Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Japanese Immigrants and Descendants: The Need to Strengthen Preventive and Control Measures.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B virus infection among Japanese immigrants and their descendants from São Paulo (SP), and to verify the occurrence of occult hepatitis B and coinfection with HCV, Delta, and HTLV. All samples (n = 2.127) were tested for HBV serological markers by electrochemiluminescence. HBsAg and/or total anti-HBc positive samples were tested for HBV DNA by real-time PCR, and genotyped by sequencing using the Sanger methodology. The prevalence rate of HBV exposure was 13.4% (CI 95%: 11.9-14.9%), and 22 (1.1%) were HBsAg positive. A high rate of susceptibility to HBV infection was found (67.4%; CI 95%: 65.4-69.4%). In contrast, only 19.2% (CI 95%: 17.6-20.9%) presented a serological profile analogous to that elicited by Hepatitis B vaccination. HBV isolates (n = 8) were classified as genotypes HBV/B1 (62.5%), HBV/C2 (12.5%), HBV/F1b (12.5%), and HBV/A1 (12.5%). Hepatitis B vaccination strategies and educational measures to control this infection should be considered.

Clinical outcomes and risk factors for death from disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS who visited a high-complexity hospital in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) is a systemic mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum) and is characterized by progressive and fatal evolution in immunocompromised patients. Moreover, it is considered an AIDS-defining disease. METHODS: We performed an observational, analytical, retrospective study to identify the clinical outcomes and risk factors for death from DH in patients with AIDS at an infectious diseases service facility in Brazil between September 2011 and July 2016. Patients with a positive serology for HIV and DH were diagnosed via direct examination and/or positive cultures for H. capsulatum. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included in this study. Approximately, 82.6% were men, with a mean age of 41.0±11.5 years, and 52.2% had a concomitant diagnosis of AIDS and DH. The median CD4+ T cell count was 19 cells/mm3, and 56.5% of the patients died. The most frequently observed symptoms were fever, dyspnea, and skin lesions. On the basis of a comparative analysis of those who died and survived, the absence of splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and the presence of H. capsulatum in the peripheral blood were considered as risk factors for death. Those who died had a higher leukocyte count; CRP, urea, and lactate dehydrogenase levels; AST index; and international normalized ratio prothrombin time. The serum total protein and albumin levels of the patients were lower. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate for DH is high among severely immunocompromised patients with AIDS. The risk factors for death were those traditionally associated with blood dyscrasia, inflammatory activity, as well as increased renal and nutritional impairment.

Hepatitis B virus reactivation after treatment for hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients with HBV/HCV coinfection.

In coinfected HBV/HCV patients, HBV replication is usually suppressed by HCV over the time. No study to date has evaluated the HBV viremia in long-term follow-up after HCV treatment in hemodialysis patients with HBV/HCV coinfection. This study aimed to assess the evolution of HBV viremia after HCV treatment in this special population. Ten hemodialysis patients with HBV/HCV coinfection with dominant HCV infection (HBV lower than 2000 IU/mL) and significant fibrosis were treated with interferon-alpha 3 MU 3×/week for 12 months and could be followed for at least 36 months after HCV treatment. Six cases of HBV reactivation (60%) during follow-up were observed and 5/6 had been successfully treated for HCV. Patients with HBV reactivation received anti-HBV therapy. Our preliminary findings indicate that treatment of hepatitis C in HBV/HCV coinfected hemodialysis patients may favor HBV reactivation. Thus, continued monitoring of HBV viremia must be recommended and prompt anti-HBV therapy should be implemented.

Do differences exist between chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2 and 3?

INTRODUCTION: Six genotypes of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been identified thus far, and their distribution is well defined. Genotype 1, which is the most prevalent worldwide, is always compared to genotypes 2 and 3, particularly in terms of treatment response. However, little is known about the differences between genotypes 2 and 3 because these genotypes are analyzed together in most studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and histological parameters between HCV-2 and HCV-3. METHODS: Patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotypes 2 and 3 were studied retrospectively and compared according to clinical, laboratory, and histological aspects. Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was analyzed quantitatively by TaqMan® real-time PCR, and the HCV genotype was determined by sequencing the 5'-untranslated region. RESULTS: A total of 306 patients with chronic HCV-2 (n=50) and HCV-3 (n = 256) were studied. Subtype 2b (n=17/50) and subtype 3a (n=244/256) were the most prevalent among patients infected with HCV-2 and HCV-3, respectively. The mean age was 47 ± 10 years, and there was a predominance of men in the group studied (61%). Comparative analysis between HCV-2 and HCV-3 showed a younger age (p=0.002), less prevalence of arterial hypertension (p=0.03), higher serum albumin levels (p=0.01), more advanced stage of liver fibrosis (p=0.03), and higher frequency of steatosis in patients with HCV-3 (p=0.001). After multivariate regression analysis, all the variables, except serum albumin, remained as variables associated with HCV-3 in the final model. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and histological differences exist between HCV-2 and HVC-3, which suggests the need for separate analyses of these genotypes.

