Three Molecular Developmental Pathways of Remnant Pancreatic Cancer after Resection: A Nationwide Project Study of Japan Pancreas Society.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism of remnant pancreatic cancer (PC) development after primary PC resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Molecular mechanisms of the development of remnant PCs following primary PC resection are largely unknown. METHODS: Forty-three patients undergoing remnant PC resection after primary PC resection between 2001 and 2017 at 26 institutes were retrospectively analyzed. Clinicopathological features and molecular alterations detected by targeted amplicon sequencing of 36 PC-associated genes were evaluated. RESULTS: These patients showed significantly lower body mass indices and higher hemoglobin A1c values at remnant PC resection than at primary PC resection. A comparison of the molecular features between primary and remnant PCs indicated that remnant PCs were likely to develop via three different molecular pathways: successional, showing identical and accumulated alterations (n=14); phylogenic, showing identical and distinct alterations (n=26); and distinct, showing independent distinctive alterations (n=3). The similarity of gene alterations was associated with time to the remnant PC development (r=－0.384, P=0.0173). Phylogenic pathways were significantly associated with the intraductal spread of carcinoma (P=0.007). Patient survival did not differ significantly depending on these molecular pathways. CONCLUSION: Molecular profiling uncovered three pathways for the development of remnant PCs, namely, successional, phylogenic, and distinct pathways. The vast majority of remnant PCs are likely to be molecularly associated with primary PCs either in the successional or phylogenic way. This information could impact the design of a strategy for monitoring and treating remnant PCs.

Early Tumor Shrinkage and Depth of Response as Predictors of Survival for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: An Exploratory Analysis of JCOG1113.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that early tumor shrinkage (ETS) and depth of response (DpR) reflect outcomes of chemotherapy in various cancers. This study evaluated the association of ETS and DpR with clinical outcomes using data from JCOG1113, which demonstrated the non-inferiority of gemcitabine plus S-1 (GS) to gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) for chemotherapy-naïve advanced biliary tract cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 354 (289 with measurable target lesions) patients enrolled in JCOG1113 were divided into ETS-unachieved and ETS-achieved groups (≥20% tumor reduction at week 6) and DpR-low and DpR-high groups (≥40% maximum shrinkage) until 12 weeks after enrollment. The impact of ETS and DpR on survival outcome was evaluated using the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The proportions of patients in the ETS-achieved and DpR-high groups were similar between the 2 treatment arms. The hazard ratios (HRs) of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the ETS-achieved group were 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52-0.93) and 0.60 (95%CI, 0.44-0.81), respectively. The HRs of PFS and OS for the DpR-high group were 0.67 (95%CI, 0.48-0.94) and 0.64 (95%CI, 0.46-0.90), respectively. In the subpopulation treatment effect pattern plot analysis, most patients in the ETS-achieved group in the GC arm did not experience disease progression after 12 weeks from the landmark. CONCLUSION: As on-treatment markers, ETS and DpR were effective tools. ETS was clinically useful, because it can be used to evaluate the outcomes of treatment early at a specific time.

Reconsideration of the clinical impact of neoadjuvant therapy in resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: A dual-institution collaborative clinical study.

PURPOSE: We investigated true indication of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in resectable pancreatic cancer and the optimal surgical timing in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A total of 687 patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer were enrolled. Survival analysis was performed by intention-to-treat analysis and propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted. RESULTS: In resectable disease, the NAT group showed better overall survival (OS) compared with the upfront group. Multivariate analysis identified CA19-9 level (≥100 U/mL) and lymph node metastasis to be prognostic factors, and a tumor size of 25 mm was the optimal cut-off value to predict lymph node metastasis. There was no significant survival difference between patients with a tumor size ≤25 mm and CA19-9 < 100 U/mL and those in the NAT group. In borderline resectable disease, OS in the NAT group was significantly better than that in the upfront group. CEA (≥5 ng/mL) and CA19-9 (≥100 U/mL) were identified as prognostic factors; however, the OS of patients fulfilling these factors was worse than that of the NAT group. CONCLUSIONS: NAT could be unnecessary in patients with tumor size ≤25 mm and CA19-9 < 100 U/mL in resectable disease. In borderline resectable disease, surgery should be delayed until tumor marker levels are well controlled.

