Combination treatment with rituximab, low-dose cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange for severe antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis can present with life-threatening lung-kidney syndromes. However, many controlled treatment trials excluded patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage or severely impaired glomerular filtration rates, and so the optimum treatment in these cases is unclear. In this retrospective cohort study, we report the outcomes of 64 patients with life-threatening disease treated with a combination regimen of rituximab, low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide, oral glucocorticoids, and plasma exchange. At entry, the median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 9 mL/min, 47% of patients required dialysis, and 52% had diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. All patients received a minimum of seven plasma exchanges, and the median cumulative doses of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and glucocorticoid were 2, 3, and 2.6 g, respectively, at six months. A total of 94% of patients had achieved disease remission (version 3 Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score of 0) at this time point, and 67% of patients who required dialysis recovered independent kidney function. During long-term follow-up (median duration 46 months), overall patient survival was 85%, and 69% of patients remained free from end-stage kidney disease, which compares favorably to a historic cohort with severe disease treated with a conventional induction regimen. Combination treatment was associated with prolonged B cell depletion and low rates of relapse; 87% of patients were in continuous remission at month 36. The serious infection rate during total follow-up was 0.28 infections/patient/year, suggesting that combination treatment is not associated with an enduring risk of infection. Thus, we suggest that combination immunosuppressive therapy may permit glucocorticoid avoidance and provide rapid and prolonged disease control in patients with severe ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition is an effective treatment for established vasculitis in a pre-clinical model.

The anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are a group of life-threatening multi-system diseases characterized by necrotising inflammation of small blood vessels and crescentic glomerulonephritis. ANCA are thought to play a direct pathogenic role. Previous studies have shown that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is phosphorylated during ANCA-induced neutrophil activation in vitro. However, the role of SYK in vivo is unknown. Here, we studied its role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune vasculitis, a pre-clinical model of myeloperoxidase-ANCA-induced pauci-immune systemic vasculitis in the Wistar Kyoto rat. Up-regulation of SYK expression in inflamed renal and pulmonary tissue during early autoimmune vasculitis was confirmed by immunohistochemical and transcript analysis. R406, the active metabolite of fostamatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor with high selectivity for SYK, inhibited ANCA-induced pro-inflammatory responses in rat leucocytes in vitro. In an in vivo study, treatment with fostamatinib for 14 days after disease onset resulted in rapid resolution of urinary abnormalities, significantly improved renal and pulmonary pathology, and preserved renal function. Short-term exposure to fostamatinib did not significantly affect circulating myeloperoxidase-ANCA levels, suggesting inhibition of ANCA-induced inflammatory mechanisms in vivo. Finally, SYK expression was demonstrated within inflammatory glomerular lesions in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in patients, particularly within CD68+ve monocytes/macrophages. Thus, our data indicate that SYK inhibition warrants clinical investigation in the treatment of AAV.

Use of the HoloLens2 Mixed Reality Headset for Protecting Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospective, Observational Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to rapid acceleration in the deployment of new digital technologies to improve both accessibility to and quality of care, and to protect staff. Mixed-reality (MR) technology is the latest iteration of telemedicine innovation; it is a logical next step in the move toward the provision of digitally supported clinical care and medical education. This technology has the potential to revolutionize care both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This pilot project sought to deploy the HoloLens2 MR device to support the delivery of remote care in COVID-19 hospital environments. METHODS: A prospective, observational, nested cohort evaluation of the HoloLens2 was undertaken across three distinct clinical clusters in a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. Data pertaining to staff exposure to high-risk COVID-19 environments and personal protective equipment (PPE) use by clinical staff (N=28) were collected, and assessments of acceptability and feasibility were conducted. RESULTS: The deployment of the HoloLens2 led to a 51.5% reduction in time exposed to harm for staff looking after COVID-19 patients (3.32 vs 1.63 hours/day/staff member; P=.002), and an 83.1% reduction in the amount of PPE used (178 vs 30 items/round/day; P=.02). This represents 222.98 hours of reduced staff exposure to COVID-19, and 3100 fewer PPE items used each week across the three clusters evaluated. The majority of staff using the device agreed it was easy to set up and comfortable to wear, improved the quality of care and decision making, and led to better teamwork and communication. In total, 89.3% (25/28) of users felt that their clinical team was safer when using the HoloLens2. CONCLUSIONS: New technologies have a role in minimizing exposure to nosocomial infection, optimizing the use of PPE, and enhancing aspects of care. Deploying such technologies at pace requires context-specific information security, infection control, user experience, and workflow integration to be addressed at the outset and led by clinical end-users. The deployment of new telemedicine technology must be supported with objective evidence for its safety and effectiveness to ensure maximum impact.

