Activatable Dual-Optical Molecular Probe for Bioimaging Superoxide Anion in Epilepsy.

Superoxide anion (O2•-) plays a pivotal role in the generation of other reactive oxygen species within the body and is closely linked to epilepsy. Despite this connection, achieving precise imaging of O2•- during epilepsy pathology remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we develop an activatable molecular probe, CL-SA, to track the fluctuation of the level of O2•- in epilepsy through simultaneous fluorescence imaging and chemiluminescence sensing. The developed probe CL-SA demonstrated its efficacy in imaging of O2•- in neuronal cells, showcasing its dual optical imaging capability for O2•- in vitro. Furthermore, CL-SA was successfully used to observe aberrantly expressed O2•- in a mouse model of epilepsy. Overall, CL-SA provides us with a valuable tool for chemical and biomedical studies of O2•-, promoting the investigation of O2•- fluctuations in epilepsy, as well as providing a reliable means to explore the diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy.

Fluorodynamers Displaying Tunable Fluorescence on Constitutional Exchanges in Solution and at Solid Film-Solution Interface.

Dynamic covalent polymers-dynamers-are adaptive materials that offer timely variant adaptive macroscopic organization across extended scales. In the current study, imine exchange reactions and fluorescence transfer can occur at the interfaces between various solutions and solid state dynameric films. The fluorescence quenching upon imine formations for designed fluorogen was successfully demonstrated, and this tunable fluorescence was further used to study the re-composition of a solid film. Moreover, the dynamic covalent films also exhibited responsiveness to competing amines and acid/base conditions, both in solutions and solid film-solution interface. This work can provide more insights into interface dynamic chemistry and holds great potential for further applications in optical and biomedical materials.

An antagonist-based two-photon fluorogenic probe for imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in neuronal cells.

The expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is subject to developmental regulation and undergoes significant changes in neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases. Visualizing mGluR5 by fluorescence imaging is a highly desired innovative technology for biomedical applications. Nevertheless, there are substantial problems with the chemical probes that are presently accessible. In this study, we have successfully developed a two-photon fluorogenic probe, mGlu-5-TP, based on the structure of mGluR5 antagonist 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP). Due to this antagonist-based probe selectively recognizes mGluR5, high expression of mGluR5 on living SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells has been detected during intracellular inflammation triggered by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Of particular significance, the probe can be employed along with two-photon fluorescence microscopy to enable real-time visualization of the mGluR5 in Aß fiber-treated neuronal cells, thereby establishing a connection to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These results revealed that the probe can be a valuable imaging tool for studying mGluR5-related diseases in the nervous system.

Synthesis of bilocularin A carbamate derivatives and their evaluation as leucine transport inhibitors in prostate cancer cells.

Large-scale extraction of the leaves of the Australian rainforest tree Maytenus bilocularis followed by extensive purification studies afforded the targeted and abundant dihydro-ß-agarofuran, bilocularin A, in sufficient quantities (>500 mg) for detailed semi-synthetic chemistry. Eight bilocularin A carbamate analogues were synthesised using a series of commercially available isocyanate reagents in high purity (>95%) and variable yields (9-91%). All previously undescribed analogues were spectroscopically characterised using NMR, UV, IR and MS data. One compound afforded crystalline material and subsequent single crystal X-ray analysis (Cu-Kα) confirmed the chemical structure along with the absolute configuration. All compounds were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP; none of the compounds showed significant (>50%) growth inhibition at 20 µM. Compounds were also tested for their ability to inhibit leucine transport in LNCaP cells, and two analogues showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 8.9 and 8.5 µM. This is the first reported synthesis of dihydro-ß-agarofuran carbamate derivatives.