Current stage of preclinical and clinical development of guggulsterone in cancers: Challenges and promises.

Throughout human history, the utilization of medicinal herbs has been recognized as a crucial defense against various ailments, including cancer. Natural products with potential anticancer properties, capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, have garnered substantial attention. One such agent under investigation is guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol derived from the gum resin of the Commiphora mukul tree. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies elucidating the anticancer molecular mechanisms and molecular targets of GS, guiding future research and potential applications as an adjuvant drug in cancer therapy. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have explored the biological activities of the active ingredients in Commiphora mukul. Specifically, GS emerges as a potential cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agent. The investigations delve into the impact of GS on constitutively activated survival pathways, including Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathways. These pathways regulate antiapoptotic and proinflammatory genes, exerting control over growth and inflammatory responses. The findings highlight the potential of GS in disrupting survival pathways crucial for cancer cell viability. The inhibition of JAK/STAT, NF-kB, and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathways positions GS as a promising candidate for cancer therapy. The review synthesizes evidence from diverse studies, underscoring the multifaceted biological activities of GS in cancer prevention and treatment. To advance our understanding, future clinical and translational studies are imperative to determine effective doses in humans. Additionally, there is a need for the development of new pharmaceutical forms of GS to optimize therapeutic effects. This comprehensive review provides a foundation for ongoing research, offering insights into the potential of GS as a valuable addition to the armamentarium against cancer.

Exploring Physical Characterization and Different Bio-Applications of Elaeagnus angustifolia Orchestrated Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles.

Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA) mediated green chemistry route was used for the biofabrication of NiONPs without the provision of additional surfactants and capping agents. The formation of NiONPs was confirmed using advanced different characterization techniques such as Scanning electron microscopy, UV, Fourier transmission-infrared, RAMAN, and energy dispersal spectroscopic and dynamic light scattering techniques. Further, different biological activities of EA-NiONPs were studied. Antibacterial activities were performed using five different bacterial strains using disc-diffusion assays and have shown significant results as compared to standard Oxytetracycline discs. Further, NiONPs exhibited excellent antifungal performance against different pathogenic fungal strains. The biocompatibility test was performed using human RBCs, which further confirmed that NiONPs are more biocompatible at the concentration of 7.51-31.25 µg/mL. The antioxidant activities of NiONPs were investigated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The NiONPs were demonstrated to have much better antioxidant potentials in terms of % DPPH scavenging (93.5%) and total antioxidant capacity (81%). Anticancer activity was also performed using HUH7 and HEP-G2 cancer cell lines and has shown significant potential with IC50 values of 18.45 µg/mL and 14.84 µg/mL, respectively. Further, the NiONPs were evaluated against Lesihmania tropica parasites and have shown strong antileishmanial potentials. The EA-NiONPs also showed excellent enzyme inhibition activities; protein kinase (19.4 mm) and alpha-amylase (51%). In conclusion, NiONPs have shown significant results against different biological assays. In the future, we suggest various in vivo activities for EA-NiONPs using different animal models to further unveil the biological and biomedical potentials.

Green Synthesis of BPL-NiONPs Using Leaf Extract of Berberis pachyacantha: Characterization and Multiple In Vitro Biological Applications.

An eco-friendly biogenic method for the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) using phytochemically rich Berberis pachyacantha leaf extract (BPL) was established. To achieve this purpose, 80 mL of BPL extract was used as a suitable reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of NiONPs. The synthesis of BPL-based nickel oxide nanoparticles (BPL@NiONPs) was confirmed using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques: UV Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Spectroscopically, BPL-NiONPs was found with a pure elemental composition (oxygen and nickel), average size (22.53 nm) and rhombohedral structure with multiple functional groups (-OH group and Ni-O formation) on their surface. In the next step, the BPL extract and BPL@NiONPs were further investigated for various biological activities. As compared to BPL extract, BPL@NiONPs exhibited strong biological activities. BPL@NiONPs showed remarkable antioxidant activities in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (76.08%) and total antioxidant capacity (68.74%). Antibacterial action was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (19.67 mm) at 500 µg/mL. While antifungal potentials were shown against Alternaria alternata (81.25%), Fusarium oxysporum (42.86%) and Aspergillus niger (42%) at 1000 µg/mL. Similarly, dose-dependent cytotoxicity response was confirmed against brine shrimp with IC50 value (45.08 µg/mL). Additionally, BPL@NiONPs exhibited stimulatory efficacy by enhancing seed germination rate at low concentrations (31.25 and 62.5 µg/mL). In conclusion, this study depicted that BPL extract has important phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant activities, which successfully reduced and stabilized the BPL@NiONPs. The overall result of this study suggested that BPL@NiONPs could be used as nanomedicines and nanofertilizers in biomedical and agrarian fields.

