Mutational signature and prognosis in adenocarcinoma of the bladder.

Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is a rare urinary bladder carcinoma with limited therapy options due to lack of molecular characterization. Here, we aimed to reveal the mutational and transcriptomic landscapes of adenocarcinoma of the bladder and assess any relationship with prognosis. Between February 2015 and June 2021, a total of 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the bladder were enrolled. These included 16 patients with primary bladder adenocarcinomas and seven patients with urachal adenocarcinoma. Whole exome sequencing (16 patients), whole genome sequencing (16 patients), bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) (19 patients), and single-cell RNA-seq (5 patients) were conducted for the specimens. Correlation analysis, survival analysis, and t-tests were also performed. Prevalent T>A substitutions were observed among somatic mutations, and major trinucleotide contexts included 5'-CTC-3' and 5'-CTG-3'. This pattern was mainly contributed by COSMIC signature 22 related to chemical carcinogen exposure (probably aristolochic acid), which has not been reported in bladder adenocarcinoma. Moreover, genes with copy number changes were also enriched in the KEGG term 'chemical carcinogenesis'. Transcriptomic analysis suggested high immune cell infiltration and luminal-like features in the majority of samples. Interestingly, a small fraction of samples with an APOBEC-derived mutational signature exhibited a higher risk of disease progression compared with samples with only a chemical carcinogen-related signature, confirming the molecular and prognostic heterogeneity of bladder adenocarcinoma. This study presents mutational and transcriptomic landscapes of bladder adenocarcinoma, and indicates that a chemical carcinogen-related mutational signature may be related to a better prognosis compared with an APOBEC signature in adenocarcinoma of the bladder. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Micropatterned Polymer Nanoarrays with Distinct Superwettability for a Highly Efficient Sweat Collection and Sensing Patch.

Wearable sweat sensor offers a promising means for noninvasive real-time health monitoring, but the efficient collection and accurate analysis of sweat remains challenging. One of the obstacles is to precisely modulate the surface wettability of the microfluidics to achieve efficient sweat collection. Here a facile initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) method is presented to grow and pattern polymer nanocone arrays with distinct superwettability on polydimethylsiloxane microfluidics, which facilitate highly efficient sweat transportation and collection. The nanoarray is synthesized by manipulating monomer supersaturation during iCVD to induce controlled nucleation and preferential vertical growth of fluorinated polymer. Subsequent selective vapor deposition of a conformal hydrogel nanolayer results in superhydrophilic nanoarray floor and walls within the microchannel that provide a large capillary force and a superhydrophobic ceiling that drastically reduces flow friction, enabling rapid sweat transport along varied flow directions. A carbon/hydrogel/enzyme nanocomposite electrode is then fabricated by sequential deposition of highly porous carbon nanoparticles and hydrogel nanocoating to achieve sensitive and stable sweat detection. Further encapsulation of the assembled sweatsensing patch with superhydrophobic nanoarray imparts self-cleaning and water-proof capability. Finally, the sweat sensing patch demonstrates selective and sensitive glucose and lactate detection during the on-body test.

Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica.

Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti-microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down-regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti-microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G-) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.

The implication of infection with respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric recurrent wheezing and asthma: knowledge expanded post-COVID-19 era.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been identified to serve as the primary cause of acute lower respiratory infectious diseases in children under the age of one and a significant risk factor for the emergence and development of pediatric recurrent wheezing and asthma, though the exact mechanism is still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we discuss the key routes that lead to recurrent wheezing and bronchial asthma following RSV infection. It is interesting to note that following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the prevalence of RSV changes significantly. This presents us with a rare opportunity to better understand the associated mechanism for RSV infection, its effects on the respiratory system, and the immunological response to RSV following the COVID-19 epidemic. To better understand the associated mechanisms in the occurrence and progression of pediatric asthma, we thoroughly described how the RSV infection directly destroys the physical barrier of airway epithelial tissue, promotes inflammatory responses, enhances airway hyper-responsiveness, and ultimately causes the airway remodeling. More critically, extensive discussion was also conducted regarding the potential impact of RSV infection on host pulmonary immune response. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive perspective to better understand how the RSV infection interacts in the control of the host's pulmonary immune system, causing recurrent wheezing and the development of asthma, and it sheds fresh light on potential avenues for pharmaceutical therapy in the future.

