RTCpredictor: identification of read-through chimeric RNAs from RNA sequencing data.

Read-through chimeric RNAs are being recognized as a means to expand the functional transcriptome and contribute to cancer tumorigenesis when mis-regulated. However, current software tools often fail to predict them. We have developed RTCpredictor, utilizing a fast ripgrep tool to search for all possible exon-exon combinations of parental gene pairs. We also added exonic variants allowing searches containing common SNPs. To our knowledge, it is the first read-through chimeric RNA specific prediction method that also provides breakpoint coordinates. Compared with 10 other popular tools, RTCpredictor achieved high sensitivity on a simulated and three real datasets. In addition, RTCpredictor has less memory requirements and faster execution time, making it ideal for applying on large datasets.

The role of microRNAs in brain metastasis.

Brain metastasis (BM) is the most common type of brain tumor and frequently foreshadows disease progression and poor overall survival with patients having a median survival of 6 months. 70,000 new cases of BM are diagnosed each year in the United States (US) and the incidence rate for BM is increasing with improved detection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that serve as critical regulators of gene expression and can act as powerful oncogenes and tumor suppressors. MiRNAs have been heavily implicated in cancer and proposed as biomarkers or therapeutic targets or agents. In this review, we summarize an extensive body of scientific work investigating the role of microRNAs in BM. We discuss miRNA dysregulation, functions, targets, and mechanisms of action in BM and present the current standing of miRNAs as biomarkers and potential therapeutics for BM. We conclude with future directions of miRNA basic and clinical research in BM.

Emerging Strategies for Enhancing Propionate Conversion in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a triple-benefit biotechnology for organic waste treatment, renewable production, and carbon emission reduction. In the process of anaerobic digestion, pH, temperature, organic load, ammonia nitrogen, VFAs, and other factors affect fermentation efficiency and stability. The balance between the generation and consumption of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the anaerobic digestion process is the key to stable AD operation. However, the accumulation of VFAs frequently occurs, especially propionate, because its oxidation has the highest Gibbs free energy when compared to other VFAs. In order to solve this problem, some strategies, including buffering addition, suspension of feeding, decreased organic loading rate, and so on, have been proposed. Emerging methods, such as bioaugmentation, supplementary trace elements, the addition of electronic receptors, conductive materials, and the degasification of dissolved hydrogen, have been recently researched, presenting promising results. But the efficacy of these methods still requires further studies and tests regarding full-scale application. The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of propionate generation, the metabolic pathways and the influencing factors during the AD process, and the recent literature regarding the experimental research related to the efficacy of various strategies for enhancing propionate biodegradation. In addition, the issues that must be addressed in the future and the focus of future research are identified, and the potential directions for future development are predicted.

Sodium glycididazole enhances the radiosensitivity of laryngeal cancer cells through downregulation of ATM signaling pathway.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation-enhancing effect of sodium glycididazole, and the corresponding mechanisms of action on laryngeal cancer cells. Two laryngeal cancer cell lines (Hep-2 and UT-SCC-19A) were irradiated with X-rays in the presence or absence of sodium glycididazole. Cell survival, DNA damage and repair, cell apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, expression of proteins related to cell cycle checkpoint, and apoptosis were measured. Significantly increased DNA damages, decreased cells in the G1 phase, arrested cells at G2/M phase, decreased DNA repair protein XRCC1 foci formation, and enhanced cell apoptosis were observed in laryngeal cell lines treated by sodium glycididazole combined with irradiation compared with the irradiation alone. The combined treatment downregulated the protein expressions of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), p-ATM, CHK2, and P53 but upregulated the protein expressions of MDM2 and Cdk2. This study indicates that sodium glycididazole enhances the radiosensitivity of laryngeal cancer cells through downregulation of ATM signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Sestrin2 protects the myocardium against radiation-induced damage.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Sestrin2 in response to radiation-induced injury to the heart and on the cardiomyopathy development in the mouse. Mice with genetic deletion of the Sestrin2 (Sestrin2 knockout mice [Sestrin2 KO]) and treatment with irradiation (22 or 15 Gy) were used as independent approaches to determine the role of Sestrin2. Echocardiography (before and after isoproterenol challenge) and left ventricular (LV) catheterization were performed to evaluate changes in LV dimensions and function. Masson's trichrome was used to assess myocardial fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the capillary density. After 22 or 15 Gy irradiation, the LV ejection fraction (EF) was impaired in wt mice at 1 week and 4 months after irradiation when compared with sham irradiation. Compared to wt mice, Sestrin2 KO mice had significant reduction in reduced LVEF at 1 week and 4 months after irradiation. A significant increase in LV end-diastolic pressure and myocardial fibrosis and a significant decrease in capillary density were observed in irradiation-wt mice, as well as in irradiation-Sestrin2 KO mice. Sestrin2 involved in the regulation of cardiomyopathy (such as myocardial fibrosis) after irradiation. Overexpression of Sestrin2 might be useful in limiting radiation-induced myocardial injury.