Green Synthesis of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles from Berberis balochistanica Stem for Investigating Bioactivities.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials is advancing due to its ease of synthesis, inexpensiveness, nontoxicity and renewability. In the present study, an eco-friendly biogenic method was developed for the green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) using phytochemically rich Berberis balochistanica stem (BBS) extract. The BBS extract was rich in phenolics, flavonoids and berberine. These phytochemicals successfully reduced and stabilised the NiNO3 (green) into NiONPs (greenish-gray). BBS-NiONPs were confirmed by using UV-visible spectroscopy (peak at 305 nm), X-ray diffraction (size of 31.44 nm), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (identified -OH group and Ni-O formation), energy dispersive spectroscopy (showed specified elemental nature) and scanning electron microscopy (showed rhombohedral agglomerated shape). BBS-NiONPs were exposed to multiple in vitro bioactivities to ascertain their beneficial biological applications. They exhibited strong antioxidant activities: total antioxidant capacity (64.77%) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (71.48%); and cytotoxic potential: Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay with IC50 (10.40 µg/mL). BBS-NiONPs restricted the bacterial and fungal pathogenic growths at 1000, 500 and 100 µg/mL. Additionally, BBS-NiONPs showed stimulatory efficacy by enhancing seed germination rate and seedling growth at 31.25 and 62.5 µg/mL. In aggregate, BBS extract has a potent antioxidant activity which makes the green biosynthesis of NiONPs easy, economical and safe. The biochemical potential of BBS-NiONPs can be useful in various biomedical and agricultural fields.

Characterization and phytostimulatory activity of bacteria isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizosphere.

Replacing agrochemicals with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) may offset some of the environmental impacts of food production. The objectives of this study were to (1) isolate and characterize bacterial strains from tomato rhizosphere, including root, shoot and leaf, (2) select and identify the most promising PGPB strains, (3) verify the phytostimulatory activity and mineral uptake potential of selected strains. Bacterial strains isolated from tomato rhizosphere, were screened for phosphorous (P) solubilization, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), amylase activity, antibiotic resistance, and quick test strip (QTS) for biochemical characterization. The tested strains, positive for all five of these assays were selected for molecular identification and subjected to greenhouse growth trails with tomato and mung bean. Two strains were selected and identified as Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) isolated from rhizosphere and Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola) isolated from root endosphere using 16s rRNA sequences. Both strains produced IAA, gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin, however B. cereus showed potential GA3 and IAA production as compared to K. variicola. In tomato, only one growth variable (shoot length) was increased over the control by one of the selected bacterial strains (B. cereus). In mung bean, inoculation with either strain B. cereus or K. variicola increased shoot length and dry weight. Moreover, our results showed that the use of PGPB significantly increased plant growth and Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Na and K contents of plants. It seems that evaluated strains had a higher ability in boosting plant growth and higher yield.

A Robust, Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensor Based on Lysine-Assisted CuO Nanostructures.