Impact of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy longer than 6 months on survival in patients with resected pancreatic cancer: a nationwide survey by the Japan Pancreas Society based on real-world data.

BACKGROUND: Based on the Japan Adjuvant Study Group of Pancreatic Cancer 01 study, the standard duration of adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 (an oral 5-fluorouracil prodrug consisting of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil) in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) was considered to be 6 months, but the impact of increasing its duration on postoperative survival was unknown. Here, the authors investigated this question by reviewing real-world data from a large cohort of patients with PDAC. METHODS: In total, 3949 patients who underwent surgery for PDAC during the study period followed by S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy in board-certified institutions were included. Based on the duration of S-1 chemotherapy, two subgroups were defined: a standard-duration group that included patients who were treated for 180 ± 30 days and a longer duration group that included patients who received treatment for >210 days. RESULTS: The median duration of S-1 chemotherapy was 167 days, with a mean ± standard deviation of 200 ± 193 days. After excluding patients who had a recurrence within 210 days after the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy, postoperative recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in the standard-duration group (n = 1473) and the longer duration group (n = 975) were compared. RFS and OS did not differ significantly between the standard-duration and longer duration groups (5-year RFS: 37.8% vs. 36.2% respectively; p = .6186; 5-year OS: 52.8% vs. 53.4%, respectively; p = .5850). The insignificant difference was verified by multivariate analysis and propensity-score matching analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that extending S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy beyond 6 months has no significant additional effect on survival in patients with PDAC. This could be useful in determining whether to extend S-1 chemotherapy in patients who have completed the standard 6-month treatment.

Survival impact of occult liver metastasis and peritoneal dissemination compared with radiologically defined distant organ metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Characteristics and prognoses of patients with occult metastases (OM) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) compared with radiologically defined metastases (RM) have been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to clarify the prognosis of OM compared with RM and to establish a treatment strategy for PDAC patients with OM. METHODS: This single-institution, retrospective study evaluated patients with unresectable PDAC between 2008 and 2018. OM was defined as abdominal metastasis that was detected by staging laparoscopy or open laparotomy but not in the initial assessment of radiological images. RESULTS: OM and RM were identified in 135 and 112 patients, respectively. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), tumor diameter, and rate of local unresectability were significantly lower in the OM group. Median overall survival (OS) of OM was significantly better than that of RM (13.0 vs 8.9 months, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis of OS, ECOG PS ≥ 1 (HR 1.64, p = 0.009), NLR ≥5 (HR 1.97, p = 0.004), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 ≥1000 (HR 1.68, p = 0.001), tumor diameter ≥40 mm (HR 1.40, p = 0.027), conversion surgery (HR 0.12, p < 0.001), and multiple lines of chemotherapy (HR 0.38, p < 0.001) were independent predictors. However, type of metastasis (OM vs RM) not an independent predictor (HR 1.10, p = 0.590). CONCLUSION: The prognosis of PDAC with OM was relatively better than that with RM, but general and nutritional statuses, primary tumor size and CA19-9, conversion surgery and multiple lines of chemotherapy were independent predictors but not tumor burden.

Is surgical resection justified for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with distant abdominal organ metastasis? A position paper by experts in pancreatic surgery at the Joint Meeting of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) & the Japan Pancreas Society (JPS) 2022 in Kyoto.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a typical refractory malignancy, and many patients have distant organ metastases at diagnosis, such as liver metastasis and peritoneal dissemination. The standard treatment for unresectable PDAC with distant organ metastasis (UR-M) is chemotherapy, but the prognosis remained poor. However, with recent dramatic developments in chemotherapy, the prognosis has gradually improved, and some patients have experienced marked shrinkage or disappearance of their metastatic lesions. With this trend, attempts have been made to resect a small number of metastases (so-called oligometastases) in combination with the primary tumor or to resect the primary and metastatic tumor in patients with a favorable response to anti-cancer treatment after a certain period of time (so-called conversion surgery). An international consensus meeting on surgical treatment for UR-M PDAC was held during the Joint Congress of the 26th Meeting of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) and the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Pancreas Society (JPS) in Kyoto in July 2022. The presenters showed their indications for and results of surgical treatment for UR-M PDAC and discussed their advantages and disadvantages with the experts. Although these reports were limited to a small number of patients, findings suggest that these surgical treatments for patients with UR-M PDAC who have had a significant response to chemotherapy may contribute to a prognosis of prolonged survival. We hope that this article summarizing the discussion and agreements at the meeting will serve as the basis for future trials and guidelines.