Standardized uptake value on positron emission tomography/computed tomography predicts prognosis in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate the use and value of maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images as a prognostic marker for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of all consecutive patients who underwent PET/CT examination in our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were histologically or cytologically proven LAPC. Patients with distant metastasis were excluded. For statistical analysis, the SUV max of primary pancreatic cancer was measured. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable analysis was performed to determine the association of SUV max with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Between July 2006 and June 2013, 69 patients were enrolled in the present study. OS and PFS were 14.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.1-16.7] and 8.3 months (95% CI 7.1-9.5), respectively. A high SUV max (>5.5) was observed in 35 patients, who had significantly worse OS and PFS than the remaining patients with a low SUV max (P = 0.025 and P = 0.003). Univariate analysis showed that SUV max and tumor size were prognostic factors for OS, with a hazard ratio of 1.90 and 1.81, respectively. A high SUV max was an independent prognostic factor, with a hazard ratio of 1.89 (95% CI 1.015-3.519, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that increased SUV max is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with LAPC.

Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using ¹8F-FDG PET/CT and CA19-9 with SUVmax association to clinical characteristics.

PURPOSE: To assess the ability of 18F-FDG PET/CT alone or combined with CA19-9 to diagnose pancreatic cancer and to analyze the correlation between maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and clinical characteristics. METHODS: Ninety-one patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer using 18F-FDG PET/CT before treatment were analyzed. Definite diagnosis was by histology or cytology. The SUVmax of the primary tumor was used for the statistical analysis and, using the best cutoff value, the patients were divided into 2 groups: a high SUVmax group (SUV- max-5.49) and a low SUVmax group (SUVmax≤5.49). Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were applied to analyze the effects of SUVmax and/or CA19-9 on the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. RESULTS: Of 91 patients, 80 had pancreatic cancer and 11 had benign conditions. The ROC curve analysis of the SUVmax yielded a best cutoff value of 5.49. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ¹8F-FDG PET/CT alone in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer were 67.5, 72.73, 94.74, 23.53, and 68.13%, respectively, while these indices for ¹8F-FDG PET/CT combined with CA19-9 increased to 96.25, 63.64, 95.06, 70, and 92.31%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of the SUVmax combined with CA19-9 was 0.94, which was significantly higher than that of the SUVmax or CA19-9 alone (p<0.05). The SUVmax value and CA19-9 levels in pancreatic cancer patients were significantly higher than those with benign conditions (p<0.05). Only the SUVmax in the pancreatic cancer patient group was associated with tumor size (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET/CT is a common examination for diagnosing pancreatic cancer, and the SUVmax combined with the CA19-9 level can significantly improve the sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. SUVmax is merely indicative of the volume of pancreatic cancer.

Growth Performance of and Liver Function in Heat-Stressed Magang Geese Fed the Antioxidant Zinc Ascorbate and Its Potential Mechanism of Action.

