The effect of off-label use of reduced-dose direct oral anticoagulants therapy in the treatment of pulmonary embolism comparable to standard-dose therapy.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to be effective and safe in preventing pulmonary embolism recurrence. In this single-center retrospective observational study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of reduced-dose DOACs in 86 consecutive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Patients were divided into standard-dose and reduced-dose DOACs groups. Initial clot volume did not significantly differ between the two groups (standard-dose DOACs vs. reduced-dose DOACs, 18.8 [Q1-Q3 7.3-30.8] mL vs. 10.0 [Q1-Q3 3.2-27.9] mL, p = 0.1). Follow-up computed tomography (CT) within 30 days showed a higher rate of clot volume reduction or disappearance in the standard-dose group compared to the reduced-dose group (standard-dose DOACs vs. reduced-dose DOACs, 81.6% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.02). However, at the final follow-up CT, there was no significant difference in clot volume change between the two groups (standard-dose DOACs vs. reduced-dose DOACs, 91.5% vs. 82.0%, p = 0.19). Major bleeding occurred in two patients in the standard-dose group (4.3%) and three patients in the reduced-dose DOACs group (7.7%) (p = 0.5). In conclusion, while standard-dose DOACs demonstrated superior efficacy in early clot reduction, reduced doses of apixaban and edoxaban showed comparable efficacy and safety profiles in long-term treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in certain patients.

Histopathological characteristics of the arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy presenting the electrocardiographic characteristics with Brugada syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The histopathological characteristics of the overlapping disease states of Brugada syndrome (BrS) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: A 71-year-old man showed coved-type ST-segment elevation with the right precordial leads, and the echocardiography demonstrated right ventricular (RV) dilatation. After 11 months, he died of a polymorphic VT storm. RESULTS: The pathological tissue demonstrated fibrofatty degeneration in the free wall of the RV outflow tract based on the heart autopsy. CONCLUSION: The overlapping disease states of BrS and ARVC showed histopathological characteristics consistent with ARVC.

Successful endovascular isolation of a huge true anterior tibial artery aneurysm by the bi-directional approach in a young patient.

Anterior tibial artery aneurysms (ATAAs) are relatively rare entities. Most ATAAs are pseudoaneurysms resulting from trauma, infection, or iatrogenic injury. We observed a 33-year-old woman with a huge true ATAA who did not have any potential cause of pseudoaneurysm or risk factors for atherosclerosis or connective tissue disorder. Endovascular isolation by the bi-directional approach was successfully performed, and the ATAA was totally excluded from the afferent blood flow. Distal flow of the anterior tibial artery was preserved, and pulsation of the dorsal pedis artery was also well preserved. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and follow-up ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed the ATAA shrinkage.

Evaluation of Normal Epiglottis on Computed Tomography with Special Attention to Thickness.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the thickness of the normal epiglottis on computed tomography (CT) in a Japanese population. The focus was on determining the thickness of a normal epiglottis, which could then serve as a reference in detecting abnormalities. We believe that this would facilitate diagnosing and determining the extent of cancerous invasion of the supraglottis and secondary invasion of the epiglottis. This retrospective study was based on a review of radiographic data in patient charts. Cervical CT scans obtained from 79 Japanese patients (44 men [55.7%] and 35 women [44.3%]; age range, 28-85 years; mean, 58.9 years) showing a normal epiglottis under laryngoscopy were evaluated. The thickness of the epiglottis was measured on CT scans and the results analyzed with the Student's t-test, an analysis of variance, and the Tukey-Kramer test. The epiglottis in men was significantly thicker than that in women (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed in thickness depending on longitudinal height (p=<0.001). The thickness at the median was larger than that bilaterally in all patients (p=<0.001). No statistically significant difference was observed in thickness depending on side or age. The thickness of the normal epiglottis was established at each level. We believe that these data could serve as a reference in diagnosing and detecting abnormalities of the epiglottis.

Essentials on Oncological Imaging: Postoperative Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Oral Tongue Cancer.

The contribution of diagnostic imaging in evaluating the pre- and postoperative status of tongue cancer is essential. Interpretation of postoperative images is made difficult by deformation; therefore, it is necessary to know how surgical technique, biological reaction, postoperative anatomy, and local recurrence are reflected on the images. This study explains the postoperative imaging features of tongue cancer to help in the early detection of local recurrence and avoid inappropriate treatment. We review schematic drawings of representative surgical procedures for tongue carcinoma, variable radiological features in postoperative conditions with or without complications, and typical features of local failures and their mimics. This article clarifies the important tasks of radiologists and clinicians in the postoperative evaluation of tongue carcinoma.

Clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from adenomyotic cyst: A case report and literature review.

