The gyrase inhibitor albicidin consists of p-aminobenzoic acids and cyanoalanine.

Albicidin is a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor produced by the sugarcane pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas albilineans. Here we report the elucidation of the hitherto unknown structure of albicidin, revealing a unique polyaromatic oligopeptide mainly composed of p-aminobenzoic acids. In vitro studies provide further insights into the biosynthetic machinery of albicidin. These findings will enable structural investigations on the inhibition mechanism of albicidin and its assessment as a highly effective antibacterial drug.

The Albicidin Resistance Factor AlbD Is a Serine Endopeptidase That Hydrolyzes Unusual Oligoaromatic-Type Peptides.

The para-aminobenzoic acid-containing peptide albicidin is a pathogenicity factor synthesized by Xanthomonas albilineans in infections of sugar cane. Albicidin is a nanomolar inhibitor of the bacterial DNA gyrase with a strong activity against various Gram-negative bacteria. The bacterium Pantoea dispersa expresses the hydrolase AlbD, conferring natural resistance against albicidin. We show that AlbD is a novel type of endopeptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of albicidin at a peptide backbone amide bond, thus abolishing its antimicrobial activity. Additionally, we determined the minimal cleavage motif of AlbD with substrates derived by chemical synthesis. Our results clearly identify AlbD as a unique endopeptidase that is the first member of a new subfamily of peptidases. Our findings provide the molecular basis for a natural detoxification mechanism, potentially rendering a new tool in biological chemistry approaches.

Recent advances in the field of bioactive tetronates.

Over the last several decades, the number of pharmacologically active natural products has significantly increased and several natural product families have taken shape. This review highlights the family of tetronate and spirotetronate compounds, which show a vast structural and functional diversity. The rapid growth of this group has created the need for a comprehensive overview and classification system, which we have devised based on structural characteristics. An updated overview is provided based on known tetronates, intended to spur further research in this field by identifying common structural features and general principles of their biosynthesis. We also compare a selection of chemical syntheses of representative compounds belonging to individual subtypes, both in terms of their efficiency as well as the extent to which they are biomimetic. This review also summarizes progress in unraveling some of the principles underlying the potent and varied bioactivities of natural tetronate antibiotics, and in identifying and better understanding their structure-activity relationships and modes of action.

The "acrosomal synapse": Subcellular organization by lipid rafts and scaffolding proteins exhibits high similarities in neurons and mammalian spermatozoa.

Mammalian spermatozoa are highly polarized cells composed of two morphological and functional units, each optimized for a special task. Although the apparent division into head and tail may as such represent the anatomical basis to avoid random diffusion of their special sets of signaling proteins and lipids, recent findings demonstrate the presence of lipid raft-derived membrane platforms and specific scaffolding proteins, thus indicating that smaller sub-domains exist in the two functional units of male germ cells. The aim of this review is to summarize new insights into the principles of subcellular organization in mammalian spermatozoa. Special emphasis is placed on recent observations indicating that an "acrosomal synapse" is formed by lipid raft-derived membrane micro-environments and multidomain scaffolding proteins. Both mechanisms appear to be responsible for ensuring the attachment of the huge acrosomal vesicle to the overlaying plasma membrane, as well as for preventing an accidental spontaneous loss of the single acrosome.