Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine on sciatic and femoral nerve blockade in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate motor and sensory blockade of combining dexmedetomidine with ropivacaine, administered perineurally or systemically, for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in conscious dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, experimental study. ANIMALS: Seven healthy Beagle dogs, aged 3.3 ± 0.1 years and weighing 11.0 ± 2.4 kg. METHODS: Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane on three separate occasions for unilateral femoral and sciatic nerve blocks and were administered the following treatments in random order: perineural ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg-1) on each nerve and intramuscular (IM) saline (0.2 mL kg-1) (Gcon); perineural dexmedetomidine (1 µg mL-1) and ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg-1) on each nerve and IM saline (0.2 mL kg-1) (GDPN); and perineural ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg-1) on each nerve and IM dexmedetomidine (1 µg mL-1, 0.2 mL kg-1) (Gdim). Nerve blocks were guided by ultrasound and electrical stimulation and dogs were allowed to recover from general anesthesia. Sensory blockade was evaluated by response to clamp pressure on the skin innervated by the saphenous/ femoral, common fibular and tibial nerves. Motor blockade was evaluated by observing the ability to walk and proprioception. Sensory and motor blockade were evaluated until their full recovery. RESULTS: No significant differences in onset time to motor and sensory blockade were observed among treatments. Duration of motor blockade was not significantly different among treatments; however, duration of tibial sensory blockade was longer in the Gdpn than in the GDIM treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although a longer duration of sensory blockade was observed with perineural dexmedetomidine, a significant increase compared with the control group was not established. Other concentrations should be investigated to verify if dexmedetomidine is a useful adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks in dogs.

Mite Fauna Assessment in Houses of Two distinct Socioeconomic Groups From Southern Brazil.

House dust mites (HDM) are the main source of aeroallergens worldwide, yet epidemiological differences between socioeconomic factors in association with this medical condition have not been studied in the south region of Brazil. To assess the prevalence of HDM in two socioeconomically distinct populations of patients with allergic asthma or rhinitis, the differences between samples from houses of high-income families and low-income families were analyzed. Mite samples were collected between July and December 2015, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The HDM were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes; Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Also, other non-pyroglyphid house mites were identified in dust samples: Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Acari: Acaridae), Chortoglyphus arcuatus, and Cheyletus malaccensis. Identification of species was performed through morphological keys with a stereomicroscope and a phase optical microscope. A total of 104 homes was evaluated (low-income group: n = 53; high-income group, n = 51). We found a total of 721 mites, representing 11 species, in 93 (89%) houses. In the remaining houses, no mites were found. We observed no significant differences of species composition between the groups studied. However, the number of mites was significantly higher in the low-income group (P < 0.001). D. pteronyssinus was the predominant species detected, with 286 mites (39.6%). D. farinae was not detected in any sample. Our results show that living-rooms from low-income families present higher numbers of HDM.

Profiling meta-analysis reveals primarily gene coexpression concordance between systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Consensus gene expression profiling by meta-analysis of 4,500 cDNA sequence microarray data obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was assembled and systematically analyzed. The normalized data were statistically analyzed by the significance analysis of microarray (SAM) program (false discovery rate

Evidence for a network transcriptional control of promiscuous gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells.

The expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs) in the thymus by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is essential for the central self-tolerance in the generation of the T cell repertoire. Due to heterogeneity of autoantigen representation, this phenomenon has been termed promiscuous gene expression (PGE), in which the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays a key role as a transcription factor in part of these genes. Here we used a microarray strategy to access PGE in cultured murine CD80(+) 3.10 mTEC line. Hierarchical clustering of the data allowed observation that PTA genes were differentially expressed being possible to found their respective induced or repressed mRNAs. To further investigate the control of PGE, we tested the hypothesis that genes involved in this phenomenon might also be modulated by transcriptional network. We then reconstructed such network based on the microarray expression data, featuring the guanylate cyclase 2d (Gucy2d) gene as a main node. In such condition, we established 167 positive and negative interactions with downstream PTA genes. Silencing Aire by RNA interference, Gucy2d while down regulated established a larger number (355) of interactions with PTA genes. T- and G-boxes corresponding to AIRE protein binding sites located upstream to ATG codon of Gucy2d supports this effect. These findings provide evidence that Aire plays a role in association with Gucy2d, which is connected to several PTA genes and establishes a cascade-like transcriptional control of promiscuous gene expression in mTEC cells.