A robust framework for characterising diffusion metrics of the median and ulnar nerves: Exploiting state-of-the-art tracking methods.

Diffusion-weighted imaging has been used to quantify peripheral nerve properties; however, traditional post-processing techniques have several limitations. Advanced neuroimaging techniques, which overcome many of these limitations, have not been applied to peripheral nerves. Here, we use state-of-the-art diffusion analysis tools to reconstruct the median and ulnar nerves and quantify their diffusion properties. Diffusion-weighted MRI scans were obtained from eight healthy adult subjects. Constrained spherical deconvolution was combined with probabilistic fibre tracking to compute track-weighted fibre orientation distribution (TW-FOD). The tensor was computed and used along with the tracks to estimate TW apparent diffusion coefficient (TW-ADC), TW fractional anisotropy (TW-FA), TW axial diffusivity (TW-AD), and TW radial diffusivity (TW-RD). Variability of TW measurements was used to estimate power size information. The population intersession mean (± SD) measurements for the median nerve were TW-FOD 1.30 (±0.17), TW-ADC 1.16 (±0.13) × 10-3  mm2 /s, TW-FA 0.60 (±0.05), TW-AD 2.05 (±0.16) × 10-3  mm2 /s, and TW-RD 0.72 (±0.12) × 10-3  mm2 /s. The corresponding measurements for the ulnar nerve were TW-FOD 1.25 (±0.14), TW-ADC 1.13 (±0.10) × 10-3  mm2 /s, TW-FA 0.56 (±0.06), TW-AD 1.93 (±0.01) × 10-3  mm2 /s, and TW-RD 0.74 (±0.12) × 10-3  mm2 /s. Based on these measurements, a sample size of 37 would be sufficient to detect a 10% difference in any of the measured TW metrics. A sample size of 20 would be large enough to detect within-subject differences as small as 2.9% (TW-AD, ulnar nerve) and between-subject differences as small as 3.8% (TW-AD, ulnar nerve).

Diffusion tensor imaging of the visual pathway in dogs with primary angle-closure glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe measurements of in vivo structures of the visual pathway beyond the retina and optic nerve head associated with canine primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: A prospective pilot study was conducted using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to obtain quantitative measures of the optic nerve, chiasm, tract, and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in dogs with and without PACG. 3-Tesla DTI was performed on six affected dogs and five breed, age- and sex-matched controls. DTI indices of the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, and LGN were compared between normal, unilateral PACG, and bilateral PACG groups. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess intra-observer reliability. RESULTS: Quantitative measurements of the optic nerve, optic tract, optic chiasm, and LGN were obtained in all dogs. There was a trend for reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) associated with disease for all structures assessed. Compared to the same structure in normal dogs, FA, and radial diffusivity (RD) of the optic nerve was consistently higher in the unaffected eye in dogs with unilateral PACG. Intra-observer reliability was excellent for measurements of the optic nerve (ICC: 0.92), good for measurements of the optic tract (ICC: 0.89) and acceptable for measures of the optic chiasm (ICC: 0.71) and lateral geniculate nuclei (ICC: 0.76). CONCLUSION: Diffusivity and anisotropy measures provide a quantifiable means to evaluate the visual pathway in dogs. DTI has potential to provide in vivo measures of axonal and myelin injury and transsynaptic degeneration in canine PACG.

The Feasibility of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Non-Selective Comprehensive Clinical Trial in Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder.

There is an increasing interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool for precision medicine in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study investigated the feasibility of MRI scanning in a large comprehensive, inclusive and test heavy clinical trial for children (aged 3-12 years) with ASD, without functioning constraints for participation. Of the 71 participants enrolled who consented to the MRI, 24 participants (38%) successfully completed an MRI scan at baseline along with other assessments. This scanning followed a familiarization procedure at two preceding visits. At post-treatment, 21 participants successfully completed the MRI scan. This study highlights the challenge of completing MRI assessments in ASD populations when conducted as one of a number of tests in a clinical trial.