Geographic Disparities in the Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm in Canada.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to interrogate the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) database in order to determine the geographic distribution and outcomes of microvascular decompression (MVD) for the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS). METHODS: The CIHI database was searched from 2004 to 2017 for relevant diagnostic and procedure codes. A new database was populated with the following categories: year, institution, province, number of interventions per year, and mean length of stay. Descriptive statistics were generated. Provincial utilization rates of MVD for HFS were calculated. RESULTS: During the period 2004-17, we identified 671 MVDs performed for HFS at 20 centers across Canada. During the study period, 286 MVDs (42.6%) were performed at one center in Manitoba. Another 131 (19.5%) and 72 (10.7%) were performed at one center in British Columbia and Ontario, respectively. The remaining 182 (27.1%) MVDs for HFS were performed at 17 centers across the rest of Canada where the mean number of cases performed per year was 1.1 (SD=0.9, range 0.2-2.9). When out-of-province cases were re-allocated to place of residence, the adjusted provincial utilization of MVD for HFS ranged between 0.5 and 6.1 patients per million per year. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular decompression for HFS is performed relatively rarely and there is a tremendous geographic variation in utilization across Canada. Although most of these surgeries are performed by a few surgeons, more than half of Canadian centers perform an average of less than 1 case per year. Further examination of the impact of these discrepancies appears warranted.

Disparités géographiques dans la prise en charge chirurgicale du spasme hémifacial au Canada. CONTEXTE: Nous avons voulu interroger la base de données de l'Institut canadien d'information sur la santé (ICIS) afin de déterminer la répartition géographique et les résultats de la décompression vasculaire microchirurgicale (DVMC) dans le traitement du spasme hémifacial. MÉTHODES: Notre recherche a porté sur les années 2004 à 2017 et visait, au moyen de la base de données de l'ICIS, à repérer des diagnostics et des codes d'acte pertinents. Une nouvelle base de données a été ensuite alimentée en fonction des catégories suivantes : l'année de l'intervention, l'établissement concerné, la province, le nombre d'interventions par année et la durée moyenne de séjour des patients. C'est à partir de cette nouvelle base de données que des statistiques descriptives ont été produites. À cet égard, nous avons calculé les taux provinciaux d'utilisation de la DVMC pour traiter le spasme hémifacial. RÉSULTATS: Au cours de la période allant de 2004 à 2017, nous avons identifié 671 interventions de DVMC dans 20 établissements de santé situés partout au Canada. Durant cette période d'étude, 286 interventions de DVMC (42,6 %) ont été réalisées dans un seul établissement du Manitoba tandis que 131 autres (19,5 %) et 72 autres (10,7 %) ont été respectivement réalisées dans un seul établissement de la Colombie-Britannique et de l'Ontario. Quant aux 182 (27,1 %) autres interventions, elles ont été réalisées dans 17 établissements du reste du pays où le nombre moyen d'interventions par année était de 1,1 (σ = 0,9; étendue = 0,2 ­ 2,9). Une fois réassignés les cas de patients provenant d'autres provinces, et ce, en fonction de leurs lieux de résidence, l'utilisation ajustée par province de la DVMC variait, sur une base annuelle, de 0,5 à 6,1 patients par million. CONCLUSIONS: Les interventions de DVMC pour traiter le spasme hémifacial sont réalisées peu fréquemment. Il existe aussi une énorme variation géographique au Canada quant à l'utilisation de cette technique chirurgicale. Bien que la plupart de ces interventions soient effectuées par quelques chirurgiens, plus de la moitié des établissements de santé canadiens concernés effectuent en moyenne moins d'une intervention par année. Un examen plus approfondi de l'impact de ces écarts semble ainsi se justifier.

Cerebral revascularization in cerebral proliferative angiopathy: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVECerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is considered a discrete vascular malformation of the brain separate from classical brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). It has unique angiographic characteristics and has been hypothesized to result from chronic cortical ischemia and perinidal oligemia. Treatment with cerebral revascularization has been proposed in an attempt to disrupt regional hypoperfusion and interrupt the angiogenesis that defines CPA. A systematic review of the literature pertaining to the role of cerebral revascularization may highlight a treatment paradigm for this rare disease.METHODSA systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase were searched from inception for papers relating to CPA. Included articles were categorized according to methodology (case series or imaging study) and treatment modality (conservative, radiation, endovascular, or revascularization). A synthesis was compiled summarizing the current evidence regarding cerebral revascularization in CPA.RESULTSThe initial search revealed 43 articles, of which 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine studies were identified that described imaging findings, which suggested hemodynamic dysregulation and perinidal impairments in the cerebrovascular reserve could be identified compared to unaffected hemispheres and classical brain AVMs. Six studies including 7 patients undergoing indirect forms of cerebral revascularization were identified. Clinical and radiological outcomes following revascularization were favorable in all but one study.CONCLUSIONSA small body of radiological and clinical studies has emerged, suggesting that CPA is a response to perinidal oligemia. While the long-term clinical efficacy of revascularization remains unclear, early results suggest that this may be a novel treatment paradigm for patients with CPA.