The production of a nanomaterial with enhanced and desirable electrocatalytic properties is of prime importance, and the commercialization of devices containing these materials is a challenging task. In this study, unique cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures were synthesized using lysine as a soft template for the evolution of morphology via a rapid and boiled hydrothermal method. The morphology and structure of the synthesized CuO nanomaterial were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The prepared CuO nanostructures showed high potential for use in the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in an alkaline medium. The proposed enzyme-free glucose sensor demonstrated a robust response to glucose with a wide linear range and high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. To explore its practical feasibility, the glucose content of serum samples was successfully determined using the enzyme-free sensor. An analytical recovery method was used to measure the actual glucose from the serum samples, and the results were satisfactory. Moreover, the presented glucose sensor has high chemical stability and can be reused for repetitive measurements. This study introduces an enzyme-free glucose sensor as an alternative tool for clinical glucose quantification.

Effect of management practices and animal age on incidence of mastitis in Nili Ravi buffaloes.

Buffalo is an economically important dairy animal in South Asia but mostly ignored in research priorities. In this retrospective study, the effect of management practices and age of animal on the incidence of mastitis in Nili Ravi buffaloes was investigated. A total of 1,560 quarters of buffaloes (n = 390) were screened by visual examination of the udder and milk (clinical mastitis) and California mastitis test (subclinical mastitis). Household data was collected on a predesigned questionnaire and analyzed. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, and blind quarters was 41.8, 13.6, and 9.7 %, respectively. The highest prevalence was noted in the hind quarters and left side as compared to that in the forequarters and right side. This data significantly (p < 0.05) supported the idea that larger herd size has more chances of mastitis, with the highest prevalence (40, 32, and 27 %) in the large, medium, and small herds, respectively. Stage of lactation was significantly (p < 0.01) involved in mastitis, and the highest incidence (43.3 %) was noted in early lactation. Milk production of lactating buffaloes that ranged 6-10 l/day showed a higher rate of mastitis occurrence (p < 0.05). The cleanliness condition of a farm also contributed significantly. Animal age significantly affected the incidence of mastitis. Results revealed that age of the animal has a positive correlation (R (2) = 0.772) with mastitis. This study concluded that some factors alone or in combination with other factors influence significantly the occurrence of mastitis, and to minimize the infection, these factors should be considered. The outcome of the study will be valuable for policy-making for positive management practices and implementation of preventive measures.

AB062. Investigating miR-21 as a non-invasive prognostic biomarker in glioma patients.

BACKGROUND: Glioma prognosis remains a challenge due to its high recurrence and resistance to treatment. Diagnosis and follow-up in resource-constrained regions often lead to significant patient attrition. Serum microRNAs (miRNAs) are seen to be aberrantly expressed in malignancies can be found in tumor tissues and peripheral samples. This offers a pathway for non-invasive liquid biopsies. miR-21 is an established biomarker for glioma prognosis, which needs to be validated in our population. METHODS: We collected 89 intraoperative tumor tissue samples, and 42 pre- and post-operative serum samples from glioma patients, ten control tissues, eight healthy serum samples and analysed for miR-21 expression through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Correlational analysis with molecular markers isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), Ki-67, ATRX, p53, and survival curves through the Kaplan-Meier method were calculated in high and low miR-21 expression groups. The hazard ratio was quantitatively determined using Cox regression analysis, considering both univariate associations and multivariate correlations with clinical parameters. RESULTS: miR-21 expression in tissue was significantly upregulated with increase of glioma grades (P<0.001) and in patients above 50 years (P=0.003) age group. Whereas no gender bias was seen in its expression pattern. Its expression did not show any correlation with tumor volume (r=0.22, P=0.08). A similar expression pattern of miR-21 was observed in serum samples of glioma. IDH-wildtype (P=2.06e-03) and high Ki-67 (P=2.50e-03) patient group showed significant upregulation of miR-21 expression compared to IDH-mutant and low Ki-67 group. Patients with low miR-21 expression had significantly longer overall survival (OS) than patients with high miR-21 expression (P =0.006). Similarly, quantitative hazard analysis indicates that patients in the high expression group have 2.77 times higher risk of mortality [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.19-0.92], in comparison to patients in the low expression group (P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings validate the utility of miR-21 as a prognostic serum biomarker to help diagnose and assess treatment response in advancing glioma grades, within our population.