Long-term follow-up of a combined rituximab and cyclophosphamide regimen in renal anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis.

Background: Current guidelines advise that rituximab or cyclophosphamide should be used for the treatment of organ-threatening disease in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), although few studies have examined the efficacy and safety of these agents in combination. Methods: We conducted a single-centre cohort study of 66 patients treated with a combination of oral corticosteroids, rituximab and low-dose pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by a maintenance regimen of azathioprine and tapered steroid for the treatment of biopsy-proven renal involvement in AAV. Patients were followed for a median of 56 months. Case-control analysis with 198 propensity-matched cases from European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS) trials compared long-term differences in relapse-free, renal and patient survival. Results: At entry, the median Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) was 19 and estimated glomerular filtration rate was 25 mL/min. Cumulative doses of rituximab, cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids were 2, 3 and 4.2 g, respectively, at 6 months. A total of 94% of patients achieved disease remission by 6 months (BVAS < 0) and patient and renal survival were 84 and 95%, respectively, at 5 years. A total of 84% achieved ANCA-negative status and 57% remained B cell deplete at 2 years, which was associated with low rates of major relapse (15% at 5 years). The serious infection rate during long-term follow-up was 1.24 per 10 patient-years. Treatment with this regimen was associated with a reduced risk of death {hazard ratio [HR] 0.29 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.125-0.675], P = 0.004}, progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [HR 0.20 (95% CI 0.06-0.65), P = 0.007] and relapse [HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.25-0.97), P = 0.04] compared with propensity-matched patients enrolled in EUVAS trials. Conclusions: This regimen is potentially superior to current standards of care, and controlled studies are warranted to establish the utility of combination drug approaches in the treatment of AAV.

Patients double-seropositive for ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies have varied renal survival, frequency of relapse, and outcomes compared to single-seropositive patients.

Co-presentation with both ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies is thought to be relatively rare. Current studies of such 'double-positive' cases report small numbers and variable outcomes. To study this further we retrospectively analyzed clinical features and long-term outcomes of a large cohort of 568 contemporary patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis, 41 patients with anti-GBM disease, and 37 double-positive patients with ANCA and anti-GBM disease from four European centers. Double-positive patients shared characteristics of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), such as older age distribution and longer symptom duration before diagnosis, and features of anti-GBM disease, such as severe renal disease and high frequency of lung hemorrhage at presentation. Despite having more evidence of chronic injury on renal biopsy compared to patients with anti-GBM disease, double-positive patients had a greater tendency to recover from being dialysis-dependent after treatment and had intermediate long-term renal survival compared to the single-positive patients. However, overall patient survival was similar in all three groups. Predictors of poor patient survival included advanced age, severe renal failure, and lung hemorrhage at presentation. No single-positive anti-GBM patients experienced disease relapse, whereas approximately half of surviving patients with AAV and double-positive patients had recurrent disease during a median follow-up of 4.8 years. Thus, double-positive patients have a truly hybrid disease phenotype, requiring aggressive early treatment for anti-GBM disease, and careful long-term follow-up and consideration for maintenance immunosuppression for AAV. Since double-positivity appears common, further work is required to define the underlying mechanisms of this association and define optimum treatment strategies.

Necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis presenting with preserved renal function in patients with underlying multisystem autoimmune disease: a retrospective case series.

OBJECTIVE: Necrotizing and crescentic GN usually presents with rapidly declining renal function, often in association with multisystem autoimmune disease, with a poor outcome if left untreated. We aimed to describe the features of patients who have presented with these histopathological findings but minimal disturbance of renal function. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review (1995-2011) of all adult patients with native renal biopsy-proven necrotizing or crescentic GN and normal serum creatinine (<120 µmol/l) at our centre. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were identified. The median creatinine at presentation was 84 µmol/l and the median proportion of glomeruli affected by necrosis or crescents was 32%. Clinicopathological diagnoses were ANCA-associated GN (74%), LN (18%), anti-GBM disease (5%) and HScP (3%). Only 18% of cases had pre-existing diagnoses of underlying multisystem autoimmune disease, although the majority (89%) had extra-renal manifestations accompanying the renal diagnosis. All patients received immunosuppression and most had good long-term renal outcomes (median duration of follow-up 50 months), although two progressed to end-stage renal disease within 3 years. We estimate that renal biopsy had an important influence on treatment decisions in 82% of cases. CONCLUSION: Necrotizing and crescentic GN may present in patients with no or only minor disturbance of renal function. This often occurs in patients with underlying systemic autoimmune disease; early referral for biopsy may affect management and improve long-term outcomes in these cases.

Long-term Outcomes of Rituximab Therapy in Ocular Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: Impact on Localized and Nonlocalized Disease.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of rituximab (RTX) treatment in patients with ocular granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) with localized or generalized disease. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-seven patients with ocular GPA receiving RTX in a multidisciplinary vasculitis clinic between 2004 and 2013. METHODS: A total of 100 patients who received a course of RTX were identified, and notes were reviewed. Baseline demographic details, clinical characteristics (including organ involvement), drugs used, and outcome measures were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The percentage in remission (inactive disease with prednisolone ≤7.5 mg with or without maintenance treatment) at 6 months, time to remission, percentage relapsing, side effects, B-cell count, antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody titers, induction, and maintenance regimens. RESULTS: The median follow-up time after the first RTX course was 36.5 months. Twenty patients had scleritis, and 17 patients had orbital disease; 86% achieved remission at 6 months. The percentage in remission versus partial remission was not statistically significant between patients with scleritis and patients with orbital disease (85% vs. 15% with scleritis and 82% vs. 18% with orbital disease; P = 1.00). The percentage relapsing was not statistically significant (P = 0.33) between scleritis (60%) and orbital disease (41%). Localized disease (ocular ± ear-nose-throat/lung) was observed in 57%, and generalized disease (ocular plus other organs) was observed in 43%, the former having a median duration of disease of 40 months. There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.37) in the percentage in remission between localized and generalized ocular disease. Relapses occurred in 51%, with localized disease being a significant risk factor for relapse. Fifty percent of patients with generalized disease versus none with localized disease received cyclophosphamide (CYP) as part of the induction regimen. Patients who received CYP during induction had significantly (P = 0.027) lower ratios of baseline 12-month proteinase 3 titers than patients who did not have CYP. Infections were observed in 16% of patients, with 8% requiring hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: Our long-term data suggest that RTX is effective for inducing disease remission in localized and generalized ocular GPA. Localized disease is a significant risk factor for relapse, which may be related to less use of CYP in the induction regimen.