Clinical outcomes and risk factors for death from disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS who visited a high-complexity hospital in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) is a systemic mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum) and is characterized by progressive and fatal evolution in immunocompromised patients. Moreover, it is considered an AIDS-defining disease. METHODS: We performed an observational, analytical, retrospective study to identify the clinical outcomes and risk factors for death from DH in patients with AIDS at an infectious diseases service facility in Brazil between September 2011 and July 2016. Patients with a positive serology for HIV and DH were diagnosed via direct examination and/or positive cultures for H. capsulatum. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included in this study. Approximately, 82.6% were men, with a mean age of 41.0±11.5 years, and 52.2% had a concomitant diagnosis of AIDS and DH. The median CD4+ T cell count was 19 cells/mm3, and 56.5% of the patients died. The most frequently observed symptoms were fever, dyspnea, and skin lesions. On the basis of a comparative analysis of those who died and survived, the absence of splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and the presence of H. capsulatum in the peripheral blood were considered as risk factors for death. Those who died had a higher leukocyte count; CRP, urea, and lactate dehydrogenase levels; AST index; and international normalized ratio prothrombin time. The serum total protein and albumin levels of the patients were lower. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate for DH is high among severely immunocompromised patients with AIDS. The risk factors for death were those traditionally associated with blood dyscrasia, inflammatory activity, as well as increased renal and nutritional impairment.

Is early virological response as predictive of the hepatitis C treatment response in dialysis patients as in non-uremic patients?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA present at week 12 is a good predictor of the response to interferon (IFN) monotherapy in hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C. METHODS: Hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C who were treated between 1997 and 2008 with IFN monotherapy for 48 weeks without dose reduction were included. The predictive value of HCV RNA at week 12 for achieving a sustained virological response (SVR) was determined. RESULTS: Forty patients (mean age 47±9 years; 75% males and 80% with genotype 1) were included. Septal fibrosis or cirrhosis was observed in 38% of these patients. Twelve (30%) of the 40 patients achieved SVR. HCV RNA was undetectable at week 12 in 68%. The positive predictive value of HCV RNA at week 12 was 45% and the negative predictive value was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HCV RNA at week 12 had a high negative predictive value for SVR in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with IFN for 48 weeks. Therefore, if HCV RNA is detected at week 12, treatment should be discontinued due to the low probability of a sustained response.

Aconselhamento dietético em pacientes com vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Dietary advice in patients with human immunodeficiency virus / Consejo dietético en pacientes con virus de inmunoficiencia humana

Objetivo: verificar a influência do aconselhamento dietético na manutenção ou recuperação do estado nutricional de pacientes recém diagnosticados com o vírus HIV. Método: estudo de coorte prospectiva, com participação de 21 sujeitos, acompanhados individualmente no Hospital-Dia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, por meio de avaliação antropométrica do consumo alimentar e aconselhamento dietético durante 12 meses, após a aprovação do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Protocolo n. 654. Resultados: houve maior diferença entre o peso corporal teórico e o peso final naqueles pacientes que não seguiram as orientações nutricionais. O grupo que seguiu as orientações apresentou maior diferença entre peso teórico e final (p = 0,005) e reduziram o valor calórico total no final do estudo (p = 0,030) e os que não seguiram apresentaram um consumo alimentar aumentados no final (p = 0,038). Conclusão: os 16 pacientes que seguiram as orientações nutricionais apresentaram melhora no consumo alimentar; e, destes, 7 (43,8%) não utilizavam terapia antirretroviral, fato que favoreceu a adesão ao aconselhamento dietético (p = 0,029).(AU)

