Tick-borne pathogens in Dermacentor reticulatus collected from dogs in eastern Poland.

In recent years, the distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks has expanded into new territories in many European countries, including Poland, with increased population densities in areas of their regular occurrence. The spread of D. reticulatus enhances the risk of exposure of domestic animals and their owners to tick-borne diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of infection of D. reticulatus ticks feeding on dogs with the pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The study material comprised 152 D. reticulatus ticks collected from dogs in the northeastern part of Lublin Province (eastern Poland). A ready-made AmpliSens® TBEV, B.burgdorferi sl, A.phagocytophilum, E.chaffeensis/E.muris-FRT PCR kit was used for qualitative detection and differentiation of tick-borne infections. The assessment of the degree of infection of the analyzed ticks with the two pathogens revealed that 9.2% (14/152) of the examined ticks were infected with one of the pathogens. No co-infections with the pathogens were detected in any of the ticks. The highest specific percentage of infections (8.6%, 13/152) was associated with A. phagocytophilum. The presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in only one of the examined ticks (0.7%). The spread of D. reticulatus to new territories and the increase in population density in areas of their regular occurrence implies the need for further studies of the prevalence of pathogens with medical and veterinary importance in order to assess the risk of tick-borne diseases.

The Anti-Candida albicans Agent 4-AN Inhibits Multiple Protein Kinases.

Small molecules containing quinone and/or oxime moieties have been found as promising anti-fungal agents. One of them is 4-AN, a recently reported potent anti-Candida compound, which inhibits the formation of hyphae, decreases the level of cellular phosphoproteome, and finally shows no toxicity towards human erythrocytes and zebrafish embryos. Here, further research on 4-AN is presented. The results revealed that the compound: (i) Kills Candida clinical isolates, including these with developed antibiotic resistance, (ii) affects mature biofilm, and (iii) moderately disrupts membrane permeability. Atomic force microscopy studies revealed a slight influence of 4-AN on the cell surface architecture. 4-AN was also shown to inhibit multiple various protein kinases, a characteristic shared by most of the ATP-competitive inhibitors. The presented compound can be used in novel strategies in the fight against candidiasis, and reversible protein phosphorylation should be taken into consideration as a target in designing these strategies.

Tick exposure and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies among hunters and other individuals exposed to vector ticks in eastern Poland

Background: Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent tick-borne disease in Europe and North America, and the number of registered cases is on the increase. Frequent presence in the habitats of ticks enhances the risk of tick bites and possible infection with Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the risk of B. burgdorferi infection posed to hunters and other individuals exposed to activity-related contact with ticks. Material and methods: The study was carried out in the northern part of the Lublin Province (eastern Poland) and involved 150 individuals exposed to tick bites (110 hunters and 40 individuals exposed to activity-related contact with ticks). The analysis of sera for the presence of B. burgdorferi IgM and IgG antibodies was carried out. All 150 individuals were tested with the ELISA assay, and positive and borderline results of the assay were verified with the Western blot test. All study participants completed a questionnaire, which provided information about exposure to ticks, application of prophylactic measures, and awareness of Lyme borreliosis. Results: The ELISA assay revealed a positive or borderline result in at least one of the classes of B. burgdorferi antibodies in 63.3% (95/150) of the individuals (IgM 14.0%, IgG 63.3%). Verification carried out with the Western blot test showed a positive or borderline result in at least one of the antibody classes in 38.0% (57/150) of the examined persons (IgM 2.7%, IgG 36.7%). Abdomen (56.0%) and legs (53.7%) were the most frequently bitten body regions. Tick bites on the abdomen were significantly more frequently declared by hunters. Inspection of the body after returning from natural areas was more popular prophylactic method than use of repellents. Inspection of the body was significantly more often used in the group of the hunters. Conclusions: The risk of B. burgdorferi infection among hunters and other individuals undertaking activities associated with exposure to tick bites in the study area is high.

Seroprevalence of Selected Zoonotic Agents among Hunters from Eastern Poland.

