ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bone mineral density (BMD) and prevalence of osteoporosis may differ between urban and rural populations. This study aimed to investigate the differences in BMD characteristics between urban and rural populations in Jiangsu, China. METHODS: A total of 2,711 participants aged 20 years and older were included in the cross-sectional study. Multistage and stratified cluster random sampling was used as the sampling strategy. BMD was measured by the method of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data were collected through questionnaires/interview. BMD values at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck, total hip, and greater trochanter were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate the characteristics of urban and rural participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to analyze the factors that may be associated with osteoporosis in urban and rural populations. RESULTS: Of these participants, 1,540 (50.49%) were females and 1,363 (42.14%) were from urban. The prevalence of osteoporosis in urban and rural populations was 5.52% and 10.33%, respectively. In terms of gender, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 2.68% in males and 13.82% in females. For menopausal status, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 30.34% in postmenopausal females and 4.78% in premenopausal females. In urban populations, older age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.36, 95%CI, 2.35-2.36), hypertension (AOR = 1.37, 95%CI, 1.36-1.37), unmarried (AOR = 4.04, 95%CI, 3.99-4.09), smoking everyday (AOR = 2.26, 95%CI, 2.23-2.28), family history of osteoporosis (AOR = 1.66, 95%CI, 1.65-1.67), dyslipidemia (AOR = 1.05, 95%CI, 1.04-1.05), and higher ß-crosslaps (ß-CTX) level (AOR = 1.02, 95%CI, 1.02-1.02) were associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, while males (AOR = 0.04, 95%CI, 0.04-0.04), higher education level (AOR = 0.95, 95%CI, 0.95-0.95), and aquatic product intake (AOR = 0.99, 95%CI, 0.99-0.99) were related to decreased risk of osteoporosis. Similar results were also observed in rural populations, and (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of osteoporosis in rural populations was higher than that in urban populations, and the factors associated with the risk of osteoporosis were similar in urban and rural populations.
Subject(s)
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal , Osteoporosis , Female , Humans , Male , Absorptiometry, Photon , Bone Density , Cross-Sectional Studies , Osteoporosis/diagnostic imaging , Osteoporosis/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Rural Population , ChinaABSTRACT
Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between exposure to air pollution and adverse meteorological factors, and the risk of osteoporosis. Methods: We diagnosed osteoporosis by assessing bone mineral density through Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry in 2,361 participants from Jiangsu, China. Additionally, we conducted physical examinations, blood tests, and questionnaires. We evaluated pollution exposure levels using grid data, considering various lag periods (ranging from one to five years) based on participants' addresses. We utilized logistic regression analysis, adjusted for temperature, humidity, and individual factors, to examine the connections between osteoporosis and seven air pollutants: PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3. We assessed the robustness of our study through two-pollutant models and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) and explored susceptibility using stratified analyses. Results: In Jiangsu, China, the prevalence of osteoporosis among individuals aged 40 and above was found to be 15.1%. A consistent association was observed between osteoporosis and the five-year average exposure to most pollutants, including PM2.5, PM10, CO, and O3. The effects of PM10 and CO remained stable even after adjusting for the presence of a second pollutant. However, the levels of PM1 and PM2.5 were significantly influenced by O3 levels. Individuals aged 60 and above, those with a BMI of 25 or higher, and males were found to be more susceptible to the effects of air pollution. Interestingly, males showed a significantly higher susceptibility to PM1 and PM2.5 compared to females. This study provides valuable insights into the long-term effects of air pollution on osteoporosis risk among the adult population in China. Conclusion: This study indicates a potential association between air pollutants and osteoporosis, particularly with long-term exposure. The risk of osteoporosis induced by air pollution is found to be higher in individuals aged 60 and above, those with a BMI greater than 25, and males. These findings underscore the need for further research and public health interventions to mitigate the impact of air pollution on bone health.