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of zinc ascorbate (AsA-Zn), its effects on the growth performance of and liver function in Magang geese under heat stress, and its potential mechanism. At AsA-Zn concentrations of 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 µmol/L, the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS·+) radical scavenging rate increased significantly by 120.85%, 53.43%, 36.12%, and 0.99%, respectively, compared with that of ascorbic acid (AsA), indicating that AsA-Zn had better antioxidant performance in vitro. In this study, Magang geese were divided into a control group (basal diet, CON) and experimental groups, who received the basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg AsA or 30 (AsA-Zn30), 60 (AsA-Zn60), or 90 (AsA-Zn90) mg/kg AsA-Zn. AsA-Zn supplementation considerably reduced the feed-to-gain ratio, whereas both AsA and AsA-Zn significantly increased the thymus index. Moreover, AsA-Zn supplementation improved serum protein levels, lipid metabolism, liver function, and antioxidant capacity while reducing hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration. Furthermore, supplementation with AsA-Zn60 significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased the malondialdehyde content in the serum, liver, and hepatic mitochondria (P < 0.05), with more pronounced effects in the AsA-Zn60 group. Moreover, supplementation with ASA-Zn regulated the Nrf 2 signaling pathway and significantly increased the expression of genes encoding antioxidant-related factors in the liver. In conclusion, AsA-Zn has good antioxidant activity, and AsA-Zn supplementation may improve the antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed geese and promote their growth. Supplementation with 30 mg/kg AsA-Zn is recommended.

Characteristics of pollutant generation from 3D-printed photocured waste combustion.

With the rapid advancement of photopolymerization-based 3D printing technology, the volume of PCW has experienced a sharp increase. The potential environmental ramifications of PCW disposal demand careful consideration, especially given its current practice of being incineration alongside MSW. In this study, the TG-MS/FTIR system was carried out to probe the thermogravimetric characteristics and volatile byproducts during combustion. Various product compositions resulting from different mixing ratios of PCW incineration with MSW were investigated. It was observed that fluorene (C13H10) and triphenylene (C18H12) produced by PCW combustion 0.52 mg/g and 0.43 mg/g respectively, which are twice as abundant as those generated from normal plastic. When PCW incineration along with MSW, compounds such as naphthalene (C10H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and heptane (C7H16) were generated in concentrations of 1.25 mg/g, 1.05 mg/g, and 0.95 mg/g respectively, which are at least twice as much as with MSW incineration alone. The incineration of PCW with rubber and textiles resulted in the production of 2.34 mg/g to 3.76 mg/g more PAHs compared to PCW combustion alone. The incineration of PCW with paper resulted in the production of 3.12 mg/g to 5.15 mg/g more heptane, nonane, cyclohexane, pyrene, and anthracene than PCW combustion alone. Incineration of PCW with wood proved to be the cleanest method, with product contents primarily below 0.10 mg/g. When incinerated with food residues or normal plastic, most of the product content remained below 0.05 mg/g. Considering the environmental pollution resulting from PCW combustion, the disposal of PCW warrants careful consideration and management.

Effect of landfilling time on physico-chemical properties of combustible fractions in excavated waste.