Robotically-assisted neuro-endovascular procedures: Single-Center Experience and a Review of the Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Robotics could expand treatment of rapidly progressive pathologies such as acute ischemic stroke, with the potential to provide populations in need prompt access to neuro-endovascular procedures. METHODS: Robotically-assisted (RA) neuro-endovascular procedures (RANPs) performed at our institution were retrospectively examined (RA-group, RG). A control group of manual neuro-endovascular procedures was selected (manual group, MG). Total operating room (OR) time, procedural time, contrast media use, fluoroscopy time, conversion from RA to manual control, procedural success, and complication rates were compared. A learning curve was identified. RESULTS: Forty-one (41) RANPs were analyzed. Ages ranged from 20-82 y.o. Indications included diagnostic cerebral angiography (37), extracranial carotid artery stenting (3), and transverse sinus stent (1). Total OR time was longer in RG (median 86 vs. 71 min, p < 0.01). Procedural time (median 56 vs. 45 min, p = 0.12), fluoroscopy time (median 12 vs. 12 min, p = 0.69) and contrast media usage (82 vs. 92 ml, p = 0.54) were not significantly different. Patient radiation exposure was similar, considering similar fluoroscopy times. Radiation exposure and lead apron use were virtually absent for the main surgeon in RG. Procedural success was 83% and conversion from RA to manual control was 17% in RG. No treatment-related complications occurred. A learning curve showed that, after the fifth procedure, procedural times reduced and stabilized. CONCLUSIONS: This series may contribute to further demonstrating the safety and feasibility of RANPs. RANPs can potentially reduce radiation exposure and physical burden for health personnel, expand acute cerebrovascular treatment to underserved areas, and enhance telementoring. Prospective studies are necessary for results to be generalized.

Reoperation in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma: A matched cohort analysis.

Background: Despite maximal safe cytoreductive surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapies, glioblastoma (GBM) inevitably recurs and leads to deterioration of neurological status and eventual death. There is no consensus regarding the benefit of repeat resection for enhancing survival or quality of life in patients with recurrent GBM. We aimed to examine if reoperation for GBM recurrence incurs a survival benefit as well as examine its complication profile. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective chart review on all adult patients who underwent resection of supratentorial GBM between January 1, 2008 and December 1, 2013 at our center. Patients with repeat resection were manually matched for age, sex, tumor location, and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) with patients who underwent single resection to compare overall survival (OS), and postoperative morbidity. Results: Of 237 patients operated with GBM, 204 underwent single resection and 33 were selected for repeat surgical resections. In a matched analysis there was no difference in the OS between groups (17.8 ± 17.6 months vs 17 ± 13.5 months, P = .221). In addition, repeat surgical resection had a higher rate of postoperative neurological complications compared to the initial surgery. Conclusions: When compared with matched patients who underwent a single surgical resection, patients undergoing repeat surgical resection did not show significant increase in OS and may have incurred more neurological complications related to the repeat resection. Further studies are required to assess which patients would benefit from repeat surgical resection and optimize timing of the repeat resection in selected patients.

Diagnostic Yield, Morbidity, and Mortality of Intraventricular Neuroendoscopic Biopsy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Neuroendoscopic techniques for biopsy of intraventricular tumors are increasingly used, although published data have demonstrated a wide range of outcomes. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the diagnostic yield, morbidity, and mortality of neuroendoscopic biopsy. METHODS: Medline and Embase were searched for original data on outcomes of neuroendoscopic biopsy. Summary estimates were achieved by applying a random effects model as per DerSimonian-Laird. Measures of heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. Meta-regression was used to assess the relative effect of rigid versus flexible endoscopy on the outcomes of interest. Data on study demographics, operative variables, histopathologies of identified lesions, and clinical features of intraventricular tumors were also collected. RESULTS: A total of 30 studies with 2069 total biopsies were included. Neuroendoscopic biopsies were performed concurrently with at least 1 other procedure in 82.7% (n = 1252/1513) of procedures. Germ cell tumors, astrocytomas, and non-neoplastic lesions accounted for most of reported intraventricular lesions at 26.6% (n = 423), 25.5% (n = 406), and 12.4% (n = 198), respectively. The combined diagnostic yield of 28 studies reporting 1995 total biopsies was 87.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 84.1%-90.9%) with moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 68.0%). The combined major morbidity of 17 studies reporting 592 total biopsies was 3.1% (95% CI 1.9%-5.1%). The combined mortality of 22 studies reporting 991 total biopsies was 2.2% (95% CI 1.3%-3.6%). There was no significant heterogeneity for major morbidity and mortality (both I(2) = 0). Among included studies, 50% (n = 14) reported using a rigid endoscope exclusively. The results of meta-regression demonstrated no significant differences in diagnostic yield when comparing studies using rigid versus flexible endoscopes exclusively. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that neuroendoscopic biopsy has a very good diagnostic yield and reasonably low complication rate. The procedure seems most advantageous for diagnosis of intraventricular lesions where cerebrospinal fluid diversion is an additional therapeutic requirement.