Super Adhesive Fluorescent Materials for Encrypted Messages, Underwater Leak Repair, and Their Potential Application in Fluorescent Tattoos.

Achieving high-performance luminescence for underwater bonding remains a significant challenge in materials science. This study addresses this issue by synthesizing a luminescent material based on an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) monomer and copolymerizing it with lipoic acid (LA) to create an AIE supramolecular polymer. The resulting copolymer exhibits strong fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 365 nm due to the AIE of TPEE and enables underwater adhesion. The P(LA-TPEE) polymer demonstrates potential for digital encryption and decryption of quick response (QR) codes underwater. Furthermore, it can dissolve well in anhydrous ethanol, producing an environment-friendly and super waterproof adhesive. Most notably, the P(LA-TPEE) solution can be sprayed on human skin, creating an invisible tattoo that only became visible under UV light due to the hydrogen bond (H-bond) and π-π structures. This smart tattoo can be quickly wiped away with alcohol, avoiding the painful and harmful process of tattoo removal. It can also be repeatedly applied to draw the preferred tattoo pattern. This AIE supramolecular polymer shows great potential in underwater adhesion and repair, underwater message encryption, and non-toxic and painless invisible tattooing. Overall, this study provides a valuable approach for material design in the future.

Robust Multiscale Electron/Ion Transport and Enhanced Structural Stability in SiOx Semi-Solid Anolytes Enabled by Trifunctional Artificial Interfaces for High-Performance Li-Ion Slurry Flow Batteries.

SiOx suspension is regarded as an attractive anolyte for high-energy-density Li-ion slurry flow batteries. However, the poor electronic conductivity and non-negligible volume variation of SiOx greatly hinder its practical applications. Herein, these issues are successfully addressed by rationally designing a trifunctional interface with mixed electron/ion and hard/soft modulated properties on SiOx surface via H-bonding interactions. The interface comprises a lithiated polymer layer (LiPN) interfused with functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes work as electrical tentacles to enhance the multiscale electron conduction. The LiPN layer with transferable Li-ions facilitates ion transport. In addition, the LiPN layer employs lithiated rigid polyacrylic acid as a framework to provide mechanical support and soft nafion as a buffer to accommodate volume change, which maintains the structural integrity of SiOx . Hence, SiOx @LiPN/S anolytes exhibit significantly improved rate and cycle performances. Specially, the interface enables the anolytes to load more active particles (30 wt%) or less conductive additives (0.4 wt%). The semi-solid pouch cells based on high-active-content anolytes with stable cyclability are first demonstrated and the flow cell using low-conductive-content anolytes displays a high volumetric capacity of 207 Ah L-1 . This strategy paves a novel approach for optimizing semi-solid electrodes for high-performance Li-ion slurry flow batteries.

Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of trihelix gene family under abiotic stresses in wheat.