AB060. Autophagy-associated biomarkers ULK2, UVRAG, and miRNAs miR-21, miR-126, and miR-374: prognostic significance in glioma patients.

BACKGROUND: Autophagy is a self-renewing process of the cell having a dual role in gliomagenesis depending on the tumor stage. Several microRNAs play a key role in the regulation of autophagy and the outcome of cancer. We investigated the potential relevance of autophagy in gliomagenesis and survival by exploring the association of the basal gene expression of autophagy-associated markers LC3, ULK1/2, UVRAG, Beclin1, mTOR, UVRAG, PI3K, AKT, PTEN and their target microRNAs miR-126, miR-374, miR-21, miR-7, miR-204 and miR-100 in low- and high-grades of gliomas. METHODS: A total of 50 fresh glioma tissues were used for the extraction of RNA using TRIzol-Chloroform method and reverse transcribed cDNA. The cDNA was used to determine the expression of genes and microRNAs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine the statistical significance. RESULTS: In high-grade glioma, increased expression of AKT and miR-21, coupled with reduced ULK2 and LC3 expression was distinctly observed. While correlation analysis identified a strong positive correlation between ULK2 and UVRAG, PTEN, miR-7, and miR-100 and a moderate positive correlation emerged between ULK2 and mTOR, miR-7, miR-30, miR-100, miR-204, and miR-374, also between miR-21 and miR-126 in low-grade glioma. Similarly, a positive correlation appeared between ULK2 and AKT, LC3, PI3K, PTEN, ULK1, VPS34, mTOR, Beclin1, UVRAG, miR-7 and miR-374. AKT positively correlated with LC3, PI3K, PTEN, ULK1, VPS34, mTOR, Beclin1, UVRAG, miR-7, miR-30, miR-204, miR-374, miR-126 and miR-21 weakly correlated with AKT and miR-30 in high-grade glioma. The low ULK2, UVRAG, and miR-374 expression group exhibited significantly poor overall survival in glioma, while miR-21 over-expression indicated a poor prognosis in glioma patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides comprehensive insights into the molecular landscape of gliomas, highlighting the dysregulation of autophagy genes ULK2, and UVRAG and the associated miR-21, miR-126 and miR-374 as potential prognostic biomarkers and emphasizing their unique significance in shaping survival outcomes in gliomas patients.

Synthesis of PVP-capped trimetallic nanoparticles and their efficient catalytic degradation of organic dyes.

The study proposes a simple and efficient way to synthesize a heterogeneous catalyst that can be used for the degradation of organic dyes. A simple and fast chemical process was employed to synthesize Au: Ni: Co tri-metal nanohybrid structures, which were used as a catalyst to eliminate toxic organic dye contamination from wastewater in textile industries. The catalyst's performance was tested by degrading individual dyes as well as mixtures of dyes such as methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), methyl red (MR), and Rose Bengal (RB) at various time intervals. The experimental results show the catalytic high degradation efficiency of different dyes achieving 72-90% rates in 29 s. Moreover, the material displayed excellent recycling stability, maintaining its degradation efficiency over four consecutive runs without any degradation in performance. Overall, the findings of the study suggest that these materials possess efficient catalytic properties, opening avenues toward their use in clean energy alternatives, environmental remediation, and other biological applications.

Chromatographic evaluation of tocols and sterols of processed canola oil and deodorizer distillate.

Tocopherols and tocotrienols in the combined form are known as tocols. Changes of total and individual tocols and sterols concentration of canola oil and deodorizer distillate (DD) during different processing stages were evaluated with the application of gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For sterols analysis, GC coupled with flame ionization detector (FID) was used while tocols in canola oil samples and DD, normal phase (NP) HPLC was applied. The results of the present study indicated that levels of total and individual tocols and sterols content were decreased during processing (neutralization to deodorization). Deodorization was found to be the most effective process for the reduction of total sterols and tocols as 55.9% and 34.2%, respectively. A high amount of tocols and sterols was observed in DD. Among tocols and sterols; beta tocopherol (ß-T) and ß-sitosterol were found to be in greater concentration 53.97% and 31.82%, respectively. Therefore, DD could be used as a valuable by-product in the cosmetics and food industries.

