The Impact of Educational Intervention Based on Pender's Health Promotion Model on Healthy Lifestyle in Women of Reproductive Age in Iran.

Background: Lifestyle is one of the most important factors affecting women's health. Women's quality of life and health depends on their health-promoting behaviors and lifestyles. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of an educational intervention based on Pender model on healthy lifestyle in women of reproductive age in Iran. Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was carried out in women of reproductive age in Iran, from August to December 2019. The samples were divided into experimental (n = 120) and control (n = 120) groups. 6 training sessions were provided for the experimental group. The questionnaire consisted of several items including socio-demographic characteristics, health-promoting lifestyle profile-II (HPLP-II), self-efficacy, social support and constructs of Pender's health promotion model. SPSS-18 software has been applied for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the experimental group was 31.88±7.624 years and for the control group was 30.33±6.89 years. There was no statistically significant relationship between demographic variables such as marital status, education, employment status, age and body mass index with lifestyle in women. Lifestyle in women had a statistically significant relationship with the structure prior health-related behavior (p < 0.001). The score of women in structures of prior health-related behavior, perceived benefits, commitment to action, and social support increased after educational intervention (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Findings showed that educational intervention based on Pender health promotion model has increased the score of healthy lifestyle in women. Therefore, planning and performing educational interventions to improve health promotion behaviors based on this model is essential.

Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behaviours in Women of Reproductive Age in Iran: Based on Pender's Health Promotion Model.

INTRODUCTION: Health promotion behaviours are considered as preventives of non-communicable diseases and key determinants of maintaining and improving the health status. AIM: This study aimed to investigate and identify effective factors on health-promoting behaviours based on Pender model in women of reproductive age from February to April 2017, in Savojbolagh, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is conducted on 240 women aged between 15 to 49 years in Savojbolagh, Iran, in 2017. The questionnaire consisted of several items, including socio-demographic characteristics, health-promoting lifestyle profile-II (HPLP-II), self-efficacy, social support and constructs of Pender's health promotion model. SPSS-18 software has been applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the women was 31.10 ± 7.29 years. Total HPLP-II score was 106.64 ± 11.93. The highest and the lowest mean in the subscales were belonged to nutrition and physical activity, respectively. According to the bivariate analysis, the total HPLP-II score is significantly related to prior health-related behaviour (p = 0.000). There was a statistically significant relationship between stress management and the variables including perceived benefits, perceived barriers, prior health-related behaviour, situational influences, commitment to a plan of action (p < 0.05). Also, health responsibility had a statistically significant relationship with self-efficacy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our results, it can be inferred that there is a problem with the HPBs of women. Considering that health-promoting behaviours like physical activity had a low score, it is a necessity to plan and perform interventions for improving health promotion behaviours.

The association between smoking status and hospital length of stay: evidence from a hospital-based cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is recognized as one of the main preventable causes of mortality and morbidity that imposes a high financial burden on healthcare systems and society. This study aimed to examine the association between smoking status and hospital length of stay (LOS) among patients with lung cancer (LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischemic heart diseases (IHD) in Iran in 2014. METHODS: A total of 1271 patients (415 LC patients, 427 COPD patients and 429 IHD patients) were included in the study. Data on age, sex, insurance status and LOS was extracted from the patients' medical records and smoking status was obtained from the patients using telephone survey. The LOS among current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers was compared using a zero-truncated poisson regression. Analysis was done using STATA v.12. RESULTS: The mean LOS for current smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers was 9.4±8.4, 7.3 ±5.3 and 6.02±5.05 days, respectively. The unadjusted and adjusted probabilities of LOS for current smokers and former smokers were 56% and 21% and 48% and 15% higher, respectively, than when compared with the nonsmoker category. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated longer LOS for the current and former smokers, contributing to the drain on large hospital resources in Iran. The results of the study provide useful information for health-policy makers that contribute to the planning and designing of smoking cessation interventions in this area.