Ovaries are the primary sites of cancerous disease that is derived from endometriosis. Uterine cancer originating from endometriosis is very rare. The most frequent histological subtype of cancer derived from endometriosis is endometrioid adenocarcinoma, a subtype of clear cell carcinoma which is exceedingly rare. We report a case of a 40-year-old Japanese woman with a six year history of uterine leiomyoma. The patient was clinically and radiologically suspected to have degenerative uterine myoma with a possible malignant association and underwent a transabdominal total hysterectomy. Histopathological examination of the specimens revealed clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from the adenomyotic cyst. A literature review of clear cell adenocarcinomas arising from uterine adenomyotic cysts (cystic adenomyosis), emphasizes the clinically and radiologically important features of this very rare entity. Clear cell carcinoma association should be suspected in patients who are under follow-up for uterine myomas and present with cystic uterine changes with solid component on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans.

Radiofrequency Ablation of Re-entrant Atrial Tachycardia Originating from the Superior Vena Cava with a High-resolution, 3-dimensional Mapping System.

An 80-year-old man with no previous history of catheter ablation or cardiac surgery underwent catheter ablation for atrial tachycardia (AT). We suspected that the mechanism causing AT was re-entry indicated by the entrainment phenomenon during AT and through activation mapping with a 3-dimensional mapping system (EnSite™ X EP system; Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA). We used a multipolar catheter (Advisor™ HD Grid Mapping Catheter; Abbott) inserted into the superior vena cava (SVC) to accomplish activation mapping. The AT circuit was localized inside the SVC with a fractionated potential recorded on its right lateral wall. A similar fractionated potential was observed in the surrounding area. These areas functioned as the critical isthmus of the AT. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation at these sites eliminated the tachycardia. After RF delivery, no tachycardia was induced by programmed stimulation, even during isoproterenol infusion. Consequently, there was no recurrence of tachycardia even after catheter ablation.

Percutaneous transhepatic coil and cover technique with small system for the extrahepatic portal vein hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication that usually occurs in skeletonized arteries. Venous hemorrhage is a rarer complication, and surgical management is often challenging. We herein report the case of an 80-year-old man who suffered from prolonged pancreatic fistula and long-term drainage tube placement, which could cause late post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage from the confluence of the splenic and extrahepatic portal veins. An intrahepatic posterior portal venous branch was percutaneously punctured, and the splenic vein was embolized using coils and a vascular plug. A balloon-expandable covered stent was also placed from the superior mesenteric vein to the main portal vein to cover the confluence, which required a system as small as 8-F. Portal venography revealed good patency without extravasation. Thereafter, antithrombotic and antibacterial treatments were successfully administered without any additional interventions. He remained well without any evidence of thrombosis or indolent infection 19 months after endovascular treatment. The endovascular coil and cover technique with prolonged adjuvant therapy is a feasible alternative for managing such critical situations.

[A case of unresectable rectal cancer with severe pelvic infiltration responding to FOLFOX].

The patient was a 54-year-old male with a huge advanced rectal cancer tumor. Abdominal CT showed liver metastasis and local progressive cancer of the rectum measuring 13 × 9 × 7 cm in diameter, which invaded the urinary bladder and sacrum. We established a diagnosis of unresectable rectal cancer and then performed sigmoid colostomy. After 16 courses of FOLFOX4, abdominal CT revealed the liver metastases to have disappeared, and the large-sized advanced rectal cancer had also remarkably decreased in size. Consequently, the patient underwent a resection of the rectum while his bladder was preserved. For 2 years 10 months after surgery, no local recurrence or distant metastasis has been observed, and the patient has received no postoperative chemotherapy. FOLFOX may therefore be a useful preoperative chemotherapy for the patients with unresectable primary rectal cancer.

Superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy using altered blood flow compared to conventional systemic chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: a single-center retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of superselective intra-arterial (IA) chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) on advanced oral cancer, and to compare it with that of systemic chemoradiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included 23 consecutive patients with locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma from November 2011 to November 2019. Of these, 15 received superselective IA cisplatin chemoradiotherapy with altered blood flow in the branches of the external carotid artery, and eight received systemic chemoradiotherapy. Medical charts were reviewed for the evaluation of patient data, drug toxicity, and antitumor efficacy. RESULTS: Local control rate for the superselective IA infusion group, who underwent 6-7 cycles was significantly higher than that of the systemic chemotherapy group (11/13, 85% vs 3/8, 38%; p = 0.04). Regional control, locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.15-0.907). Acute toxicity rates of grade 3 or higher were not significantly different between the IA and IV chemotherapy groups (p = 0.221). CONCLUSION: Superselective IA chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin using altered blood flow in the branches of the external carotid artery with TAE may be useful for inoperable oral cancer.