Impact of neoadjuvant therapy on gut microbiome in patients with resectable/borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: /Objectives: Effects of chemotherapy on gut microbiota have been reported in various carcinomas. The current study aimed to evaluate the changes in the gut microbiota before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with resectable (R) and borderline resectable (BR) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and understand their clinical implications. METHODS: Twenty patients diagnosed with R/BR-PDAC were included in this study. Stool samples were collected at two points, before and after NAC, for microbiota analysis using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequences. RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, 18 (90%) were treated with gemcitabine plus S-1 as NAC, and the remaining patients received gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and a fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combination. No significant differences were observed in the α- and ß-diversity before and after NAC. Bacterial diversity was not associated with Evans classification (histological grade of tumor destruction by NAC) or postoperative complications. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria phylum after NAC was significantly lower than that before NAC (P = 0.02). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium before NAC in patients with Evans grade 2 disease was significantly higher than that in patients with Evans grade 1 disease (P = 0.03). Patients with Evans grade 2 lost significantly more Bifidobacterium than patients with Evans grade 1 (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The diversity of gut microbiota was neither decreased by NAC for R/BR-PDAC nor associated with postoperative complications. Lower incidence of Bifidobacterium genus before NAC may be associated with a lower pathological response to NAC.

Efficacy of Lentinula edodes Mycelia Extract on Chemotherapy-Related Tasted Disorders in Pancreatic Cancer Patients.

Patients undergoing chemotherapy suffer from taste disorders that affect the quality of life (QOL). In this study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to explore the effectiveness of AHCC®, a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia, for chemotherapy-related adverse events and taste disorders in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Patients who received chemotherapy were randomized to receive either placebo or AHCC®. The study endpoints were the incidence of anemia and taste disorders assessed with changes in nutritional parameters. Ninety-eight patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) were enrolled in this study, with 55 patients randomly assigned to the AHCC® group and 43 to the placebo group. The incidence of grades 2-3 anemia in the AHCC® group who were receiving chemotherapy was not significantly different compared to that of the placebo group (Risk difference; -3.1% [95% confidence intervals (CI): -22.8% to 16.9%], p = 0.8392). In the AHCC® group, the occurrence of taste disorders during chemotherapy was significantly lower, and the nutritional parameters were significantly improved compared to those in the placebo group (Risk difference; 28.6% [95% CI: 7.5% to 47.8%], p = 0.0077). AHCC® appears to prevent taste disorders in patients with advanced PDAC who were receiving chemotherapy. AHCC® is expected to enable patients who need chemotherapy to improve nutritional status and their QOL.

The academic impact and value of an international online surgery lecture series.

Due to the worldwide travel restrictions caused by the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic, many universities and students lost opportunities to engage in international exchange over the past 2 years. Teleconferencing systems have thus been developed to compensate for severe travel restrictions. Kansai Medical University in Japan and Vilnius University in Lithuania have a collaborative research and academic relationship. The two universities have been conducting an online joint international surgery lecture series for the medical students of both universities. Fifteen lectures were given from October 2021 to May 2022. The lectures focused on gastrointestinal surgery, gastroenterology, radiology, pathology, genetics, laboratory medicine, and organ transplantation. A survey of the attendees indicated that they were generally interested in the content and satisfied with attending this lecture series. Our efforts were successful in providing Japanese and Lithuanian medical students with the opportunity to engage in international exchange through lectures held in each other's countries.

Long-term outcomes of patients with multifocal intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm following pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The decision to perform surgery is complicated by the presence of multifocal (MF) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), which are characterized by two or more cysts located in different areas of the pancreas. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to establish a suitable treatment strategy and surgical indications in patients with MF-IPMNs. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included patients with IPMNs who underwent pancreatic resection from 2006 to 2020. Patients with distant metastasis and patients with IPMNs of the main pancreatic duct were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: After excluding 22 patients, 194 patients were included. One hundred thirteen patients (58.2%) had unifocal IPMNs, while 81 patients (41.8%) had MF-IPMNs. There were no significant differences in the 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate (92.3% vs. 92.4%, p = 0.976) and the 5-year disease-free survival rate (88.6% vs. 86.5%, p = 0.461). The multivariate analysis identified high-risk stigmata, invasive carcinoma, and lymph node metastasis as independent predictors of DSS. The presence of cystic lesions in the pancreatic remnant was not a predictor of survival. Even in the MF-IPMN group, there were no significant differences in DSS when stratified by procedure (total pancreatectomy vs. segmental pancreatectomy, p = 0.268) or presence of cystic lesions in the pancreatic remnant (p = 0.476). The multivariate analysis identified lymph node metastasis as an independent predictor of DSS in the MF-IPMN group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MF-IPMNs, each cyst should be evaluated individually for the presence of features associated with malignancy.