The aim of our study was the collection of seroprevalence data for Toxoplasma gondii, Coxiella burnetii, Trichinella spp., and Francisella tularensis from hunters in Lublin Province. The antibodies against T. gondii and C. burnetii were recorded in 38.5% and 16.2% of the sera, respectively. 4.05% of the sera were seropositive for both T. gondii and C. burnetii. None of the sera tested reacted positively with F. tulariensis or Trichinella spp. Seroprevalence of T. gondii and C. burnetii is common among the hunters from Lublin Province. It seems reasonable to undertake similar research among hunters from other regions of eastern Poland.

Seroprevalence of Rubella and Cytomegalia in Young Women from Biala Podlaska District.

The aim of this study was to analyze the seroprevalence of rubella and cytomegalia among young women. The study included 175 healthy women from the Biala Podlaska District, aged 16 to 35 years. Anti-rubella and anti-CMV IgG were determined by ELISA. 172 (98.3%) study subjects tested positive for rubella antibodies, 1 (0.6%) was seroindeterminate and 2 (1.1%) were seronegative. CMV antibodies were detected in 119 (68.0%) participants; the series included also 1 (0.6%) seroindeterminate and 55 (31.4%) seronegative women. The levels of rubella and CMV antibodies were not significantly affected by age, place of residence and educational level of the study subjects.

The Serological Surveillance of Hepatitis E virus among Hunters and Foresters in Eastern Poland.

The aim of the study was the analysis of the occurrence of specific antibodies against HEV among hunters and foresters who are at risk to be exposed. The study group consisted of 210 hunters (23-80 years old) and 60 foresters (22-64 years old). Anti-HEV IgG were present in 3.81% of the samples of the hunters and in 5% of the samples of the foresters. The statistical analysis shows no significant differences in the results anti-HEV IgG between the groups of hunters and foresters (p = 0.5278). Significantly higher anti-HEV IgG titers were found in the older age group (> 55 years old).

The incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti coinfections among foresters and farmers in eastern Poland.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne disease in Europe and the USA. However, a great variety of pathogens are transmitted by ticks, which results in mixed infections, with Lyme borreliosis. The aim of the present study was to show the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti coinfections among the population of foresters and farmers, as these people, due to their profession, are particularly exposed to tick contact. METHODS: The study was carried out in eastern Poland (the northern part of the Lublin Province) in 2013. The study was performed in a group of 93 individuals occupationally exposed to tick bites (foresters and farmers), whose blood serum showed the presence of IgG anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies. Blood serum in this group were evaluated for IgG anti-A. phagocytophilum and IgG anti-B. microti antibodies by means of IFA IgG indirect immunofluorescence tests. Information related to age, sex, number of tick bite episodes, presence of various symptoms related to the tick bites, and antibiotic therapy applied as treatment for diagnosed Lyme borreliosis were obtained from the subjects through a structured questionnaire. The results were analyzed in Statistica v. 7.1 statistical analysis software. RESULTS: The presence of IgG antibodies against the analyzed pathogens revealed B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum coinfection in 26 (28%) of the examined subjects and B. burgdorferi and B. microti coinfection in one person (1.1%). No coinfection with all the three pathogens was observed in any individual. The co-occurrence of headache plus bone, joint and muscle pain was noted significantly more often among individuals diagnosed with B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum coinfection. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Foresters and farmers are exposed to B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum coinfection in the study area. Therefore, it is probable that these pathogens may severely interfere with the clinical course of Lyme borreliosis.

Serological surveillance of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases among hunters in eastern Poland.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Many etiological agents of zoonoses are considered as significant biological hazard to people visiting forested areas frequently, for instance, hunters. They may be exposed to ticks, rodents, and birds as well as excreta/secretions of wild animals or contaminated water and soil. Hence, this population is at risk of contracting infection with pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp., tick-borne encephalitis virus, Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis, Echinococcus spp., or hantaviruses. The aim of the study was to assess the seroprevalence of zoonotic agents, viz. A. phagocytophilum, hantaviruses, and Echinococcus spp., with special regard to B. burgdorferi s.l., among hunters in Lubelskie Voivodeship (eastern Poland). METHODS: Serum samples collected from 134 hunters from Lubelskie Voivodeship were analyzed with the use of immunological techniques (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, line immunoblot test, and indirect fluorescence assay) for the presence of antibodies against the agents. RESULTS: Specific antibodies were detected in 66% of the tested individuals. Antibodies against B. burgdorferi s.l. (39%), A. phagocytophilum (30%), hantaviruses (9%), and Echinococcus spp. (8%) were detected individually or as mixed results. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results confirm that there is a risk of exposure to different pathogens in the forested areas in eastern Poland and that hunters are highly vulnerable to infection with the examined zoonotic agents. A significant proportion of co-occurring antibodies against different pathogens was noticed. Thus, hunters have to take special care of their health status evaluation and mitigate the exposure risk by using adequate prophylaxis measures.