BACKGROUND: The trihelix gene family is a plant-specific transcription factor family that plays important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. However, to date, no systemic characterization of the trihelix genes has yet been conducted in wheat and its close relatives. RESULTS: We identified a total of 94 trihelix genes in wheat, as well as 22 trihelix genes in Triticum urartu, 29 in Aegilops tauschii, and 31 in Brachypodium distachyon. We analyzed the chromosomal locations and orthology relations of the identified trihelix genes, and no trihelix gene was found to be located on chromosome 7A, 7B, or 7D of wheat, thereby reflecting the uneven distributions of wheat trihelix genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 186 identified trihelix proteins in wheat, rice, B. distachyon, and Arabidopsis were clustered into five major clades. The trihelix genes belonging to the same clades usually shared similar motif compositions and exon/intron structural patterns. Five pairs of tandem duplication genes and three pairs of segmental duplication genes were identified in the wheat trihelix gene family, thereby validating the supposition that more intrachromosomal gene duplication events occur in the genome of wheat than in that of other grass species. The tissue-specific expression and differential expression profiling of the identified genes under cold and drought stresses were analyzed by using RNA-seq data. qRT-PCR was also used to confirm the expression profiles of ten selected wheat trihelix genes under multiple abiotic stresses, and we found that these genes mainly responded to salt and cold stresses. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we identified trihelix genes in wheat and its close relatives and found that gene duplication events are the main driving force for trihelix gene evolution in wheat. Our expression profiling analysis demonstrated that wheat trihelix genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses, especially salt and cold stresses. The results of our study built a basis for further investigation of the functions of wheat trihelix genes and provided candidate genes for stress-resistant wheat breeding programs.

Gene doping detection in the era of genomics.

Recent progress in gene editing has enabled development of gene therapies for many genetic diseases, but also made gene doping an emerging risk in sports and competitions. By delivery of exogenous transgenes into human body, gene doping not only challenges competition fairness but also places health risk on athletes. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has clearly inhibited the use of gene and cell doping in sports, and many techniques have been developed for gene doping detection. In this review, we will summarize the main tools for gene doping detection at present, highlight the main challenges for current tools, and elaborate future utilizations of high-throughput sequencing for unbiased, sensitive, economic and large-scale gene doping detections. Quantitative real-time PCR assays are the widely used detection methods at present, which are useful for detection of known targets but are vulnerable to codon optimization at exon-exon junction sites of the transgenes. High-throughput sequencing has become a powerful tool for various applications in life and health research, and the era of genomics has made it possible for sensitive and large-scale gene doping detections. Non-biased genomic profiling could efficiently detect new doping targets, and low-input genomics amplification and long-read third-generation sequencing also have application potentials for more efficient and straightforward gene doping detection. By closely monitoring scientific advancements in gene editing and sport genetics, high-throughput sequencing could play a more and more important role in gene detection and hopefully contribute to doping-free sports in the future.

Ultrathin hierarchical hydrogel-carbon nanocomposite for highly stretchable fast-response water-proof wearable humidity sensors.

Wearable humidity sensors play an important role in human health monitoring. However, challenges persist in realizing high performance wearable humidity sensors with fast response and good stretchability and durability. Here we report wearable humidity sensors employing an ultrathin micro-nano hierarchical hydrogel-carbon nanocomposite. The nanocomposite is synthesized on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films via a facile two-step solvent-free approach, which creates a hierarchical architecture consisting of periodic microscale wrinkles and vapor-deposited nanoporous hydrogel-candle-soot nanocoating. The hierarchical surface topography results in a significantly enlarged specific surface area (>107 times that of planar hydrogel), which along with the ultrathin hydrogel endow the sensor with high sensitivity and a fast response/recovery (13/0.48 s) over a wide humidity range (11-96%). Owing to the wrinkle structure and interpenetrating network between the hydrogel and PDMS, the sensor is stable and durable against repeated 180° bending, 100% strain, and even scratching. Furthermore, encapsulation of the sensor imparts excellent resistance to water, sweat, and bacteria without influencing its performance. The sensor is then successfully used to monitor different human respiratory behaviors and skin humidity in real time. The reported method is convenient and cost-effective, which could bring exciting new opportunities in the fabrication of next-generation wearable humidity sensors.

Identification and function analysis of chitinase 2 gene in housefly, Musca domestica.

Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that play important roles in chitin degradation during the insect development process, and thus are considered as the potential targets for pest management. Here, we identified and characterized the group VII chitinase gene from health pest Musca domestica (MdCht2). We found that MdCht2 was 1932 bp in length with an open reading frame of 1530 bp, which encodes a polypeptide of 509 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MdCht2 gene was homologs with other closed insects, and belong to the group VII chitinases. Moreover, Real-time PCR analysis indicated that MdCht2 mRNA was highly expressed in pupa stage, as well as in integument and trachea. However, RNAi-mediated knockdown of MdCht2 resulted in high mortality rates and abnormal eclosion. Therefore, we hypothesized that MdCht2 was a crucial gene required for housefly development, which was supported by the transcription level of MdCht2 could be induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and the dsMdCht2 could resulted in decrease of the chitinase activity and increase of the chitin content. Taken together, our findings suggested that MdCht2 regulated the chitin content via chitinases, thereby leading to abnormal development. Our results provide a potential target for M. domestica management.

Down-regulation of Risa improves podocyte injury by enhancing autophagy in diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: LncRNA AK044604 (regulator of insulin sensitivity and autophagy, Risa) and autophagy-related factors Sirt1 and GSK3ß play important roles in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, we sought to explore the effect of Risa on Sirt1/GSK3ß-induced podocyte injury. METHODS: Diabetic db/db mice received Risa-inhibition adeno-associated virus (AAV) via tail vein injection, and intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride (LiCl). Blood, urine, and kidney tissue samples were collected and analyzed at different time points. Immortalized mouse podocyte cells (MPCs) were cultured and treated with Risa-inhibition lentivirus (LV), EX-527, and LiCl. MPCs were collected under different stimulations as noted. The effects of Risa on podocyte autophagy were examined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Periodic Acid-Schiff staining, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Risa and activated GSK3ß were overexpressed, but Sirt1 was downregulated in DN mice and high glucose-treated MPCs (P < 0.001, db/m vs. db/db, NG or HM vs. HG), which was correlated with poor prognosis. Risa overexpression attenuated Sirt1-mediated downstream autophagy levels and aggravated podocyte injury by inhibiting the expression of Sirt1 (P < 0.001, db/m vs. db/db, NG or HM vs. HG). In contrast, Risa suppression enhanced Sirt1-induced autophagy and attenuated podocyte injury, which could be abrogated by EX-527 (P < 0.001, db/db + Risa-AAV vs. db/db, HG + Risa-LV vs. HG). Furthermore, LiCl treatment could restore GSK3ß-mediated autophagy of podocytes (P < 0.001, db/db + LiCl vs. db/db, HG + LiCl vs. HG), suggesting that Risa overexpression aggravated podocyte injury by decreasing autophagy. CONCLUSION: Risa could inhibit autophagy by regulating the Sirt1/GSK3ß axis, thereby aggravating podocyte injury in DN. Risa may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DN.

Anti-violence measures developed by ILO and WHO: Analysis of the prevalence of workplace violence and the effects of implementation in a general hospital in China.

Objective: Workplace violence (WPV) not only affects workers' physical and mental health but also increases turnover rates and social costs. There are no studies that have consistently followed the prevalence of WPV and the effectiveness of anti-violence measures in cross-sectional studies of the same hospital. The main aim of this study was to understand the prevalence of WPV among medical staff in a hospital in China and the effectiveness of implemented anti-violence measures. Methods: A cross-sectional survey, which was conducted by using a questionnaire developed by the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization, was administered in a tertiary hospital in China in 2022 to investigate the occurrence of violence in the past year. Valid data were collected from 1,195 respondents via cell phone. WPV was compared between this survey and a baseline survey conducted at the same hospital in 2017 using the same questionnaire. The relationship between years and gender and occupation was explored using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to respond to the effects of the anti-violence interventions. Results: After the implementation of anti-violence measures, the prevalence of WPV decreased from 48.47 in 2017 to 33.95% in 2021. The recognition of safety measures increased from 80.16 in 2017 to 87.70% in 2021(P < 0.001), improvement of the work environment increased from 56.57 in 2017 to 65.10% in 2021(P < 0.001), restricted of public access increased from 34.36 in 2017 to 55.60% in 2021(P < 0.001), the patient protocols increased from 37.42 in 2017 to 38.40% in 2021, patient screening increased from 32.11 in 2017 to 41.90% in 2021(P < 0.001), and strict restrictions on workplace cash activities from 29.65% in 2017 to 36.00% in 2021(P < 0.05). The percentage of health workers who felt that anti-violence measures were not at all helpful to their current work decreased from 2017 to 2021. Conclusions: The prevalence of workplace violence has decreased, recognition of interventions has increased, and the proportion of interventions that are perceived by HWs as not helpful at all has decreased. This study demonstrates that the 12 anti-violence measures recommended by the International Labor Organization are applicable in China. Based on this, hospitals should focus on the improvement of the intervention effect of the following measures to further prevent violence.