Objective: to verify the influence of dietary advice in the maintenance or recovery of the nutritional status of patients newly diagnosed with HIV. Method: prospective cohort study, with the participation of 21 subjects, followed individually in the Day Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, through anthropometric assessment of food consumption and dietary advising for 12 months after approval of the project by the Research Ethics Committee Protocol 654. Results: greater difference between the theoretical body weight and final weight in those patients who did not follow the nutritional guidelines. The group followed the guidelines presented the greatest difference between theoretical and final weight (p=0.005) and reduced the total caloric value at the end of the study (p=0.030) and those who did not follow it, presented a food increased in the final consumption (p=0.038). Conclusion: the 16 patients who followed the nutritional guidelines, showed improvement in food consumption; although 7 (43.8%) were not using antiretroviral therapy, a fact which favored adherence to dietary advice (p=0.029).(AU)

Objetivo: verificar la influencia del consejo dietético en el mantenimiento o recuperación del estado nutricional de pacientes recién diagnosticados con el virus HIV. Método: estudio de cohorte prospectivo, con participación de 21 sujetos, acompañados individualmente en el Hospital-Día de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, por medio de evaluación antropométrica del consumo alimentar y consejo dietético durante 12 meses, luego de la aprobación del proyecto por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, Protocolo n. 654. Resultados: hubo mayor diferencia entre el peso corporal teórico y el peso final en aquellos pacientes que no siguieron las orientaciones nutricionales. El grupo que siguió las orientaciones presentó mayor diferencia entre peso teórico y final (p=0,005) y redujeron el valor calórico total en el final del estudio (p=0,030) y los que no siguieron, presentaron un consumo alimentar aumentado en el final (p=0,038). Conclusión: los 16 pacientes que siguieron las orientaciones nutricionales, presentaron mejora en el consumo alimentar; de estos, 7 (43,8%) no utilizaban terapia antiretroviral, hecho que favoreció la adherencia al consejo dietético (p = 0,029). (AU)

Reativação de leishmaniose durante tratamento de hepatite b crônica com alfainterferona 2b / Leishmaniasis reactivation during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon alpha 2b - case report

Descreve-se aqui um caso de reativação de leishmaniose cutaneomucosa durante o tratamento com alfainterferona 2b (IFN) para hepatite B crônica (HBV). Relato do caso: Paciente masculino, 52 anos, natural da Bahia, procedente de São Paulo onde vivia há 30 anos, encaminhado por HBV. Na história epidemiológica, referiu-se a uma viagem há cinco anos para Porto Seguro-BA, sem apresentar outros fatores de risco. No exame físico para admissão, não havia evidências de doença hepática crônica. Sorologias pré-tratamento: HBsAg e HBeAg positivos, biópsia A0F0 (Metavir). Foi submetido a tratamento com IFN 5 milhões de UI/dia por 24 semanas. No final, apresentava-se HBV DNA detectável, sem soroconversão de HBeAg, porém evoluiu no quarto mês de tratamento com perda ponderal de 10 kg, astenia, sinais e sintomas de sinusite sem melhora clínica após antibioticoterapia. Foi encaminhado para a otorrinolaringologia com rouquidão persistente, destruição de septo nasal, com áreas de crostas, necrose local, alargamento nasal e lesão em palato mole, cuja biópsia mostrou processo inflamatório granulomatoso com necrose caseosa, sugestivo de leishmaniose. Sorologia para leishmaniose IgG 1/80 (IFI) e intradermorreação de Montenegro de 30 mm. Indicado antimoniato de meglumina IV por 30 dias, obteve melhora da rouquidão e das lesões de palato. Conclusão: O quadro clínico sugere reativação da leishmaniose induzida pelo IFN. Acredita-se que este seja o primeiro relato na literatura de reativação de leishmaniose muco-cutânea por uso de IFN, semelhantemente ao que ocorre com a tuberculose. Screening para leishmaniose deve ser realizado em paciente de região endêmica no pré-tratamento com IFN diante da possibilidade de reativação de infecção latente

Chronic hepatitis C: hepatic iron content does not correlate with response to antiviral therapy.

The complex interaction between hepatitis C virus infection, iron homeostasis and the response to antiviral treatment remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hepatic iron concentration (HIC) on the sustained virological response (SVR) to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A total of 50 patients who underwent pretreatment liver biopsy with assessment of HIC by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and were subsequently submitted to antiviral treatment with interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin were included in the study. Patients with alcoholism, history of multiple blood transfusion, chronic kidney disease, hemolytic anemia and parenteral iron therapy were excluded. The iron related markers and HIC were compared between those who achieved an SVR and non-responders (NR) patients. The mean age was 45.7 years and the proportion of patients' gender was not different between SVR and NR patients. The median serum iron was 138 and 134 microg/dL (p = 0.9), the median serum ferritin was 152.5 and 179.5 ng/mL (p = 0.87) and the median HIC was 9.9 and 8.2 micromol/g dry tissue (p = 0.51), for SVR and NR patients, respectively. Thus, hepatic iron concentration, determined by a reliable quantitative method, was not a negative predictive factor of SVR in patients with chronic hepatitis C presenting mild to moderate hepatic iron accumulation.