Analysis of nanomechanical properties of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes under the influence of lytic factors in an in vitro model using atomic force microscopy.

BACKGROUND: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an experimental technique which recently has been used in biology, microbiology, and medicine to investigate the topography of surfaces and in the evaluation of mechanical properties of cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the complement system and specific anti-Borrelia antibodies in in vitro conditions on the modification of nanomechanical features of B. burgdorferi B31 cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In order to assess the influence of the complement system and anti-Borrelia antibodies on B. burgdorferi s.s. B31 spirochetes, the bacteria were incubated together with plasma of identified status. The samples were applied on the surface of mica disks. Young's modulus and adhesive forces were analyzed with a NanoScope V, MultiMode 8 AFM microscope (Bruker) by the PeakForce QNM technique in air using NanoScope Analysis 1.40 software (Bruker). RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The average value of flexibility of spirochetes' surface expressed by Young's modulus was 10185.32 MPa, whereas the adhesion force was 3.68 nN. AFM is a modern tool with a broad spectrum of observational and measurement abilities. Young's modulus and the adhesion force can be treated as parameters in the evaluation of intensity and changes which take place in pathogenic microorganisms under the influence of various lytic factors. The visualization of the changes in association with nanomechanical features provides a realistic portrayal of the lytic abilities of the elements of the innate and adaptive human immune system.

[Monoinfections caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia burgdorferi / Anaplasma phagocytophilum co-infections in forestry workers and farmers]. / Monoinfekcja Borrelia burgdorferi i wspólzakazenia Borrelia burgdorferi / Anaplasma phagocytophilum u pracowników lesnictwa i rolników.

BACKGROUND: The presence of co-infections induced by tick-borne pathogens in humans is an important epidemiological phenomenon. This issue has attracted growing attention of doctors and people working under conditions of an increased risk of being exposed to tick bites. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research group consisted of 93 individuals with current anti-immunoglobulin M/G (IgM/ IgG) Borrelia burgdorferi or IgG anti-Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The respondents were identified during the screening survey in a group of farmers and foresters occupationally exposed to tick bites. The aim of the work was to analyse the frequency of antibodies to specific antigens of B. burgdorferi and the levels of cytokines in forestry workers and farmers with B. burgdorferi monoinfections and B. burgdorferi / A. phagocytophilum co-infections. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi2, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: There is a stronger generation of IgG antibodies to B. burgdorferi antigens in patients with B. burgdorferi / A. phagocytophilum co-infections, such as variable major protein-like sequence expressed (VlsE) (p < 0.05), p19 (p < 0.02), p17 (p < 0.05) and complement regulator-acquiring surface protein 3 (CRASP3) (p < 0.02) compared to persons with B. burgdorferi monoinfections. The discrepancies in the synthesis of cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) have not been found in persons with B. burgdorferi monoinfections and B. burgdorferi / A. phagocytophilum co-infection. CONCLUSIONS: The immune response directed against B. burgdorferi is stronger in patients co-infected with B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum than in those with monoinfection.

[Risk of occupational infections caused by Borrelia burgdorferi among forestry workers and farmers]. / Ryzyko zakazen zawodowych Borrelia burgdorferi u pracowników lesnictwa i rolników.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the work was to analyze the incidence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in forestry workers and farmers, major groups occupationally exposed to tick bites. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 275 workers (171 foresters and 104 farmers). The control group consisted of 45 people, who have not been occupationally exposed to tick bites. The screening Elisa and Wb tests for the presence of anti-Borrelia IgM/IgG antibodies were performed in all subjects of the study and control groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi2 test. RESULTS: The positive results denoting the presence of anti-Borrelia IgM/IgG antibodies were found in 55% of farmers and 28% of foresters occupationally exposed to Lyme borreliosis and coming from the area of South Podlasie Lowland and Lublin Polesie. The differences between the forestry workers and the control group (p < or = 0.00001) and between farmers and the control group (p < or = 0.001) were statistically significant. The species, such as B. spielmanii and B. bavariensis, which have not yet been reported in Poland, are significant etiologic agents of Lyme disease. CONCLUSION: The risk of occupational exposure to the B. burgdorferi infection is high for foresters and farmers, and the infection with spirochetes is frequently confirmed on the basis of positive results of the Wb test. The presence of specific antibodies against protein antigens of B. spielmanii and B. bavariensis suggest that these bacteria can cause Lyme disease both independently and in participation with other Borrelia species, which influences the development of the clinical manifestations of infection.