Application of nanotechnology in agriculture, postharvest loss reduction and food processing: food security implication and challenges.

Ensuring food security in developing countries is highly challenging due to low productivity of the agriculture sector, degradation of natural resources, high post farming losses, less or no value addition, and high population growth. Researchers are striving to adopt newer technologies to enhance supply to narrow the food demand gap. Nanotechnology is one of the promising technologies that could improve agricultural productivity via nano fertilizers, use of efficient herbicides and pesticides, soil feature regulation, wastewater management, and pathogen detection. It is equally beneficial for industrial food processing with enhanced food production with excellent market value, elevated nutritional and sensing property, improved safety, and better antimicrobial protection. Nanotechnology can also reduce post-farming losses by increasing the shelf life with the aid of nanoparticles. However, further investigation is required to solve the safety and health risks associated with the technology.

Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Berberis balochistanica: Characterization, and diverse biological applications.

In current report, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) were synthesized using leaf extract of Berberis balochistanica (BB) an endemic medicinal plant. The BB leaves extract act as a strong reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent in the synthesis of BB@NiONPs. Further, BB@NiONPs were characterized using Uv-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and average size was calculated ~21.7 nm). Multiple in vitro biological activities were performed to determine their therapeutic potentials. The BB@NiONPs showed strong antioxidant activities in term of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with scavenging potential of 69.98 and 59.59% at 200 µg/ml, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal testes were examined using different bacterial and fungal strains and dose-dependent inhibition response was reported. Laterally, cytotoxic and phytotoxic activities were studied using brine shrimp and radish seeds. The result determined potential cytotoxic activity with LD50 value (49.10 µg/ml) and outstanding stimulatory effect of BB@NiONPs on seed germination at lower concentrations as compared to control. Overall, result concluded that biosynthesis of NiONPs using leaf extracts of Berberis balochistanica is cheap, easy, and safe method and could be used in biomedical and agriculture field as nanomedicine and nano fertilizer.

Characterization of crude extract prepared from Indian curd and its potential as a biopreservative.

The adverse effects of chemical preservatives used to prevent food spoilage have led to the search for various biopreservatives. Considering this, a study was undertaken to prepare crude extract (CE) from Indian curd (a fermented dairy product) and characterized it in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against some common food-borne bacteria. The CE exhibited well pronounced antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CE was recorded for 2-fold concentrated solution prepared from a 10-fold stock. The CE exhibited a significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to its fractions. The CE was found to be heat stable (up to 100 ℃ for 30 min) and exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in activity at pH 2-7 and in combination with 2% citric acid solution. Trypsin treatment suggested it to be of proteinaceous in nature. The antibacterial activity of CE remained intact at 4 ℃ for seven days, whereas non-significant (p > 0.05) changes in its activity were noted during storage at -20 ℃ for 30 days. The curd sample used for preparation of CE, when tested for bacteriocin production and subsequent antimicrobial activity, did not show inhibition against S. typhimurium. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of CE and its fractions revealed multi-banding pattern. By virtue of its bioactivities observed, CE can be explored as a promising food biopreservative.

Identification of genetic factors controlling phosphorus utilization efficiency in wheat by genome-wide association study with principal component analysis.

Despite the economic importance of P utilization efficiency, information on genetic factors underlying this trait remains elusive. To address that, we performed a genome-wide association study in a spring wheat diversity panel ranging from landraces to elite varieties. We evaluated the phenotype variation for P utilization efficiency in controlled conditions and genotype variation using wheat 90 K SNP array. Phenotype variables were transformed into a smaller set of uncorrelated principal components that captured the most important variation data. We identified two significant loci associated with both P utilization efficiency and the 1st principal component on chromosomes 3A and 4A: qPE1-3A and qPE2-4A. Annotation of genes at these loci revealed 53 wheat genes, among which 6 were identified in significantly enriched pathways. The expression pattern of these 6 genes indicated that TraesCS4A02G481800, involved in pyruvate metabolism and TCA cycle, had a significantly higher expression in the P efficient variety under limited P conditions. Further characterization of these loci and candidate genes can help stimulate P utilization efficiency in wheat.