Long-term outcome of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated glomerulonephritis: evaluation of the international histological classification and other prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis with renal involvement requires treatment with potentially toxic drugs to reduce morbidity and mortality, and there is a major challenge to determine clinical and histological features predictive of renal prognosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of the 2010 international histological classification for ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN) as a predictor of renal outcome when used in conjunction with other prognostic factors. METHODS: One hundred and four patients with AAGN treated at our centre were included: 23 were classified as focal, 26 as crescentic, 48 as mixed and 7 as sclerotic. Renal outcomes were based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 and 5 years, and on renal survival. RESULTS: By univariate analysis, patients in the focal class had the best renal outcome, those in the sclerotic class the worst outcome, and those in the mixed and crescentic classes had intermediate renal survival. There was no significant difference in outcome between the mixed and crescentic classes. In multivariate models, histological class did not improve model fit or associate with renal outcome after adjusting for established prognostic factors. Lower percentage of normal glomeruli, greater degree of tubular atrophy (TA), MPO-ANCA positivity, increasing age and lower starting eGFR, all correlated with poorer renal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, in our cohort of patients, the international histological classification is predictive of renal outcome in AAGN, but did not appear to be additionally informative over other established prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. However, it may be of value to combine the current histological classification with other established parameters, such as TA and percentage normal glomeruli.

Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates autoantibody production and reverses experimental autoimmune GN.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has an important role in immunoreceptor signaling, and SYK inhibition has accordingly attenuated immune-mediated injury in several in vivo models. However, the effect of SYK inhibition on autoantibody production remains unclear, and SYK inhibition has not been studied in an autoimmune model of renal disease. We, therefore, studied the effect of SYK inhibition in experimental autoimmune GN, a rodent model of antiglomerular basement membrane disease. We show glomerular SYK expression and activation by immunohistochemistry in both experimental and clinical disease, and we show that treatment with fostamatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor selective for SYK, completely prevents the induction of experimental autoimmune GN. In established experimental disease, introduction of fostamatinib treatment led to cessation of autoantibody production, reversal of renal injury, preservation of biochemical renal function, and complete protection from lung hemorrhage. B cell ELISpot and flow cytometric analysis suggest that short-term fostamatinib treatment inhibits the generation and activity of antigen-specific B cells without affecting overall B-cell survival. Additionally, fostamatinib inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production by nephritic glomeruli ex vivo and cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, suggesting additional therapeutic effects independent of effects on autoantibody production that are likely related to inhibited Fc receptor signaling within macrophages in diseased glomeruli. Given these encouraging results in an in vivo model that is highly applicable to human disease, we believe clinical studies targeting SYK in GN are now warranted.

Regulatory B cells are numerically but not functionally deficient in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: B cells are central to the pathology of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), a disease characterized by autoantibodies and effectively treated by rituximab. In addition to promoting inflammation, a subset of B cells act to suppress harmful autoimmune responses (Breg). The balance of effector and regulatory B cell subsets in AAV is not known. This study was conducted to assess the relative frequency of these subsets during different states of disease activity. METHODS: B memory (Bmem), naive (Bnaive) and regulatory (Breg) subsets were defined by their relative expression of CD24 and CD38. Function was assessed by cytokine production and suppressive action on CD4(+) Th1 activation evaluated in a co-culture system. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, the frequency of Breg (CD24(hi)CD38(hi)) was significantly reduced during disease remission in both proteinase 3 (PR3)- and MPO-ANCA patients and during acute disease in PR3-ANCA patients, while the frequency of memory cells (CD24(hi)CD38(lo)) was reduced during active disease and restored during remission. Breg cell frequency showed a positive correlation, while Bmem had an inverse correlation with IL-10 production in vitro. B and T cell co-cultures revealed that memory and naive B cell subsets augmented Th1 activation in vitro, which was prevented by Breg, and this pattern did not differ between remission AAV patients and controls. CONCLUSION: In remission there is a numerical, but not functional, deficiency in Breg and preservation of Bmem associated with reduced IL-10 production and increased Th1 activation in vitro. This imbalance may contribute to the high rate of relapse observed in AAV, especially in PR3-ANCA patients.

Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase decreases donor specific antibody levels in a rat model of sensitization.