Excavated waste is a byproduct of microbial decomposition and fermentation following landfill disposal. The effective management and utilization of excavated waste offer broad prospects for environmental and resource protection, as well as economic growth. While current research predominantly focuses on plastics in landfills, the physico-chemical properties of excavated waste over extended landfilling time remain unclear. This study aimed to address this gap by excavating waste from a landfill in Tianjin, China, with a maximum landfilling time of 18 years. The findings revealed that, compared to municipal solid waste (MSW), the excavated waste exhibited increased calorific value, ash content, and fixed carbon content after screening the landfill-mined-soil-like-fine fraction. The average calorific value of the excavated waste could reach 57.8 MJ/kg. Additionally, the oxygen content in the excavated combustible waste exceeded that of MSW, increasing from 25.59 % to 34.22 %. This phenomenon is potentially linked to the oxidation of attached soil impurities and waste. The study identified polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and wood as the primary combustible components. Notably, the excavated waste exhibited a significant decrease in surface gloss, adopting a rough texture with apparent holes, potentially attributed to the acidification and corrosion of organic matter during fermentation. Nevertheless, the breaking of molecular bonds could also contribute to waste fragmentation. Furthermore, an increase in landfilling time resulted in a more pronounced decrease in mechanical properties. For instance, the failure load of PE decreased from 15.61 N to 6.46 N, and PET reduced from 884.83 N to 186.56 N. The chemical composition of excavated waste has changed, with -OH and CO observed in PE with an 18-year landfilling time. In conclusion, these results provide a theoretical foundation for the recycling of excavated waste and contribute to the advancement of waste management and recycling technologies.

A first comprehensive analysis of Transcribed Ultra Conserved Regions uncovers important regulatory functions of novel non-coding transcripts in gliomas.

Transcribed Ultra-Conserved Regions (TUCRs) represent a severely understudied class of putative non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are 100% conserved across multiple species. We performed the first-ever analysis of TUCRs in glioblastoma (GBM) and low-grade gliomas (LGG). We leveraged large human datasets to identify the genomic locations, chromatin accessibility, transcription, differential expression, correlation with survival, and predicted functions of all 481 TUCRs, and identified TUCRs that are relevant to glioma biology. Of these, we investigated the expression, function, and mechanism of action of the most highly upregulated intergenic TUCR, uc.110, identifying it as a new oncogene. Uc.110 was highly overexpressed in GBM and LGG, where it promoted malignancy and tumor growth. Uc.110 activated the WNT pathway by upregulating the expression of membrane frizzled-related protein (MFRP), by sponging the tumor suppressor microRNA miR-544. This pioneering study shows important roles for TUCRs in gliomas and provides an extensive database and novel methods for future TUCR research.

A first comprehensive analysis of Transcribed Ultra Conserved Regions uncovers important regulatory functions of novel non-coding transcripts in gliomas.

Transcribed Ultra-Conserved Regions (TUCRs) represent a severely understudied class of putative non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are 100% conserved across multiple species. We performed the first-ever analysis of TUCRs in glioblastoma (GBM) and low-grade gliomas (LGG). We leveraged large human datasets to identify the genomic locations, chromatin accessibility, transcription, differential expression, correlation with survival, and predicted functions of all 481 TUCRs, and identified TUCRs that are relevant to glioma biology. Of these, we investigated the expression, function, and mechanism of action of the most highly upregulated intergenic TUCR, uc.110, identifying it as a new oncogene. Uc.110 was highly overexpressed in GBM and LGG, where it promoted malignancy and tumor growth. Uc.110 activated the WNT pathway by upregulating the expression of membrane frizzled-related protein (MFRP), by sponging the tumor suppressor microRNA miR-544. This pioneering study shows important roles for TUCRs in gliomas and provides an extensive database and novel methods for future TUCR research.

Microenvironment T-Type calcium channels regulate neuronal and glial processes to promote glioblastoma growth.

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of microenvironment and intrinsic T-type calcium channels (Cav3) in regulating tumor growth and progression. Methods: We grafted syngeneic GBM cells into Cav3.2 knockout mice to assess the role of microenvironment T-Type calcium channels on GBM tumor growth. We performed single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) of tumors from WT and Cav3.2 KO mice to elucidate the regulation of tumors by the microenvironment. We used neurons from WT and Cav3.2 KO mice in co-culture with GBM stem cells (GSC) to assess the effects of Cav3.2 on neuron/GSC synaptic connections and tumor cell growth. Results: Cav3.2 KO in the microenvironment led to significant reduction of GBM growth and prolongation of animal survival. scRNA-seq showed that microenvironment Cav3.2 regulates neuronal and glial biological processes. Microenvironment Cav3.2 downregulated numerous genes associated with regulating the OPC cell state in GBM tumors such as SOX10 and Olig2. Neuronal Cav3.2 promoted neuron/GSC synaptic connections and GSC growth. Treatment of GSCs with the Cav3 blocker mibefradil downregulated genes associated with neuronal processes. The Cav3 blocker drug mibefradil synergized with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation to reduce in vivo tumor growth and prolong animal survival. Conclusions: Together these data reveal a role for microenvironment Cav3 in promoting GBM tumor progression through regulating neuronal and glial processes particularly associated with the OPC-cell state. Targeting both intrinsic and microenvironment Cav3 with the inhibitor mibefradil significantly enhanced the anti-GBM effects of TMZ and radiation.