Usefulness of P-wave duration in patients with sick sinus syndrome as a predictor of atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to clarify P-wave duration (PWD) ability before pacemaker implantation to predict worsening atrial fibrillation (AF) burden after the procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 75 patients who underwent permanent pacemaker implantation due to sick sinus syndrome (SSS) at Komaki City Hospital between January 2006 and May 2019. Worsening AF burden was defined as an increase in the number of AF episodes, each lasting ≥5.5 hours a day. RESULTS: In the study population, 17 patients (23%) had worsening AF burden during the follow-up period. These patients had significantly longer PWD in lead Ⅱ (117.9 ± 19.9 ms vs 101.3 ± 20.0 ms, P = .002) than the patients without worsening AF burden. The best discriminative cutoff value for PWD in lead Ⅱ was 108 ms (sensitivity, 77%; specificity, 67%). In multivariate analysis, PWD in lead II ≥108 ms (hazard ratio, 5.395; 95% confidence interval, 1.352-21.523; P = .017) was an independent predictor of worsening AF burden. Patients with PWD in lead II <108 ms showed a significantly higher event-free rate against worsening AF burden than those with PWD in lead II ≥108 ms (81% vs 9%, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged PWD before pacemaker implantation was the most important independent predictor of worsening AF burden after the procedure. In patients with SSS, prolonged PWD can be a useful marker for predicting worsening of AF burden after pacemaker implantation.

Successful treatment of spontaneous middle mediastinum hematoma due to rupture of bilateral bronchial artery with transcatheter arterial embolization using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: A case report.

Mediastinum hematoma is often caused by chest trauma, aortic dissection, and tumor. Spontaneous nontraumatic middle mediastinum hematoma is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition. Here, we report the case of a patient who was a 46-year-old experienced sudden chest pain with spontaneous middle mediastinum hematoma caused by rupture of the bilateral bronchial artery. We successfully treated the patient with transcatheter arterial embolization via the bilateral bronchial artery using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate.

Convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage presented with loss of consciousness.

When patients present with transient loss of consciousness without headache and head computed tomography is performed, clinicians should pay attention to cortical high densities as convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage can be a differential diagnosis.

Surfers' knots in the anterior chest.

A history of frequent surfing can be a key finding when a patient comes in with subcutaneous lesions on bilateral anterior lower chest. MR imaging could lead to the diagnosis with its characteristic finding for collagenous mass lesions, though most cases do not require imaging unless with atypical presentation. This enables clinicians to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.

Schwannoma assumedly originating from the submandibular ganglion or glandular branches radiologically mimicking a submandibular gland tumor.

Schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells. Schwannomas originating from ganglia are rare, and schwannomas of the submandibular ganglion or glandular branches have not been reported to date. We present a case of a Japanese woman in her sixties with a submandibular schwannoma originating from the submandibular ganglion, mimicking a submandibular gland tumor on radiological findings. As the radiological findings were nonspecific, the key finding in the present case may be the characteristic location of the tumor suspended from the undersurface of the lingual nerve and situated above the deep portion of the submandibular gland.

Undetectability of oral tongue cancer on magnetic resonance imaging; clinical significance as a predictor to avoid unnecessary elective neck dissection in node negative patients.

METHODS:: We retrospectively reviewed early stage oral tongue cancer patients treated with radical surgery with clinically N0, between May 2009 and February 2016. Collected data include age, sex, pathological DOI, DOI on MRI, locoregional control rate, disease-free survival rate, and overall survival rate. These data were statistically compared between the detectable lesion (DL) group and undetectable lesion (UL) group on MRI. Interobserver agreement in evaluation of detectability of the oral tongue cancer was assessed by k statistics. RESULTS:: Total of 53 patients were studied, and 28 were DLs and 25 ULs. Pathological DOI in UL was significantly smaller than that of DL (average 1.7 vs 4.6 mm, p < 0.001). Cut-off value between UL group and DL group was 3.5 mm (sensitivity 96 %, specificity 75 %). 96 % of ULs had pathological DOI smaller than 4 mm, the recommended cut-off value for neck dissection. There was no significant difference in locoregional control rate (p = 0.24), disease-free survival rate (p = 0.24) or overall survival rate (p = 0.92). Interobserver agreement in evaluation of detectability on MRI was very good ( k-value = 0.89, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:: When oral tongue cancer is not detected on MRI, it indicates pathological DOI being smaller than 4 mm, which may imply that elective neck dissection is unnecessary.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of styloglossus and hyoglossus muscle invasion: Relationship to depth of invasion and clinical significance as a predictor of advisability of elective neck dissection in node negative oral tongue cancer.

