Shark fish oil prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in an experimental model.

Fish oil has been known for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective characteristics due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are essential for optimal brain function and mental health. The present study investigated the effect of Carcharhinus Bleekeri (Shark Fish) oil on learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Locomotor and memory-enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was investigated by assessing the open field and passive avoidance paradigm. Forty male Albino mice were divided into 4 equal groups (n = 10) as bellow: 1 - control (received 0.9% saline), 2 - SCOP (received scopolamine 2 mg/kg for 21 days), 3 - SCOP + SFO (received scopolamine and fish oil 5 mg/kg/ day for 21 days), 4 - SCOP + Donepezil groups (received 3 mg/kg/day for 21 days). SFO produced significant (P < 0.01) locomotor and memory-enhancing activities in open-field and passive avoidance paradigm models. Additionally, SFO restored the Acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the hippocampus (p < 0.05) and remarkably prevented the degradation of monoamines. Histology of brain tissue showed marked cellular distortion in the scopolamine-treated group, while the SFO treatment restored distortion in the brain's hippocampus region. These results suggest that the SFO significantly ameliorates scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment by attenuating the ACh and monoamine concentrations in the rat's hippocampus.

The beneficial effect of Allium Cepa bulb extract on reproduction of rats; A two-generation study on fecundity and sex hormones.

Allium Cepa Linn. (Onions) has extensively been used in traditional medicine, is one of the important Allium species regularly used in our daily diet, and has been the source of robust phenolic compounds. The current study is intended to evaluate the fecundity-enhancing effect of A. Cepa on the reproductive performance of two successive generations of rats; F0 and F1. A. Cepa extract was initially tested for in vitro antioxidant assay via DPPH and ROS, followed by in vivo toxicity testing. In the fecundity assessment, eighteen pairs of male and female rats (n = 36, 1:1, F0 generation) were divided into three groups and dosed with 75mg/kg and 150 mg/kg daily of A. Cepa extract and saline respectively, up to pre-cohabitation, cohabitation, gestation and lactation period. The reproductive performance, including body weight, live birth index, fertility index, and litter size, was assessed. Various parameters like Hematological, Hormonal (FSH, LH, Testosterone, estradiol), antioxidant markers (SOD, Glutathione peroxidase) and lipid profile of F0 and F1 generations were assessed with evaluation of histopathology of male and female organs. Ethanolic extract of A. Cepa showed the greatest antioxidant potential in DPPH and ROS methods. The continued exposure of the F0 and F1 generations to A. Cepa extract did not affect body weight, fertility index, litter size, and survival index. However, semen pH, sperm motility, sperm count, sperm viability, and semen volume were significantly improved in both generations. We have found pronounced fecundity outcomes in both genders of F0 and F1 generations with A. Cepa 150mg/kg/day extract as compared to control. Results showed that A. Cepa significantly increased (P < 0.05) hemoglobin, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma testosterone and glutathione peroxidase activities, while total lipid, LDL, and cholesterol were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both generations. Histology of both generations of animals reveals enhanced spermatogenesis and enhanced folliculogenesis with improved architecture. Altogether, the present results suggest that A. Cepa extract improved fecundity in both male and female rats by improving hormonal activities and oxidative stress.