Do differences exist between chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2 and 3?

Introduction Six genotypes of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been identified thus far, and their distribution is well defined. Genotype 1, which is the most prevalent worldwide, is always compared to genotypes 2 and 3, particularly in terms of treatment response. However, little is known about the differences between genotypes 2 and 3 because these genotypes are analyzed together in most studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and histological parameters between HCV-2 and HCV-3. Methods Patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotypes 2 and 3 were studied retrospectively and compared according to clinical, laboratory, and histological aspects. Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was analyzed quantitatively by TaqMan® real-time PCR, and the HCV genotype was determined by sequencing the 5′-untranslated region. Results A total of 306 patients with chronic HCV-2 (n=50) and HCV-3 (n = 256) were studied. Subtype 2b (n=17/50) and subtype 3a (n=244/256) were the most prevalent among patients infected with HCV-2 and HCV-3, respectively. The mean age was 47 ± 10 years, and there was a predominance of men in the group studied (61%). Comparative analysis between HCV-2 and HCV-3 showed a younger age (p=0.002), less prevalence of arterial hypertension (p=0.03), higher serum albumin levels (p=0.01), more advanced stage of liver fibrosis (p=0.03), and higher frequency of steatosis in patients with HCV-3 (p=0.001). After multivariate regression analysis, all the variables, except serum albumin, remained as variables associated with HCV-3 in the final model. Conclusions Clinical and histological differences exist between HCV-2 and HVC-3, which suggests the need for separate analyses of these genotypes. .

Chronic hepatitis C: hepatic iron content does not correlate with response to antiviral therapy / Hepatite C crônica: concentração hepática de ferro não é correlacionada com a resposta ao tratamento antiviral

The complex interaction between hepatitis C virus infection, iron homeostasis and the response to antiviral treatment remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hepatic iron concentration (HIC) on the sustained virological response (SVR) to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A total of 50 patients who underwent pretreatment liver biopsy with assessment of HIC by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and were subsequently submitted to antiviral treatment with interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin were included in the study. Patients with alcoholism, history of multiple blood transfusion, chronic kidney disease, hemolytic anemia and parenteral iron therapy were excluded. The iron related markers and HIC were compared between those who achieved an SVR and non-responders (NR) patients. The mean age was 45.7 years and the proportion of patients' gender was not different between SVR and NR patients. The median serum iron was 138 and 134 µg/dL (p = 0.9), the median serum ferritin was 152.5 and 179.5 ng/mL (p = 0.87) and the median HIC was 9.9 and 8.2 µmol/g dry tissue (p = 0.51), for SVR and NR patients, respectively. Thus, hepatic iron concentration, determined by a reliable quantitative method, was not a negative predictive factor of SVR in patients with chronic hepatitis C presenting mild to moderate hepatic iron accumulation.

A complexa interação entre infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C, homeostase do ferro e resposta ao tratamento antiviral permanece controversa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da concentração hepática de ferro (CHF) na resposta virológica sustentada (RVS) à terapia antiviral na hepatite C crônica. Foram incluídos 50 pacientes que foram submetidos à biopsia hepática pré-tratamento com determinação da CHF por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite e tratados posteriormente com interferon/peginterferon e ribavirina. Pacientes com alcoolismo, história de múltiplas transfusões sanguíneas, doença renal crônica, anemia hemolítica e terapia com ferro parenteral foram excluídos. O perfil de ferro sérico e a CHF foram comparados entre aqueles que atingiram RVS e os não-respondedores (NR). A média de idade dos pacientes foi 45,7 anos e não houve diferença na proporção de homens e mulheres entre os grupos RVS e NR. A mediana do ferro sérico foi 138 and 134 µg/dL (p = 0.9), a mediana da ferritina sérica foi 152,5 e 179,5 ng/mL (p = 0,87) e a CHF mediana foi 9,9 e 8,2 µmol/g de tecido seco (p = 0,51), para pacientes com RVS e NR, respectivamente. Concluindo, a concentração hepática de ferro, determinada por um método quantitativo confiável, não foi um fator preditivo negativo de RVS em pacientes com hepatite C crônica e acúmulo de ferro hepático leve a moderado.