PURPOSE: By comparing styloglossus and hyoglossus muscle invasion (SHMI) of oral tongue squamous cell cancer (OTSCC) on MR imaging to pathological depth of invasion (DOI) and prognosis, we aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of MR imaging findings of SHMI. METHOD: Forty-five, early stages and clinically N0 OTSCCs were retrospectively reviewed. Data included pathological DOI, DOI on MR imagings, two-year potential cervical lymph node positive, locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Data were statistically compared between the groups with MR evidence of SHMI (SHMI+) and without MR evidence of SHMI (SHMI-). RESULTS: There were 17 SHMI + and 28 SHMI-. Elective neck dissections performed on 13 cases revealed five node positive cases, all of which were SHMI + . Pathological DOI in SHMI + was significantly larger than SHMI- (average 9.0 vs 4.6 mm, p < 0.001). All SHMI + revealed pathological DOI larger than 4 mm. The two-year potential cervical lymph node positive rate of SHMI + was significantly higher than SHMI- (p =  0.01). Locoregional control rate and disease-free survival of SHMI+ were significantly lower than in SHMI- (p =  0.02). There was no significant difference in overall survival. Interobserver agreement in evaluation of SHMI on MR imaging was good (kappa value = 0.72, p <  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pathological DOIs of SHMI + were all larger than 4 mm, which is the cut-off point that National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends for neck dissection, and SHMI + had a worse prognosis than SHMI-. SHMI + can be used as a criterion for elective neck dissection.

CT imaging features of antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw/medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

OBJECTIVES: Antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ)/medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) include both bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of jaw (BRONJ) and denosumab-related osteonecrosis of jaw (DRONJ). The purpose of this study is to study radiological characteristics of ARONJ/MRONJ. These imaging features may serve as one useful aid for assessing ARONJ/MRONJ. METHODS: CT scans of 74 Japanese patients, who were clinically diagnosed by inclusion criteria of ARONJ/MRONJ, obtained between April 1, 2011 and September 30, 2016, were evaluated. We investigated the CT imaging features of ARONJ/MRONJ, and clarified radiological differentiation between BRONJ and DRONJ, BRONJ due to oral bisphosphonate administration and due to intravenous bisphosphonate administration, BRONJ with respective kinds of medication, BRONJ with long-term administration and short-term administration, BRONJ with each clinical staging respectively. Fisher's exact test, χ2 test, Student's t-test and analysis of variance were performed in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Unilateral maxillary sinusitis was detected in all patients with upper ARONJ/MRONJ (100%). DRONJ showed large sequestrum more frequently than BRONJ (3/4, 75 vs 3/35, 8.6%, p < 0.05). DRONJ showed periosteal reaction more frequently than BRONJ (4/10, 40 vs 7/65, 10.1%, p < 0.05). Patients of BRONJ resulting from intravenous bisphosphonate administration showed larger and more frequent buccolingual cortical bone perforations than BRONJ resulting from oral bisphosphonate administration (7/8, 87.5 vs 11/30, 36.7%, p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between CT findings and respective kinds of medication, long/short-term administration, clinical stages of BRONJ. CONCLUSIONS: ARONJ/MRONJ has characteristic CT image findings which could be useful for its assessment.

A rare presentation of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome with bilateral lower limbs.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a vascular lymphatic malformation underlying with bony and soft tissue hypertrophy. It is a rare condition presenting in 1 out of 10 000 people. The growth disturbance due to KTS is more commonly unilateral (85%) than bilateral (12.5%), and most rarely crossed-bilateral (2.5%). A man in his 40s presented to our hospital with a complaint of lower limb discomfort. Radiograph, ultrasonography, computed tomography venography, magnetic resonance (and venography) showed various radiological findings characteristic for KTS. Because the patient was symptomatic, he underwent stripping of bilateral great saphenous vein and varicectomy of bilateral legs. The surgical procedures were undertaken successfully, and there has been no recurrent symptom for about 2 years and a half. In this study, we report a very rare case of bilateral KTS diagnosed by radiological and clinical manifestations with some literature review.

Wandering carotid arteries: Reciprocating change between normal and retropharyngeal positions on serial CT studies.

Positional change in the retropharyngeal carotid artery, a rare phenomenon over time, is even rarer in previous reports, and it is important to be aware of this before any neck surgical procedure. A woman in her 50s underwent an anterior maxillectomy for upper gingival cancer, without neck dissection. The patient had medical histories of diabetes mellitus and liver dysfunction, with unremarkable family histories. Serial neck contrast-enhanced computed tomography for detecting locoregional recurrence had been performed as a follow-up during 4 years. A radiological course of moving carotid arteries in serial computed tomography studies showed reciprocating positional changes (wandering) between normal and retropharyngeal regions. There was no locoregional recurrence of the gingival cancer. This is the first case to describe a so-rare presentation of wandering carotid arteries. It is important for clinicians to be aware of a wandering carotid artery to avoid potentially fatal complications.