A multi-fork z-axis quartz micromachined gyroscope.

A novel multi-fork z-axis gyroscope is presented in this paper. Different from traditional quartz gyroscopes, the lateral electrodes of the sense beam can be arranged in simple patterns; as a result, the fabrication is simplified. High sensitivity is achieved by the multi-fork design. The working principles are introduced, while the finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the modal and sensitivity. A quartz fork is fabricated, and a prototype is assembled. Impedance testing shows that the drive frequency and sense frequency are similar to the simulations, and the quality factor is approximately 10,000 in air. The scale factor is measured to be 18.134 mV/(°/s) and the nonlinearity is 0.40% in a full-scale input range of ±250 °/s.

[Sources, Disposal Technologies, and Environmental Impact of Photopolymerization-based 3D Printing Plastic Waste].

In the 3D printing industry, photopolymerization-based 3D printing is considered to have the characteristics of high printing accuracy and mature technology. Therefore, it is of wide concern in industrial application and academic research. With the rapid development of photopolymerization-based technology, photopolymerization-based plastic waste will inevitably be produced in the process of product manufacturing and use. This kind of plastic waste is a new type of organic solid waste with an incalculable growth rate, and its impact on the environment is difficult to predict. Based on available research results, the latest research progress of sources, disposal technologies, and environmental impact of photopolymerization-based plastic waste were summarized and analyzed. The results revealed that the photopolymerization-based plastic waste was covalently crosslinked with thermosetting plastic. It had relatively higher activation energy and photo-sensitive chromogenic groups. There were some potential hazards to the environment and biosome caused by the raw material, printing process, and waste disposal process of photopolymerization-based plastic. Therefore, prospects and suggestions were proposed for the possibility of future disposal of photopolymerization-based plastic waste, in order to provide a reference for developing the photopolymerization-based 3D printing industry.

Distribution, migration, and removal of N-containing products during polyurethane pyrolysis: A review.

Due to the wide applications of polyurethane (PU), production is constantly increasing, accounting for 8% of produced plastics. PU has been regarded as the 6th most used polymer in the world. Improper disposal of waste PU will result in serious environmental consequences. The pyrolysis of polymers is one of the most commonly used disposal methods, but PU pyrolysis easily produces toxic and harmful nitrogen-containing substances due to its high nitrogen content. This paper reviews the decomposition pathways, kinetic characteristics, and migration of N-element by product distribution during PU pyrolysis. PU ester bonds break to produce isocyanates and alcohols or decarboxylate to produce primary amines, which are then further decomposed to MDI, MAI, and MDA. The nitrogenous products, including NH3, HCN, and benzene derivatives, are released by the breakage of C-C and C-N bonds. The N-element migration mechanism is concluded. Meanwhile, this paper reviews the removal of gaseous pollution from PU pyrolysis and discusses the removal mechanism in depth. Among the catalysts for pollutant removal, CaO has the most superior catalytic performance and can convert fuel-N to N2 by adsorption and dehydrogenation reactions. At the end of the review, new challenges for the utilization and high-quality recycling of PU are presented.

RTCpredictor: Identification of Read-Through Chimeric RNAs from RNA Sequencing Data.