High tumor budding predicts a poor prognosis in resected duodenal adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Tumor budding is a histological characteristic defined as the presence of small clusters of cancer cells at the invasion front. Its significance in duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) has not been fully described. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study was conducted. Patients who underwent curative surgery for histologically diagnosed DA from January 2006 to December 2018 at Kansai Medical University Hospital were included. Tumor budding was counted per 0.785 mm2 and classified as low (0-4 buds), intermediate (5-9 buds), or high (≥ 10 buds). RESULTS: In total, 47 patients were included. The 5-year overall survival and relapse-free survival rates were 77% and 72%, respectively. High tumor budding was seen in 15 patients (32%). Excluding patients with superficial type (pT1) DA (n = 22), high tumor budding [hazard ratio (HR) 13.4, p = 0.028], regional lymph node metastasis (HR 19.9, p = 0.039), and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.056, p = 0.036) were independent factors related to the overall survival in multivariate analyses. Distant metastases occurred significantly more often in patients who had high tumor budding than in others (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that high tumor budding is a predictor of a poor prognosis in resected DA.

Does direct invasion of peripancreatic lymph nodes impact survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? A retrospective dual-center study.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma can directly invade the peripancreatic lymph nodes; however, the significance of direct lymph node invasion is controversial, and it is currently classified as lymph node metastasis. This study aimed to identify the impact of direct invasion of peripancreatic lymph nodes on survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 411 patients with resectable/borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent pancreatic resection at two high-volume centers from 2006 to 2016 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixty (14.6%) patients had direct invasion of the peripancreatic lymph nodes without isolated lymph node metastasis (N-direct group), 189 (46.0%) had isolated lymph node metastasis (N-met group), and 162 (39.4%) had neither direct invasion nor isolated metastasis (N0 group). There was no significant difference in median overall survival between the N-direct group (35.0 months) and the N0 group (45.6 month) (p = 0.409), but survival was significantly longer in the N-direct compared with the N-met group (25.0 months) (p = 0.003). Similarly, median disease-free survival was similar in the N-direct (21.0 months) and N0 groups (22.7 months) (p = 0.151), but was significantly longer in the N-direct compared with the N-met group (14.0 months) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified resectability, adjuvant chemotherapy, and isolated lymph node metastasis as independent predictors of overall survival. However, direct lymph node invasion was not a predictor of survival. CONCLUSION: Direct invasion of the peripancreatic lymph nodes had no effect on survival in patients undergoing pancreatic resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and should therefore not be classified as lymph node metastasis.

Nutritional impact of active hexose-correlated compound for patients with resectable or borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy.

Active hexose-correlated compound (AHCC) is a standardized extract from cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia, used as a potent biological response modifier in cancer treatment. We evaluated the nutritional effect of AHCC, given during neoadjuvant therapy, to patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Thirty patients with resectable or borderline-resectable PDAC received neoadjuvant therapy with gemcitabine plus S-1. We compared, retrospectively, the outcomes of 15 patients who received AHCC combined with neoadjuvant therapy with those of 15 patients who did not receive AHCC combined with neoadjuvant therapy. The median changes of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and prognostic nutrition index (PNI) were significantly better in the AHCC group. The relative dose intensity of neoadjuvant therapy was also significantly higher in the AHCC group. Thus, AHCC may improve the nutritional status during neoadjuvant therapy of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. To validate these results and examine the long-term impact of AHCC, a prospective phase II study for PDAC is ongoing.

Bile Duct Stones Predict a Requirement for Cholecystectomy in Older Patients.