[Significance of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the diagnosis of infections with Borrelia burgdorferi]. / Znaczenie krazacych kompleksów immunologicznych (CIC) w diagnostyce zakazen Borrelia burgdorferi.

INTRODUCTION: The infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi initiates a number of reactions in the human immunological system and particular behaviors of the infectious factor. The aim of work was to analyze the level of circulating immune complexes (CIC) due to infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in persons professionally exposed to tick bites. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The group of tested consisted of 275 persons, who are professionally exposed to tick bites, including 171 foresters and 104agriculturists. The controlled group consisted of 45 people, living permanently ortemporarily in Biata Podlaska, city in the South Podlasie Lowland, who have not been exposed professionally on tick bites.The screening test ELISA (Euroimmun) has been carried among all persons from the tested group towards the presence ofantibodies IgM/IgG anty-Borrelia. Among those who met positive or delimited results from screening test Elisa, another test of Western blot (Wb, Euroimmun, Virotech GmbH) has been carried in order to confirm the infection. The serum which has been taken from a group of persons being professionally exposed to infection of B. burgdorferi and persons from a controlled group, has been tested in terms of estimating levels of circulating immune complexes CIC C1q (Elisa, DRG). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The circulating immune complexes (CIC) are increasingly generated at persons with present IgM and/or IgG anty-Borrelia but their existence accompanied by the presence of strongly expressed humoral response does not affect the diagnostic effectiveness of infections with B. burgdorferi.

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus collected from dogs in eastern Poland.

Introduction: Ixodes ricinus ticks are an important vector and reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms causing dangerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. The presence of ticks in urban greenery is a particularly important public health concern due to the potential for humans and companion animals to be exposed to tick-borne diseases there. The study assessed the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in I. ricinus ticks feeding on dogs. Material and Methods: The study consisted in analyses of I. ricinus ticks collected in 2018-2020 from owned and stray dogs in the north-eastern part of Lubelskie province (eastern Poland). An AmpliSens PCR kit was used for qualitative detection and differentiation of tick-borne infections. Results: Infections of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum were detected in 10.9% and 12.9% of the examined ticks, respectively. One tick (0.7%) was co-infected by both pathogens. Infection with B. burgdorferi was significantly more highly prevalent in ticks collected from the owned dogs than from the strays (18.7% and 2.8%, respectively), whereas the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was similar in both groups (12.0% and 13.9%, respectively). Conclusion: The co-infection observed in the study suggests the possibility of simultaneous infection by both pathogens from a single tick bite. The presence of pathogens in ticks collected from dogs is a factor in assessing infection risk not only to companion animals but also to their owners, who are in close contact with their dogs and visit the same green areas recreationally.

[Candida species at the workplace: microbiota component, opportunistic pathogen and zoonotic agent]. / Candida species w miejscu pracy: element mikrobioty, patogen oportunistyczny oraz czynnik zoonotyczny.

Candida spp. isolated from both humans and animals have a similar genotype. Properties of Candida spp. specific for different host species have not been isolated, followed by studies indicating that animals can be a reservoir of these fungi for humans. Occupational exposure concerns workers who have direct contact with farm animals, i.e., farmers, breeders, veterinarians, farm technicians. Hand dermatitis and fungal infection may be caused by prolonged exposure to water and occlusive gloves. The risk of fungal infection is estimated to be high for seafood workers, florists, hairdressers, bakers and cooks, gastronomy workers and healthcare workers. Even though Candida spp. are effective as saprophytic, in the event of a weakening of the function or disturbance of homeostasis, the risk of developing an additional form of candidiasis is increasing due to the intensification of animal production, environmental changes and the excessive use of antibiotics to treat infections in humans and animals. Employers and workers should adopt appropriate strategies to reduce factors conductive to Candida spp. infection at professional work. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(5):425-33.