An established protocol for generating transgenic wheat for wheat functional genomics via particle bombardment.

Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world and is considered one of the top targets in crop biotechnology. With the high-quality reference genomes of wheat and its relative species and the recent burst of genomic resources in Triticeae, demands to perform gene functional studies in wheat and genetic improvement have been rapidly increasing, requiring that production of transgenic wheat should become a routine technique. While established for more than 20 years, the particle bombardment-mediated wheat transformation has not become routine yet, with only a handful of labs being proficient in this technique. This could be due to, at least partly, the low transformation efficiency and the technical difficulties. Here, we describe the current version of this method through adaptation and optimization. We report the detailed protocol of producing transgenic wheat by the particle gun, including several critical steps, from the selection of appropriate explants (i.e., immature scutella), the preparation of DNA-coated gold particles, and several established strategies of tissue culture. More importantly, with over 20 years of experience in wheat transformation in our lab, we share the many technical details and recommendations and emphasize that the particle bombardment-mediated approach has fewer limitations in genotype dependency and vector construction when compared with the Agrobacterium-mediated methods. The particle bombardment-mediated method has been successful for over 30 wheat genotypes, from the tetraploid durum wheat to the hexaploid common wheat, from modern elite varieties to landraces. In conclusion, the particle bombardment-mediated wheat transformation has demonstrated its potential and wide applications, and the full set of protocol, experience, and successful reports in many wheat genotypes described here will further its impacts, making it a routine and robust technique in crop research labs worldwide.

The protective effect of beta-hydroxybutyric acid on renal glomerular epithelial cells in adriamycin-induced injury.

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) exerts a protective effect in experimental of kidney disease models. However, the mechanisms underlying this activity are not well defined. BHB stands out for its ability to inhibit the Nε-lysine acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins, which may affect cellular processes and protein functions. In adriamycin-injured murine glomerular podocytes, BHB ameliorates podocyte damage and preserves actin cytoskeleton integrity, reminiscent of the effect of MS275, a highly selective inhibitor of lysine deacetylase. Further research found that adriamycin causes the reduced acetylation of nephrin, WT-1, and GSK3ß. This process is abrogated by the lysine deacetylase inhibitor or BHB, suggesting that the acetylation of these molecules regulates their activity. In contrast, anacardic acid, a selective inhibitor of acetyltransferase, decreases the acetylation of nephrin, WT-1, and GSK3ß and mitigates the podocyte protective effects of BHB. Taken together, BHB attenuates adriamycin-elicited glomerular epithelial cell injury, at least in part, by inhibiting the deacetylation of the key molecules implicated in glomerular injury.

Cyanine-modified near-infrared upconversion nanoprobe for ratiometric sensing of N2H4 in living cells.

Although being as an important chemical material in industry, hydrazine (N2H4) is highly toxic to the humans and animals. The development of sensitive methods for the detection of hydrazine is meaningful. Herein, we develop a new organic-inorganic hybrid nanoprobe for the detection of N2H4 based on luminescent resonance energy transfer (LRET) process. The nanoprobe contains N2H4-responsive NIR cyanine dye (CQM1) and α-cyclodextrin (CD) anchored on the surface of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs). In the presence of hydrazine, the hybrid materials (CQM1-UCNPs) showed the a large ratiometric luminescent signal change with high sensitivity and selectivity. More importantly, by taking advantage of ratiometric Upconversion luminescent (UCL) signal and the features of NIR emission/excitation, the nanoprobe was successfully applied for visualization of hydrazine in living cells for the first time.