BACKGROUND: The requirement for elective cholecystectomy in older patients is unclear. To determine predictors for requiring elective cholecystectomy in older patients, a prospective cohort study was performed. METHODS: All patients with gallstone disease who presented to our department from 2006 to 2018 were included if they met the following criteria: (1) age 75 years or older, (2) presentation for elective cholecystectomy, and (3) preoperative diagnosis of cholecystolithiasis. Two therapeutic options, elective surgery and a wait-and-see approach, were offered at their initial visit. Enrolled patients were assigned to one arm of the study according to their choice of the therapeutic options. The primary endpoint was the incidence of gallstone-related complications. The endpoint was compared between patients who underwent cholecystectomy (CH group) and those who chose a wait-and-see approach (No-CH group). RESULTS: During the study period, there were 344 patients in the CH group and 161 in the No-CH group. Among patients with a history of bile duct stones, the incidence of gallstone-related complications in the No-CH group was significantly higher (45% within 3 years, including two gallstone-related deaths) than that in the CH group (RR 2.66, 95% confidence interval 1.50-4.77, p = 0.0009). Among patients with no history of bile duct stones, the incidence of gallstone-related complications in the No-CH group reached only 10% over the 12 years. CONCLUSION: Cholecystectomy is recommended for older patients with both histories of cholecystolithiasis and bile duct stones, whereas a wait-and-see approach is preferable for patients with no bile duct stone history. A history of bile duct stones is a good predictor for cholecystectomy in older patients.

The past, present, and future status of multimodality treatment for resectable/borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

A multimodal approach to treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is now widely accepted. Improvements in radiological assessment have enabled us to define resectability in detail. Multimodality treatment is essential for patients, especially for those with PDAC in the borderline resectable (BR) stage. Even for disease in a resectable (R) stage, adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies have demonstrated beneficial outcomes in several trials and analyses. Thus, there is growing interest in optimization of the perioperative therapeutic strategy. We discuss the transition of resectability criteria and the global standard of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments for patients with R/BR-PDAC.

Phase II Study of the Triple Combination Chemotherapy of SOXIRI (S-1/Oxaliplatin/Irinotecan) in Patients with Unresectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

LESSONS LEARNED: The triple combination chemotherapy of SOXIRI (S-1/oxaliplatin/irinotecan) in patients with unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was an effective treatment that appeared to be better tolerated than the widely used FOLFIRINOX regimen.SOXIRI regimen may provide an alternative approach for advanced pancreatic cancer. BACKGROUND: In our previous phase I study, we determined the recommended dose of a biweekly S-1, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (SOXIRI) regimen in patients with unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This phase II study was conducted to assess the safety and clinical efficacy in patients with unresectable PDAC. METHODS: Patients with previously untreated metastatic and locally advanced PDAC were enrolled. The primary endpoint was response rate (RR). Secondary endpoints were adverse events (AEs), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Patients received 80 mg/m2 of S-1 twice a day for 2 weeks in alternate-day administration, 150 mg/m2 of irinotecan on day 1, and 85 mg/m2 of oxaliplatin on day 1 of a 2-week cycle. RESULTS: Thirty-five enrolled patients received a median of six (range: 2-15) treatment cycles. The RR was 22.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.4-40.1); median OS, 17.7 months (95% CI: 9.8-22.0); and median PFS, 7.4 months (95% CI: 4.2-8.4). Furthermore, the median OS in patients with distant metastasis was 10.1 months, whereas that in patients with locally advanced PDAC was 22.6 months. Major grade 3 or 4 toxicity included neutropenia (54%), anemia (17%), febrile neutropenia (11%), anorexia (9%), diarrhea (9%), and nausea (9%). There were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION: SOXIRI is considered a promising and well-tolerated regimen in patients with unresectable PDAC.

Clinicopathological and immunological features of follicular pancreatitis - a distinct disease entity characterised by Th17 activation.