Species diversity of ticks infesting dogs in the north-eastern part of Lublin Province (eastern Poland).

Ixodes ricinus followed by Dermacentor reticulatus are the most common tick species with medical and veterinary importance in Poland. Ixodes ricinus is widely distributed across Poland, whereas the range of D. reticulatus is limited to the eastern and central parts of the country, with several new foci in the mid-west and west. Concurrently, an increase in the occurrence range of D. reticulatus has been observed. Recent studies indicate its high density in eastern Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of ticks infesting dogs from the northeastern part of Lublin Province. In a three-year study (2017-2019), 501 tick specimens were collected from 122 dogs in the north-eastern part of Lublin Province (eastern Poland). 174 ticks were removed from 24 pet dogs kept by individual owners and the other 327 were collected from 98 dogs from the animal shelter. Two tick species: D. reticulatus 55.5% (278/501) and I. ricinus 44.5% (223/501) were identified in the group of 501 ticks removed from the dogs. Dogs in the north-eastern part of Lublin Province are exposed to contact with two tick species: I. ricinus and D. reticulatus, with a higher frequency of the latter species. Identification of the species of ticks infesting dogs in an analyzed area and knowledge of pathogens transmitted by ticks facilitates correct differential diagnosis of tick-borne diseases.

Analysis of selected serological parameters in patients with diagnosed Lyme borreliosis and in seropositive patients with no clinical symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze some metalloproteinases, cytokines, and chemokines in LB patients and healthy seropositive subjects. The presence of IgM/IgG antibodies against specific Borreliella antigens was analyzed in the presence or absence of clinical manifestations of LB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 38 patients diagnosed with LB and arthralgia and/or arthritis symptoms, and 57 foresters presenting no clinical symptoms of LB. The ELISA test was applied for general screening of anti-Borreliella IgM/IgG. Western blot was used for confirmatory diagnosis of LB for the positive and borderline results. Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-8, CCL5, CXCL9/MIG, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL10/IP-10 concentrations were measured with the use of the Human Cytometric CBA test. The concentration of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the serum was determined with the use of ELISA tests. RESULTS: Analysis of the cytokines and chemokines revealed that only the concentration of IL-2 was significantly higher (2.4 pg/m; p=0.00641) in patients with LB symptoms than in the seropositive individuals (0.4 pg/ml). The MMP2 concentration was significantly higher (233.3 ng/ml; p=0.00294) in patients with clinical manifestations of LB than in those occupationally exposed to tick bites, but did not have anti-Borreliella antibodies (192.0 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of IgG antibodies against a number of Borreliella antigens and the differences in the IL-2 and MMP2 levels in seropositive or seronegative individuals and symptomatic LB patients, may indicate differences in the intensity of the immune response to the infection and, consequently, may induce development of clinical manifestations of the disease in seropositive and seronegative individuals.

Analysis of the concentration of selected serological parameters in patients undergoing antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease and assessment of their potential application in the control of the therapy effectiveness - pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the concentrations of some serological parameters in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for LD, and to assess the potential use of IgG anti-C6VlsE in the assessment of treatment effectiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 21 patients diagnosed with LD. To determine the levels of anti-C6VlsE IgG, metalloproteinases and cytokines, blood was collected three times: before treatment, immediately after treatment, and 3-4 months after treatment. RESULTS: Immediately after the antibiotic therapy, all the patients in the study group declared improvement in their health. At 3-4 months post-treatment, 50% of patients reported recurrence of the disease symptoms. The anti-C6VlsE IgG concentrations at the analyzed time points exhibited varied dynamics: in 15% of patients, a decrease in the concentration of anti-C6VlsE was observed in the three consecutive serum samples; an increase of anti-C6VlsE IgG was detected in 35% of cases; in 15% of the subjects, the concentration of anti-C6VlsE IgG increased immediately after the antibiotic therapy and declined after 3-4 months, whereas a reverse situation was noted in 10% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of high concentrations of anti-C6VlsE IgG is associated with appearance of response to Borreliella spp. infection, which suggests that the parameter can be used in the diagnosis of the active form of borreliosis. However, from a practical point of view, a marker of successful elimination of infection should indicate the effectiveness or failure of antibiotic therapy within a relatively short post-treatment period. The anti-C6VlsE IgG antibodies do not seem to satisfy this provision.