Antibody mediated rejection is a major cause of renal allograft loss. Circulating preformed donor specific antibodies (DSA) can result as a consequence of blood transfusion, pregnancy or prior transplantation. Current treatment strategies are limited due to partial or transient efficacy, adverse side-effects or patient unsuitability. Previous in vivo studies exploring autoimmune diseases have shown that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signalling is involved in the development of pathogenic autoantibody. The role of SYK in allogenic antibody production is unknown, and we investigated this in a rodent model of sensitization, established by the transfusion of F344 whole blood into LEW rats. Two-week treatment of sensitized rats with selective SYK inhibitor fostamatinib strongly blocked circulating DSA production without affecting overall total immunoglobulin levels, and inhibition was sustained up to 5 weeks post-completion of the treatment regimen. Fostamatinib treatment did not affect mature B cell subset or plasma cell levels, which remained similar between non-treated controls, vehicle treated and fostamatinib treated animals. Our data indicate fostamatinib may provide an alternative therapeutic option for patients who are at risk of sensitization following blood transfusion while awaiting renal transplant.

The mixed reality medical ward round with the MS HoloLens 2: Innovation in reducing COVID-19 transmission and PPE usage.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated changes to the traditional medical ward round to protect staff and patients. This study investigated the value and acceptability of using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 mixed reality headset in a COVID-19 renal medicine ward. METHODS: The HoloLens 2 was used during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and it was compared with the days prior to its introduction. Staff exposure to COVID-19 and PPE usage were measured, and staff and patients were surveyed on the HoloLens 2 experience. RESULTS: The average ward round was significantly shorter with the use of the HoloLens 2 (94 minutes vs 137 minutes; p=0.006). With the HoloLens 2, only the consultant was in direct contact with COVID-19 patients compared with up to seven staff members on a normal ward round. Personal protective equipment usage was reduced by over 50%. Both staff and patients were positive about its use but raised some important concerns. CONCLUSION: The HoloLens 2 mixed reality technology is an innovative solution to the challenges posed by COVID-19 to the traditional medical ward round.

Effect of Treatment on Damage and Hospitalization in Elderly Patients with Microscopic Polyangiitis and Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVE: Age is a risk factor for organ damage, adverse events, and mortality in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). However, the relationship between treatment and damage, hospitalizations, and causes of death in elderly patients is largely unknown. METHODS: Consecutive patients from Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Czech Republic diagnosed between 1997 and 2013 were included. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of MPA or GPA and age 75 years or more at diagnosis. Treatment with cyclophosphamide (CYC), rituximab (RTX), and corticosteroids the first 3 months was registered. Outcomes up to 2 years from diagnosis included Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI), hospitalization, and cause of death. RESULTS: Treatment data were available for 167 of 202 patients. At 2 years, 4% had no items of damage. There was a positive association between VDI score at 2 years and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score at onset, and a negative association with treatment using CYC or RTX. Intravenous methylprednisolone dose was associated with treatment-related damage. During the first year, 69% of patients were readmitted to hospital. Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity and lower creatinine levels decreased the odds of readmission. The most common cause of death was infection, and this was associated with cumulative oral prednisolone dose. CONCLUSION: Immunosuppressive treatment with CYC or RTX in elderly patients with MPA and GPA was associated with development of less permanent organ damage and was not associated with hospitalization. However, higher doses of corticosteroids during the first 3 months was associated with treatment-related damage and fatal infections.