Antimicrobial Peptide AMP-17 Affects Candida albicans by Disrupting Its Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Integrity.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is associated with high mortality among immunocompromised patients. Resistance to and toxic side effects of antifungal drugs require the development of alternative antifungal agents. AMP-17 is a novel antimicrobial peptide derived from Musca domestica that exerts excellent antifungal effects against the Candida species. In this article, we discuss the potential mechanism of AMP-17 against C. albicans from the perspective of affecting the latter's cell external structure. METHODS: Recombinant AMP-17 was prepared by prokaryotic expression system, and its anti-C. albicans activity was detected by microdilution method. Microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine morphological changes in C. albicans. Cell wall-specific staining method was used to detect the change of cell wall integrity of C. albicans after AMP-17 treatment. AMP-17-induced damage to the C. albicans cell membrane was analyzed by fluorescent probes and glycerol assay kit. The expression of genes related to fungal cell wall and cell-membrane synthesis was detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: Morphological observations showed that the growth of C. albicans was significantly inhibited in AMP-17-treated cells; the cells appeared aggregated and dissolved, with severe irregularities in shape. Furthermore, AMP-17 damaged the integrity of C. albicans cell walls. The cell wall integrity rate of AMP-17-treated cells was only 21.7% compared to untreated cells. Moreover, the change of membrane dynamics and permeability suggested that the cell membrane was disrupted by AMP-17 treatment. Genetic analysis showed that after AMP-17 treatment, the cell wall synthesis-related gene FKS2 of C. albicans was up-regulated 3.46-fold, while the cell membrane ergosterol synthesis-related genes ERG1, ERG5, ERG6, and MET6 were down-regulated 5.88-, 17.54-, 13.33-, and 7.14-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION: AMP-17 treatment disrupted the cell wall integrity and membrane structure of C. albicans and is likely a novel therapeutic option for prevention and control of C. albicans infections.

Recognition of Ionic Liquids as High-Voltage Electrolytes for Supercapacitors.

The electrochemical stability of electrolytes is essential to the working potential of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (ILs) are being considered as safe alternatives to current organic electrolytes and attracting extensive interests owing to their inflammability, widened potential windows, and superior ionic conductivity. Novel supercapacitors with IL electrolytes exhibit attractive energy density and can be utilized in various energy storage systems. Most previous studies focused on electrochemical performances, while rare attentions were devoted to energy storage process details or mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest progress on formulated IL electrolytes for different types of supercapacitors, with an emphasis on the intrinsic understanding of the related energy storage mechanisms. Subsequently, comparisons of various IL-based liquid-state electrolytes as well as the state-of-the-art advancements in optimizing ILs electrolytes are introduced. The authors attempt to reveal the inherent correlation between the usage of IL electrolytes and the properties of supercapacitors via referenced works. Some emerging applications of ionogel electrolytes based on conventional polymers and poly(IL)s for flexible supercapacitors are also presented, including the existing problems. In addition, challenges and future perspectives of research in this field are highlighted.

Identification of Potential Genes Responsible for Thermotolerance in Wheat under High Temperature Stress.

Wheat, a major worldwide staple food crop, is relatively sensitive to a changing environment, including high temperature. The comprehensive mechanism of heat stress response at the molecular level and exploitation of candidate tolerant genes are far from enough. Using transcriptome data, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of wheat under heat stress. A total of 1705 and 17 commonly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in wheat grain and flag leaf, respectively, through transcriptome analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment were also applied to illustrate the functions and metabolic pathways of DEGs involved in thermotolerance of wheat grain and flag leaf. Furthermore, our data suggest that there may be a more complex molecular mechanism or tighter regulatory network in flag leaf than in grain under heat stress over time, as less commonly DEGs, more discrete expression profiles of genes (principle component analysis) and less similar pathway response were observed in flag leaf. In addition, we found that transcriptional regulation of zeatin, brassinosteroid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways may play an important role in wheat's heat tolerance. The expression changes of some genes were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and three potential genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis process were identified.