AIM: Follicular pancreatitis is a recently recognised, distinct clinicopathological entity characterised by the presence of many intrapancreatic lymphoid follicles with reactive germinal centres. However, the clinicopathological and immunological features and causes have not yet been established. We assessed the clinicopathological and immunological profiles of patients with follicular pancreatitis who underwent surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included three patients with pancreatic masses (age range = 62-75 years; women:men: 1:2). A histopathological study of the resected pancreatic masses revealed abundant lymphoid follicles with reactive germinal centres in both periductal regions and diffusely within the parenchyma. No storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis or granulocytic epithelial lesions were observed. The immunohistochemical examination revealed an IgG4/IgG-positive plasma cell ratio <30% in all patients. Podoplanin (Th17 marker)-expressing lymphocytes were present in the lymphoid follicles of those with follicular pancreatitis, whereas these were absent in normal lymph nodes and in lymphoid follicles of those with IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). An RNA digital counting assay clearly demonstrated that the expression counts of 20 genes, including dendritic cells and lymphoid follicles markers, and related cytokines were significantly higher in follicular pancreatitis than in IgG4-related AIP (P < 0.01). The expressions of CCR6 and IL23A, which are genes related to Th17, were high. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that follicular pancreatitis is a histopathologically and immunologically distinct disease entity of pancreatitis and is characterised by upregulated Th17 expression.

Adipophilin expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Adipophilin is a lipid droplet-associated protein, and its expression has been correlated with aggressive clinical behavior in some types of carcinomas, though its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been clarified. This study aimed to evaluate the role of adipophilin in PDAC. METHODS: By immunohistochemical staining using tissue microarrays, we analyzed the expression profiles of adipophilin in 181 consecutive PDAC patients who underwent macroscopic margin-negative resection from January 2008 to December 2015. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared based on adipophilin expression, and the risk factors for OS, RFS, and early recurrence (within 6 months) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 181 evaluated patients, 51 (28.2%) were positive for adipophilin expression. A histopathological grade of 3 (p = 0.0012), higher CA19-9 level (p = 0.0016), and R1 status (p = 0.028) were significantly associated with adipophilin-positive patients who had significantly poor OS and RFS compared to those associated with adipophilin-negative patients (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0022, respectively). They also showed a significantly higher incidence of early recurrence (p = 0.030), based on multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Adipophilin is a potential independent prognostic marker for PDAC.

Brain white matter lesions and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a review.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a serious complication of anesthesia and surgery, and the major risk factor of POCD is aging. Although the exact pathophysiology of POCD remains unknown, two possible and reliable mechanisms have been proposed: neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, i.e., amyloid ß accumulation and/or tau protein phosphorylation, by surgery and/or general anesthetics. White matter lesions (WML) are produced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, frequently observed in elderly people, and closely related to cognitive decline. As recent studies have revealed that WML are a significant risk factor for POCD in humans, and we previously also demonstrated that persistent hypocapnea or hypotension caused neuronal damage in the caudoputamen or the hippocampus in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which features global cerebral WML without neuronal damage and is recognized as a good model of human vascular dementia especially in elderly people, we hypothesize that in addition to those two previously proposed mechanisms, perioperative vital sign changes that cause reductions in cerebral blood flow might contribute to POCD in patients with WML, whose cerebral blood flow is already considerably decreased.

Is distal pancreatectomy with en-bloc celiac axis resection effective for patients with locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? -Multicenter surgical group study.

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively investigated the operative outcomes of patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy (DP) for invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) located at the body and tail. METHODS: Data from 395 patients with PDAC who underwent DP with margin-negative resection (R0 or R1) were collected from seven high-volume centers in Japan from 2001 to 2012. Among them, 72 patients underwent DP with en-bloc celiac axis resection (DP-CAR). The remaining 323 patients underwent conventional DP with splenectomy (DP-S). To determine the efficacy of DP-CAR, clinicopathological data were compared between the DP-CAR and the DP-S groups. RESULTS: The DP-S group consisted mainly of patients with resectable disease (93%), and conversely, all patients in the DP-CAR group had borderline resectable or unresectable disease. The overall morbidity was significantly higher in the DP-CAR group than in the DP-S group (63% vs 47%, respectively; P = 0.017). The median survival time (MST) of the DP-CAR group was significantly shorter than that of the DP-S group (17.5 vs 28.6 months, respectively; P = 0.004). However, the MST of patients in the DP-CAR group (n = 61, 85%) who received adjuvant therapy was significantly longer than that of patients in the DP-S group (n = 65, 20%) who underwent R1 resection (21.9 vs 16.7 months, respectively; P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: DP-CAR followed by adjuvant chemotherapy provided an acceptable overall survival rate in patients with highly advanced PDAC, but should be performed with great caution because of high morbidity. Patients with a high risk of positive surgical margins with DP-S may be candidates for DP-CAR.