High Incidence of Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of arterial thrombotic events (ATE) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study presenting the incidence of ATE (coronary events or ischemic stroke) and VTE [pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT)] in patients diagnosed with AAV between 2005 and 2014. RESULTS: There were 204 patients with AAV who were identified. Median followup for surviving patients was 5.8 (range 1-10) years, accounting for 1088 person-years (PY). The incidence of ATE was 2.67/100 PY (1.56 for coronary events and 1.10 for ischemic stroke) and for VTE was 1.47/100 PY (0.83 for DVT only and 0.64 for PE with/without DVT). On multivariate analysis, prior ischemic heart disease (IHD) and advancing age were the only independent predictors of ATE. Among patients without prior IHD or stroke, the incidence of ATE remained elevated at 2.32/100 PY (1.26 for coronary events and 1.06 for ischemic stroke). ATE, but not VTE, was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality. Event rates for both ATE and VTE were highest in the first year after diagnosis of AAV but remained above the population incidence during the 10-year followup period. In comparison to reported rates for the UK population, the event rates in our AAV patients were 15-times higher for coronary events, 11-times higher for incident stroke, and 20-times higher for VTE. CONCLUSION: Patients with AAV have a high incidence of arterial and venous thrombosis, particularly in the first year after diagnosis.

Increased Prevalence of Thyroid Disease in Patients with Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies-associated Vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) has been linked with thyroid disease as a result of antithyroid medications. We assessed the prevalence of thyroid disease in our patients with AAV. METHODS: Clinical records of 279 patients with AAV diagnosed between 1991 and 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS: Thyroid disease was identified in 21.5% of patients, but only 2 had previously received propylthiouracil. There was a greater proportion of female patients, patients with antimyeloperoxidase antibodies, and patients with renal disease in the group with thyroid disease. CONCLUSION: Our data show a higher prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with AAV than the general population. This was not attributable to antithyroid drugs.

Label Free Detection of Sensitive Mid-Infrared Biomarkers of Glomerulonephritis in Urine Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

More reliable biomarkers using near-patient technologies are needed to improve early diagnosis and intervention for patients with renal disease. Infrared (IR) vibrational spectroscopy/microspectroscopy is an established analytical method that was first used in biomedical research over 20 years ago. With the advances in instrumentation, computational and mathematical techniques, this technology has now been applied to a variety of diseases; however, applications in nephrology are just beginning to emerge. In the present study, we used attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze urine samples collected from rodent models of inflammatory glomerulonephritis (GN) as well as from patients with crescentic GN, with the aim of identifying potential renal biomarkers; several characteristic mid-IR spectral markers were identified in urine samples. Specifically, a 1545 cm-1 band increased in intensity with the progression and severity of GN in rats, mice and humans. Furthermore, its intensity declined significantly in response to corticosteroid treatment in nephritic rats. In conclusion, our results suggest that specific urinary FTIR biomarkers may provide a rapid, sensitive and novel non-invasive means of diagnosing inflammatory forms of GN, and for real-time monitoring of progress, and response to treatment.

Long-term outcome in biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis treated with steroids.

Background: There are no prospective randomized controlled trials describing the outcome of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) treated with steroids, and retrospective studies are limited. Methods: We identified adult patients with a diagnosis of AIN without glomerular pathology over a 14-year period. Treated patients all received oral prednisolone and three also recieved IV methylprednisolone. Data were collected retrospectively on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), change in eGFR from time of biopsy, dependence on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality, and outcomes were analysed according to the treatment prescribed. Results: A total of 187 eligible patients with AIN were identified and 158 were treated with steroids. There was no difference in median eGFR or dependence on RRT at the time of biopsy. Steroid-treated patients had significantly higher eGFR at all time points post-biopsy up to 24 months, when median eGFR was 43 mL/min in the steroid-treated group and 24 mL/min in the untreated group (P = 0.01). Fewer patients in the steroid-treated group were dialysis dependent by 6 months (3.2% versus 20.6%, P = 0.0022) and 24 months (5.1% versus 24.1%, P = 0.0019). Conclusions: This large retrospective study suggests a benefit of steroids in treatment of AIN with greater improvement in eGFR and fewer patients progressing to end-stage renal disease.

Clinical trials. Rituximab for maintenance of remission in AAV.

Maintenance therapy for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) should reduce rates of relapse with minimal toxicity. The MAINRITSAN trial­the first randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacies of rituximab and azathioprine in AAV remission maintenance­ has demonstrated a superior outcome using rituximab. These data have important implications for the management of AAV.