Comparison of Changes in Retinal Vascular Parameters and Density in Patients with Moyamoya Disease: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare retinal vascular parameters and density in patients with moyamoya disease using the optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: This clinical trial totally enrolls 78 eyes from 39 participants, and all these patients with moyamoya disease (N = 13) are set as experimental group and participants with health who matched with age and gender are considered as the control group (N = 26). Then all these participants receive optical coherence tomography angiography detection. Participants' general data are collected and analyzed. Skeleton density (SD) value, vessel density (VD) value, fractal dimension (FD) value, vessel diameter index (VDI) value, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) value are analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 39 participants are included in this study. The SD value in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group (0.175 [0.166, 0.181] vs. 0.184 [0.175, 0.188], p = 0.017). Similarly, the VD value in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (0.333 [0.320, 0.350] vs. 0.354 [0.337, 0.364], p = 0.024). Additionally, the FD value in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (2.088 [2.083, 2.094] vs. 2.096 [2.090, 2.101], p = 0.022). As for the VDI and FAZ, VDI and FAZ values in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, there was no significant difference in VDI and FAZ values between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study, using non-invasive and rapid OCTA imaging, confirmed decreased retinal vascular parameters and density in patients with moyamoya disease.

Aniline tetramer conjugated N-doped graphene aerogel enabling efficient pH-universal aqueous supercapacitors.

The development of novel negative electrode (anode) materials for efficient aqueous supercapacitors (SCs) remains appealing yet significantly challenging. Here we propose an aniline tetramer conjugated nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel (AT-NGA) as the anode material, exhibiting a maximum capacitance of 699.1F g-1 under 1 A/g in 1 M H2SO4 as well as a long lifespan of 6,000 cycles at all pH levels. In particular, its capacitive contribution is 94.1 %, superior to the best pseudocapacitive materials known. To evaluate its pH-universality, we assembled three asymmetric SCs, namely, AT-NGA//1 M H2SO4//graphene aerogel, AT-NGA//1 M Na2SO4//NaMnO2-x and AT-NGA//1 M KOH//NiCoFe layered double hydroxide. The acid device delivers maximal energy and power densities of 35.8 mWh g-1 and 13.0 W/g, the neutral device achieves a maximal energy and power densities of 71.8 mWh g-1 and 33.0 W/g, and the base device exhibits a maximal energy and power densities of 48.2 mWh g-1 and 18.0 W/g, respectively. All the SCs display an outstanding cycling performance over 5,000 cycles (especially, 96 % capacitance retention for the acidic device after 12,000 cycles). Our design can also be expanded to prepare other redox-active anode materials for efficient aqueous SC applications.

Analysis of macula structural changes in Moyamoya disease using AI-assisted OCT.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate macula structure thickness and volume changes in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, we used artificial intelligence (AI) -assisted optical coherence tomography (OCT) to analyze the thickness and volume of macula in Moyamoya patients. ETDRS zoning divides the macula into nine different regions. In 15 patients with radial scanning OCT, the average thickness and volume of retina, RNFL, GCL, and choroid in these regions were measured. In 30 patients with radial or horizontal scanning OCT, based on the anatomical structure, the macula is divided into seven segments. Mean Sattler layer-choriocapillaris complex thickness (SLCCT), Haller layer thickness, and total choroidal thickness were measured for each segment using AI-assisted OCT. RESULTS: We recruited 30 patients (59 eyes) with MMD. In the 15 patients (29 eyes) who underwent radial scanning OCT, no significant change in retina, RNFL, GCL, and choroidal thickness was identified between the two groups (p > 0.05). There was no significant change in retina, RNFL, or choroidal volume between the two groups in different ETDRS macula regions (p > 0.05). The GCL volume in the macula's inner ring nasal portion (IN) was significantly lower. SLCCTs were considerably reduced in six macula regions in moyamoya groups (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant change in Haller layer thickness. Only the nasal perifovea (PE_N) exhibited a significant variation in choroidal thickness. The Moyamoya group showed reduced choroidal thickness in PE_N segment. CONCLUSION: In patients with MMD, there is thinning of the Sattler layer-choriocapillaris complex in the choroid.