Antifungal Activity and Physicochemical Properties of a Novel Antimicrobial Protein AMP-17 from Musca domestica.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic small peptide chains that have good antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMP-17 is a recombinant insect AMP obtained by a prokaryotic expression system. However, the full antifungal activity, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 were previously unknown. AMP-17 was shown to have good antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9.375-18.75 µg/ml, and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of 18.75-37.5 µg/ml. Notably, the antifungal activity of AMP-17 against Cryptococcus neoformans was superior to that of other Candida spp. In addition, the hemolytic rate of AMP-17 was only 1.47%, even at the high concentration of 16× MIC. AMP-17 was insensitive to temperature and high salt ion concentration, with temperatures of 98°C and -80°C, and NaCl and MgCl2 concentrations of 50-200 mmol/l, having no significant effect on antifungal activity. However, AMP-17 was sensitive to proteases, trypsin, pepsin, and proteinase K. The elucidation of antifungal activity, physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 provided an experimental basis for its safety evaluation and application, as well as indicated that AMP-17 might be a promising drug.Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic small peptide chains that have good antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMP-17 is a recombinant insect AMP obtained by a prokaryotic expression system. However, the full antifungal activity, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 were previously unknown. AMP-17 was shown to have good antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9.375­18.75 µg/ml, and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of 18.75­37.5 µg/ml. Notably, the antifungal activity of AMP-17 against Cryptococcus neoformans was superior to that of other Candida spp. In addition, the hemolytic rate of AMP-17 was only 1.47%, even at the high concentration of 16× MIC. AMP-17 was insensitive to temperature and high salt ion concentration, with temperatures of 98°C and ­80°C, and NaCl and MgCl2 concentrations of 50­200 mmol/l, having no significant effect on antifungal activity. However, AMP-17 was sensitive to proteases, trypsin, pepsin, and proteinase K. The elucidation of antifungal activity, physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 provided an experimental basis for its safety evaluation and application, as well as indicated that AMP-17 might be a promising drug.

TaSnRK2.9, a Sucrose Non-fermenting 1-Related Protein Kinase Gene, Positively Regulates Plant Response to Drought and Salt Stress in Transgenic Tobacco.

Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family members play crucial roles in plant abiotic stress response. However, the precise mechanism underlying the function of SnRKs has not been thoroughly elucidated in plants. In this research, a novel SnRK2 gene, TaSnRK2.9 was cloned and characterized from common wheat. The expression of TaSnRK2.9 was upregulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG), NaCl, H2O2, abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethrel treatments. TaSnRK2.9 was mainly expressed in wheat young root, stamen, pistil, and lemma. Overexpressing TaSnRK2.9 in transgenic tobacco enhanced plants' tolerance to drought and salt stresses both in young seedlings and mature plants with improved survival rate, seed germination rate, and root length. Physiological analyses suggest that TaSnRK2.9 improved antioxidant system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione (GSH) to reduce the H2O2 content under drought or salt stress. Additionally, TaSnRK2.9 overexpression plants had elevated ABA content, implying that the function of TaSnRK2.9 may be ABA-dependent. Moreover, TaSnRK2.9 increased the expression of some ROS-related, ABA-related, and stress-response genes under osmotic or salt treatment. TaSnRK2.9 could interact with NtABF2 in yeast two-hybrid assay, and increased the expression of NtABF2 under mannitol or NaCl treatment in transgenic tobacco plants. In conclusion, overexpression of TaSnRK2.9 in tobacco conferred plants tolerance to drought and salt stresses through enhanced ROS scavenging ability, ABA-dependent signal transduction, and specific SnRK-ABF interaction.