The Effect of Educational Intervention based on BASNEF Model on Decreasing the Cesarean Section Rate among Pregnant Women in Khomain Country.

OBJECTIVE: Over the past two decades, the incidence of cesarean section in most countries has increased. Cesarean section increases the risk of death and complications in the mother and fetus. Educational interventions based on behavior change models can play an important role in reduce the rate of cesarean section. The aim of our study is investigation the effect of educational intervention based on BASNEF Model on decreasing of cesarean section rate among pregnant women in Khomain County, from June to November 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this interventional study, 140 nulliparous women who were in their last trimester of pregnancy were randomly allocated to case and control groups. Data gathering instrument was a questionnaire based on BASNEF framework. Data were analyzed by SPSS 14 software. RESULTS: The scores of knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, and enabling factors in the intervention group than the control group showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). After the study, it was found that 18 women (25.7%) in case group and 42 women (60%) in the control group underwent cesarean section. By Chi-square test showed that the difference in the type of delivery between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Design and implement curriculum based on BASNEF can be effective in reducing elective cesarean section.

Determinants of pharmaceutical expenditures of urban households: A time series study in Kermanshah province (Iran).

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, the development of medical and pharmaceutical science has led to a heavy financial burden on the government, insurance companies, and the general population. Due to the increasing the cost of pharmaceutical products in the Kermanshah Province, policy makers have tried to identify the factors that resulted in the increases. The aim of this study was to determine the main factors that affect the expenditures for pharmaceutical products by urban households in Kermanshah Province, Iran. METHODS: This analytical-descriptive study was conducted using time series method. The study population was urban households of Kermanshah Province from 1991 to 2013. The explanatory variables of the log-log model were drug price index (LnDPI), the average income of urban households (LnINC), the number of physicians per 1,000 people (LnPH), and the number of hospital beds per 1,000 people (LnBE).The required data were acquired from the Statistical Center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The unit root was evaluated by the Dickey-Fuller test. Stata v.11 software was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Coefficients of LnDPI and LnPH were 0.97 and 0.77, respectively, and they were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Also, the coefficients of D. LnINC (first difference of LnINC) and LnBE were 0.34 and 1.8, respectively, and both of them were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that drugs are non-elastic and essential for households. It should be noted that the health policy makers in Iran should conduct appropriate planning to ensure both the physical and financial accessibility to drugs by urban households. The development of basic and supplementary health insurance coverage, especially for poor populations and urban areas where there are patients with chronic diseases, can be a suitable solution to reduce barriers to acquiring the required drugs.

Investigating the Relationship between Demographic Factors and Choice of Delivery Method in Pregnant Women in the City of Savojbolagh.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the increased rate of cesarean section in recent decades and natural desire of women probably due to social, economic& cultural issues in our country. While that in many cases, vaginal delivery can be replaced by unnecessary cesarean. In the absence of need the trend of cesarean section has implications for both future healthy populations and the equitable distribution of maternity resources. The aim of the present study was to investigate demographic factors associated with the choice of delivery method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive cross- sectional study with a random sampling, 283 pregnant women who were referred for control of pregnancy to two primary health care centers two health base were interviewed by Completing the questionnaire. After gathering information data by SPSS software &via descriptive statistical indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: 35/7% of pregnant women who were studied willing to perform cesarean section. There was a significant relationship between the having a history of cesarean section and referral place for control of pregnancy with selection of the labor type (P < 0.001). While There was no significant relationship between the Demographic factors as age, educational level& job of pregnant women &Their husbands with Select the type of delivery (P > 0.001). The reasons for selection of cesarean section were fear of labor pain, Prevention of genital rupture & physician recommendation. CONCLUSION: The rate of selecting cesarean section is higher than acceptable World Health Organization. Therefore, careful planning should be done to raise awareness, improve attitudes and change false beliefs in pregnant women & their husbands by health service's personnel.