ABSTRACT
Fibrillar amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are major constituents of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD) brain and cause neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Bax and caspase-3 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD and are components of a well-defined molecular pathway of neuronal apoptosis. To determine whether Abeta-induced neuronal apoptosis involves bax and/or caspase-3 activation, we examined the effect of Abeta on wild-type, bax-deficient, and caspase-3-deficient telencephalic neurons in vitro. In wild-type cultures, Abeta produced time- and concentration-dependent caspase-3 activation, apoptotic nuclear changes, and neuronal death. These neurotoxic effects of Abeta were not observed in bax-deficient cultures. Caspase-3 deficiency, or pharmacological inhibition of caspase activity, prevented caspase-3 activation and blocked the appearance of apoptotic nuclear features but not Abeta-induced neuronal death. Neither calpain inhibition nor microtubule stabilization with Taxol protected telencephalic neurons from Abeta-induced caspase activation or apoptosis. These results have potential implications regarding the underlying pathophysiology of AD and towards AD treatment strategies.
Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Caspases/metabolism , Neurons/enzymology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism , Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/pharmacology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptosis/genetics , Caspase 3 , Caspase Inhibitors , Caspases/deficiency , Caspases/genetics , Cell Death/drug effects , Cell Death/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Glycoproteins/pharmacology , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism , Microtubules/metabolism , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/drug effects , Paclitaxel/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics , Telencephalon/cytology , Telencephalon/drug effects , Telencephalon/enzymology , bcl-2-Associated X ProteinABSTRACT
The mechanism by which cells die in Alzheimer disease (AD) is unknown. Several investigators speculate that much of the cell loss may be due to apoptosis, a highly regulated form of programmed cell death. Caspase-3 is a critical effector of neuronal apoptosis and may be inappropriately activated in AD. To address this possibility, we examined cortical and hippocampal brain sections from AD patients, as well as 2 animal models of AD, for in situ evidence of caspase-3 activation. We report here that senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the AD brain are not associated with caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, amyloid beta (A beta) deposition in the APPsw transgenic mouse model of AD does not result in caspase-3 activation despite the ability of A beta to induce caspase-3 activation and neuronal apoptosis in vitro. AD brain sections do, however, exhibit caspase-3 activation in hippocampal neurons undergoing granulovacuolar degeneration. Our data suggests that caspase-3 does not have a significant role in the widespread neuronal cell death that occurs in AD, but may contribute to the specific loss of hippocampal neurons involved in learning and memory.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/enzymology , Caspases/metabolism , Neurons/enzymology , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/pharmacology , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Brain/enzymology , Brain/pathology , Caspase 3 , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme Activation , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Mice , Mice, Transgenic/genetics , Middle Aged , Mutation , Neurofibrillary Tangles/pathology , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , Plaque, Amyloid/pathologyABSTRACT
Prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic autonomic ganglia respond differently to a large number of experimental and clinical insults. The selective involvement of subpopulations of sympathetic neurons may reflect differences in their response to neurotrophic substances. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the response of prevertebral and paravertebral rat sympathetic ganglia to selected neurotrophic substances in vivo and in vitro and identified the ganglionic distribution of neurons expressing high affinity neurotrophin receptor mRNAs. Dissociated cultures of embryonic prevertebral and paravertebral ganglionic neurons showed comparable responses to NGF deprivation and only small differences in their response to rescue with other trophic substances. In situ hybridization studies of adult rat sympathetic ganglia using probes specific for the high-affinity neurotrophin receptor transcripts trks A, B, and C demonstrated that neurons in both prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia express predominantly trkA receptors in vivo. In addition, increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) activity was induced only by doses of neurotrophic substances that activate trkA and showed only small differences between neonatal prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia. Although small differences in the sensitivity of pre- and paravertebral sympathetic neurons to various neurotrophins have been identified in our studies, they are unlikely, in isolation, to explain major differences in the sensitivity of these ganglia to neuropathologic processes.
Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Ganglia, Sympathetic/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology , Neurons/physiology , Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor , Embryo, Mammalian , Enzyme Induction , Ganglia, Sympathetic/cytology , Ganglia, Sympathetic/growth & development , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Nerve Tissue Proteins/pharmacology , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/drug effects , Neurotrophin 3 , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/analysis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/analysis , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis , Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor , Receptor, trkA , Receptor, trkC , Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Quantitation of antigen concentration in cell and tissue samples typically requires antigen extraction, which precludes antigen localization in the same sample. Similarly, antigen immunolocalization in fixed cells or tissue sections provides limited information about antigen concentration. We have developed a rapid and sensitive assay for simultaneous antigen localization and quantitation in cell and tissue samples that does not involve antigen extraction, radioactive materials, or image analysis. Fixed cells and/or tissue sections are used with antigen-specific enzyme-linked probes to generate soluble reaction products that are spectrophotometrically quantifiable and deposited reaction products that are microscopically localizable. The amount of soluble reaction product is dependent on several variables, including antigen concentration, probe specificity and sensitivity, sample size, and enzyme reaction time. These variables can be experimentally controlled so that soluble reaction product is proportional to antigen concentration in the sample. This assay was used in multiple applications including detection of Ki-67 nuclear antigen immunoreactivity in human brain tumors, in which it showed a clear relationship with visually determined Ki-67 cell labeling indexes. This assay, termed the Midwestern assay, should be applicable to a wide variety of antigens in both clinical and research samples.