Phytofabrication of cobalt oxide nanoparticles from Rhamnus virgata leaves extract and investigation of different bioactivities.

The tunable cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoONPs) are produced due to the phytochemicals present in Rhamnus virgata (RhV) leaf extract which functions as reducing and stabilization agents. The synthesis of CoONPs was confirmed using different analytical techniques: UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamics light scatterings (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray, and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Furthermore, multiple biological activities were performed. Significant antifungal and antibacterial potentials have been reported. The in vitro cytotoxic assays of CoONPs revealed strong anticancer activity against human hepatoma HUH-7 (IC50 : 33.25 µg/ml) and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 (IC50 : 11.62 µg/ml) cancer cells. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity potency was confirmed against Leishmania tropica (KMH23 ); amastigotes (IC50 : 58.63 µg/ml) and promastigotes (IC50 : 32.64 µg/ml). The biocompatibility assay using red blood cells (RBCs; IC50 : 4,636 µg/ml) has confirmed the bio-safe nature of CoONPs. On the whole, results revealed nontoxic nature of RhV-CoONPs with promising biological potentials.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf extracts and their multiple in vitro biological applications.

Due to their versatile applications, ZnONPs have been formulated by several approaches, including green chemistry methods. In the current study, convenient and economically viable ZnONPs were produced using Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA) leaf extracts. The phytochemicals from E. angustifolia L. are believed to serve as a non-toxic source of reducing and stabilizing agents. The physical and chemical properties of ZnONPs were investigated employing varying analytical techniques (UV, XRD, FT-IR, EDX, SEM, TEM, DLS and Raman). Strong UV-Vis absorption at 399 nm was observed for green ZnONPs. TEM, SEM and XRD analyses determined the nanoscale size, morphology and crystalline structure of ZnONPs, respectively. The ZnONPs were substantiated by evaluation using HepG2 (IC50: 21.7 µg mL-1) and HUH7 (IC50: 29.8 µg mL-1) cancer cell lines and displayed potential anticancer activities. The MTT cytotoxicity assay was conducted using Leishmania tropica "KWH23" (promastigotes: IC50, 24.9 µg mL-1; and amastigotes: IC50, 32.83 µg mL-1). ZnONPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial potencies against five different bacterial and fungal species via the disc-diffusion method, and their MIC values were calculated. ZnONPs were found to be biocompatible using human erythrocytes and macrophages. Free radical scavenging tests revealed excellent antioxidant activities. Enzyme inhibition assays were performed and revealed excellent potential. These findings suggested that EA@ZnONPs have potential applications and could be used as a promising candidate for clinical development.

Facile green synthesis approach for the production of chromium oxide nanoparticles and their different in vitro biological activities.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plants has become a promising substitute for the conventional chemical synthesis methods. In the present study, our aim was to synthesize chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2 O3 NPs) through a facile, low-cost, eco-friendly route using leaf extract of Rhamnus virgata (RV). The formation of Cr2 O3 NPs was confirmed and characterized by spectroscopic profile of UV-Vis, EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses. The UV-visible spectroscopy has confirmed the formation of Cr2 O3 NPs by the change of color owing to surface plasmon resonance. The bioactive functional groups present in the leaf extract of RV involved in reduction and stabilization of Cr2 O3 NPs were determined by FTIR analysis. Based on XRD analysis, crystalline nature of Cr2 O3 NPs was determined. The morphological shape and elemental composition of Cr2 O3 NPs were investigated using SEM and EDX analyses, respectively. With growing applications of Cr2 O3 NPs in biological perspectives, Cr2 O3 NPs were evaluated for diverse biopotentials. Cr2 O3 NPs were further investigated for its cytotoxicity potentials against HepG2 and HUH-7 cancer cell lines (IC50 : 39.66 and 45.87 µg/ml), respectively. Cytotoxicity potential of Cr2 O3 NPs was confirmed against promastigotes (IC50 : 33.24 µg/ml) and amastigotes (IC50 : 44.31 µg/ml) using Leishmania tropica (KMH23 ). The Cr2 O3 NPs were further evaluated for antioxidants, biostatic, alpha-amylase, and protein kinase inhibition properties. Biocompatibility assay was investigated against human macrophages which confirmed the nontoxic nature of Cr2 O3 NPs. Overall, the synthesized Cr2 O3 NPs are biocompatible and nontoxic and proved to possess significant biopotentials. In future, different in vivo studies are needed to fully investigate the cytotoxicity and mechanism of action associated with these Cr2 O3 NPs.

