payers, and other experts nominated by the Minister of Health. All health care payers invite their clients (insured persons) to preventive check-ups, covering all examinations needed. The project has been realised with the assistance of financial resources from EU funds. This article describes the methodology of personalised invitations which has been implemented nationwide, its data background, and the first results of the project in the first half of 2014, when almost 1.3 million Czech citizens were invited.

Hybridization and speciation.

Hybridization has many and varied impacts on the process of speciation. Hybridization may slow or reverse differentiation by allowing gene flow and recombination. It may accelerate speciation via adaptive introgression or cause near-instantaneous speciation by allopolyploidization. It may have multiple effects at different stages and in different spatial contexts within a single speciation event. We offer a perspective on the context and evolutionary significance of hybridization during speciation, highlighting issues of current interest and debate. In secondary contact zones, it is uncertain if barriers to gene flow will be strengthened or broken down due to recombination and gene flow. Theory and empirical evidence suggest the latter is more likely, except within and around strongly selected genomic regions. Hybridization may contribute to speciation through the formation of new hybrid taxa, whereas introgression of a few loci may promote adaptive divergence and so facilitate speciation. Gene regulatory networks, epigenetic effects and the evolution of selfish genetic material in the genome suggest that the Dobzhansky-Muller model of hybrid incompatibilities requires a broader interpretation. Finally, although the incidence of reinforcement remains uncertain, this and other interactions in areas of sympatry may have knock-on effects on speciation both within and outside regions of hybridization.

[Biologism controversy: ethical implications for psychiatry]. / Biologismus-Kontroversen: Ethische Implikationen für die Psychiatrie.

Current biological psychiatry, it is frequently claimed by its opponents, is "biologistic" and unduly narrows psychological disorders to neurobiology and molecular biology. They deem a complete neuroscientific reduction of the mental phenomena to be impossible because of the impossibility of reducing certain phenomena, such as the individual subjective experience. If such a reduction is nevertheless undertaken it is ultimately to the disadvantage of the patients. We argue in this article that the very term "biologism" has to be put under scrutiny in the first place. As a result it becomes obvious that "biologism", as a subclass of "philosophical naturalism", is ultimately quite unproblematic. Biologism is dangerous only if it implies an eliminative rejection or an inappropriate underestimation of the relevance of the psyche. On closer examination it gets evident that such implications do not follow necessarily from biologism but cannot be precluded either. To better identify and possibly prevent such dangers, a more differentiated terminology seems helpful.

Silicate modulates the cross-talk between osteoblasts (SaOS-2) and osteoclasts (RAW 264.7 cells): inhibition of osteoclast growth and differentiation.

It has been shown that inorganic monomeric and polymeric silica/silicate, in the presence of the biomineralization cocktail, increases the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteogenic SaOS-2 sarcoma cells in vitro. In contrast, silicate does not affect the steady-state gene expression level of the osteoclastogenic ligand receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). In turn it can be expected that the concentration ratio of the mediators OPG/RANKL increases in the presence of silicate. In addition, silicate enhances the growth potential of SaOS-2 cells in vitro, while it causes no effect on RAW 264.7 cells within a concentration range of 10-100 µM. Applying a co-cultivation assay system, using SaOS-2 cells and RAW 264.7 cells, it is shown that in the presence of 10 µM silicate the number of RAW 264.7 cells in general, and the number of TRAP(+) RAW 264.7 cells in particular markedly decreases. The SaOS-2 cells retain their capacity of differential gene expression of OPG and RANKL in favor of OPG after exposure to silicate. It is concluded that after exposure of the cells to silicate a factor(s) is released from SaOS-2 cells that causes a significant inhibition of osteoclastogenesis of RAW 264.7 cells. It is assumed that it is an increased secretion of the cytokine OPG that is primarily involved in the reduction of the osteoclastogenesis of the RAW 264.7 cells. It is proposed that silicate might have the potential to stimulate osteogenesis in vivo and perhaps to ameliorate osteoporotic disorders.