[The evaluation of hunters and foresters' knowledge of the possible ways of preventing Borrelia burgdorferi infections]. / Ocena wiedzy mysliwych i lesników w zakresie mozliwosci zapobiegania infekcjom Borrelia burgdorferi.

BACKGROUND: This study is aimed at evaluating the awareness among hunters and foresters concerning the activities undertaken for the prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 236 hunters from Poland and 339 foresters from Ukraine. The study was based on an original questionnaire including questions which concerned the applied methods of removing ticks attached to the skin, the kind of preventive measures undertaken to avoid tick bites, the evaluation of knowledge concerning the prevention of tick-borne diseases, as well as the participants' willingness to be educated on this issue. RESULTS: Removing a tick with a pair of tweezers by a simple vertical move was more frequently practiced by the hunters (16.5%). Spreading an oily substance over a tick to make it go out on its own was more often applied by the foresters (18.8%). The occurrence of erythema migrans was more frequently reported by the foresters (47.2%). Among the persons declaring no knowledge of the prevention of tick-borne diseases, 77.8% of the hunters and 61.5% of the foresters were willing to gain such knowledge, and 11.1% of the hunters and 21.2% of the foresters did not want any education on this issue. The hunters more often than the foresters applied repellents and checked their body after returning from green areas. CONCLUSIONS: Education is needed in certain groups undertaking hobby or vocational activities in forest areas of Poland and Ukraine. It seems reasonable to undertake research on the preferences concerning the choice of repellents among the groups at risk of tick bites. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):59-68.

Exposure to ticks and undertaking Lyme borreliosis prevention activities among students from Poland and Slovakia.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The incidence of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is increasing in many countries in Europe, including Poland and Slovakia. The aim of the study was to analyze the exposure to tick bites and undertaking LB prevention activities among students of medical fields of studies in Poland (PL) and Slovakia (SK). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted among 611 students from Poland (296 students) and Slovakia (315 students). The applied research tool was the questionnaire. It consisted of questions about exposure to ticks (occurrence of an episode of tick bites, bite site, methods used for tick removal) and the frequency of undertaking preventive actions (using repellents, checking the body after returning from green areas). Pearson Chi-square statistics were calculated to assess significant differences between students from the study countries PL/SK and gender in each country. RESULTS: Among surveyed students the episode of a tick bite was reported by 352 persons (57.6%). Students from PL most frequently removed ticks with tweezers with a swift, steady movement (26.6%), while students from SK removed the tick by applying a fatty substance so that it would come off by itself (30.1%). Most of the surveyed students, being outdoors, did not apply ticks repellents (34.7%) or used them rarely (48.9%). At the same time, 49.4% of students stated that they always checked the body to search for any attached tick after returning from green areas. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the fact that the surveyed people were the students of medical fields of studies, and in the future became qualified medical personnel, the frequency of using the analyzed methods of prophylaxis of LB appears to be too small. The results obtained can help in the education of students of medical fields.

1,4-Naphthoquinone derivatives potently suppress Candida albicans growth, inhibit formation of hyphae and show no toxicity toward zebrafish embryos.

PURPOSE: In this study, we applied various assays to find new activities of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives for potential anti-Candida albicans applications. METHODOLOGY: These assays determined (a) the antimicrobial effect on growth/cell multiplication in fungal cultures, (b) the effect on formation of hyphae and biofilm, (c) the influence on cell membrane integrity, (d) the effect on cell morphology using atomic force microscopy, and (e) toxicity against zebrafish embryos. We have demonstrated the activity of these compounds against different Candida species and clinical isolates of C. albicans. KEY FINDINGS: 1,4-Naphthoquinones significantly affected fungal strains at 8-250 mg l-1 of MIC. Interestingly, at concentrations below MICs, the chemicals showed effectiveness in inhibition of hyphal formation and cell aggregation in Candida. Of note, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed an influence of the compounds on cell morphological properties. However, at low concentrations (0.8-31.2 mg l-1), it did not exert any evident toxic effects on zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSIONS: Our research has evidenced the effectiveness of 1,4-naphthoquinones as potential anti-Candida agents.