Phytogenic Synthesis of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles (NiO) Using Fresh Leaves Extract of Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) and Investigation of Its Multiple In Vitro Biological Potentials.

Chemically nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) involve the synthesis of toxic products, which restrict their biological applications. Hence, we developed a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient green chemistry method for the fabrication of NiONPs using fresh leaf broth of Rhamnus triquetra (RT). The RT leaves broth was used as a strong reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the formation of RT-NiONPs. The color change in solution from brown to greenish black suggests the fabrication of RT-NiONPs which was further confirmed by absorption band at 333 nm. The synthesis and different physicochemical properties of RT-NiONPs were investigated using different analytical techniques such as UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), DLS (dynamic light scattering) and Raman. Further, RT-NiONPs were subjected to different in vitro biological activities and revealed distinctive biosafe and biocompatibility potentials using erythrocytes and macrophages. RT-NiONPs exhibited potential anticancer activity against liver cancer cell lines HUH7 (IC50: 11.3 µg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50: 20.73 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity potential was confirmed using Leishmanial parasites promastigotes (IC50: 27.32 µg/mL) and amastigotes (IC50: 37.4 µg/mL). RT-NiONPs are capable of rendering significant antimicrobial efficacy using various bacterial and fungal strains. NiONPs determined potent radical scavenging and moderate enzyme inhibition potencies. Overall, this study suggested that RT-NiONPs can be an attractive and eco-friendly candidate. In conclusion, current study showed potential in vitro biological activities and further necessitate different in vivo studies in various animal models to develop leads for new drugs to treat several chronic diseases.

Environmentally friendly green approach for the fabrication of silver oxide nanoparticles: Characterization and diverse biomedical applications.

In the present study, green silver nanoparticles (Ag2 ONPs) were prepared from aqueous and ethanolic leaves extract of Rhamnus virgata in a facile, green, cost-effective, and eco-friendly way. The color changes from light brown to brownish black determined the synthesis of Ag2 ONPs(Aq) and Ag2 ONPs(Et) . The phytofabrication of Ag2 ONPs was confirmed using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Detailed in vitro biological activities determined significant biopotentials for Ag2 ONPs. The Ag2 ONPs(Aq) and Ag2 ONPs(Et) were investigated for anticancer potential against HUH-7 (IC50 : 9.075 µg/ml for Ag2 O(Aq) and 25.66 µg/ml for Ag2 O(Et) ) and HepG2 (IC50 : 25.18 µg/ml for Ag2 O(Aq) and IC50 : 27.74 µg/ml for Ag2 O(Aq) ) cell lines. Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was performed against brine-shrimps (IC50 : 36.04 µg/ml for Ag2 O(Aq) and 28.82 µg/ml for Ag2 O(Et) ) and Leishmanial parasite (amastigotes and promastigotes). Disc-diffusion method revealed significant antimicrobial activities. In addition, significant enzyme inhibitory activity and antiradical potentials were studied. The hemocompatible nature of Ag2 ONPs(Aq) and Ag2 ONPs(Et) was revealed using biocompatibility tests. In conclusion, the green Ag2 ONPs(Aq) and Ag2 ONPs(Et) are nontoxic and biocompatible and has shown significant biological activities. We further encourage in vivo studies to ensure biosafety and biocompatibility, so that they can be effectively utilized in nano-pharmaceutical industries.