Read-through chimeric RNAs are gaining attention in cancer and other research fields, yet current tools often fail in predicting them. We have thus developed the first read-through chimeric RNA specific prediction method, RTCpredictor, utilizing a fast ripgrep algorithm to search for all possible exon-exon combinations of parental gene pairs. Compared with other ten popular tools, RTCpredictor achieved top performance on both simulated and real datasets. We randomly selected up to 30 candidate read-through chimeras predicted from each software method and experimentally validated a total of 109 read-throughs and on this set, RTCpredictor outperformed all the other methods. In addition, RTCpredictor ( https://github.com/sandybioteck/RTCpredictor ) has less memory requirements and faster execution time.

Safety and Pharmacokinetics of PSD502 in Healthy Chinese Male and Female Volunteers: Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase I Trials.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: PSD502 is a metered-dose spray for premature ejaculation. The two trials aimed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of PSD502 in healthy Chinese male and female individuals. METHODS: Two phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted in men (Trial 1) and women (Trial 2). The participants were randomized 3:1 to receive PSD502 (7.5 mg of lidocaine and 2.5 mg of prilocaine per spray) or a placebo. For male individuals, a single dose (three sprays) once daily was applied to the glans penis for 21 days except for nine sprays (three doses) on days 7 and 14, 4 h apart for each dose. For female individuals, two sprays were applied to the vagina and one to the cervix once daily for 7 days. The primary endpoint was safety. Pharmacokinetics analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Twenty-four male and 24 female individuals were recruited. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 38.9% (7/18) of male individuals and 66.7% (12/18) of female individuals in the PSD502 group, respectively. Both trials reported 50.0% (3/6) treatment-emergent adverse events for the placebo. No grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse events, or treatment-emergent adverse events leading to early withdrawal or discontinuation occurred. After consecutive applications, lidocaine and prilocaine cleared rapidly in both trials. Plasma concentrations exhibited high inter-individual variability. The maximum plasma concentrations of active ingredients were far below the anticipated minimum toxic concentrations. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of metabolites were ≤ 20% of the parent drugs. No clinically significant accumulations were observed in the two trials. CONCLUSIONS: PSD502 was well tolerated and showed low plasma concentrations in healthy Chinese male and female individuals.

Modulation based cells distribution for visible light communication.

Cells distribution for visible light communication can enhance the capacity of the data transmission by the reuse of optical spectrum. In this paper, we adopt three modulation formats as OOK, PPM and PWM for neighboring cells A, B and C respectively. The prototype experiment results demonstrate the error free transmission of 1.0 Mbit/s and 6.25 Mbit/s visible light communication system with our scheme. With the available LED, we can expect that the data rate of a visible light communication system with seamless connectivity can be up to 71.4 Mbit/s.

Chimeric RNAs Discovered by RNA Sequencing and Their Roles in Cancer and Rare Genetic Diseases.

Chimeric RNAs are transcripts that are generated by gene fusion and intergenic splicing events, thus comprising nucleotide sequences from different parental genes. In the past, Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR were used to detect chimeric RNAs. However, they are low-throughput and can be time-consuming, labor-intensive, and cost-prohibitive. With the development of RNA-seq and transcriptome analyses over the past decade, the number of chimeric RNAs in cancer as well as in rare inherited diseases has dramatically increased. Chimeric RNAs may be potential diagnostic biomarkers when they are specifically expressed in cancerous cells and/or tissues. Some chimeric RNAs can also play a role in cell proliferation and cancer development, acting as tools for cancer prognosis, and revealing new insights into the cell origin of tumors. Due to their abilities to characterize a whole transcriptome with a high sequencing depth and intergenically identify spliced chimeric RNAs produced with the absence of chromosomal rearrangement, RNA sequencing has not only enhanced our ability to diagnose genetic diseases, but also provided us with a deeper understanding of these diseases. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms of chimeric RNA formation and the utility of RNA sequencing for discovering chimeric RNAs in several types of cancer and rare inherited diseases. We also discussed the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values of chimeric RNAs.